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Carpenter JM, Hynds HM, Bimpeh K, Hines KM. HILIC-IM-MS for Simultaneous Lipid and Metabolite Profiling of Bacteria. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:104-116. [PMID: 38404491 PMCID: PMC10885331 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Although MALDI-ToF platforms for microbial identifications have found great success in clinical microbiology, the sole use of protein fingerprints for the discrimination of closely related species, strain-level identifications, and detection of antimicrobial resistance remains a challenge for the technology. Several alternative mass spectrometry-based methods have been proposed to address the shortcomings of the protein-centric approach, including MALDI-ToF methods for fatty acid/lipid profiling and LC-MS profiling of metabolites. However, the molecular diversity of microbial pathogens suggests that no single "ome" will be sufficient for the accurate and sensitive identification of strain- and susceptibility-level profiling of bacteria. Here, we describe the development of an alternative approach to microorganism profiling that relies upon both metabolites and lipids rather than a single class of biomolecule. Single-phase extractions based on butanol, acetonitrile, and water (the BAW method) were evaluated for the recovery of lipids and metabolites from Gram-positive and -negative microorganisms. We found that BAW extraction solutions containing 45% butanol provided optimal recovery of both molecular classes in a single extraction. The single-phase extraction method was coupled to hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) to resolve similar-mass metabolites and lipids in three dimensions and provide multiple points of evidence for feature annotation in the absence of tandem mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that the combined use of metabolites and lipids can be used to differentiate microorganisms to the species- and strain-level for four of the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using data from a single ionization mode. These results present promising, early stage evidence for the use of multiomic signatures for the identification of microorganisms by liquid chromatography, ion mobility, and mass spectrometry that, upon further development, may improve upon the level of identification provided by current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hannah M. Hynds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kingsley Bimpeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kelly M. Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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2
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Moggio M, Faramarzi B, Portaccio M, Manti L, Lepore M, Diano N. A Sphingolipidomic Profiling Approach for Comparing X-ray-Exposed and Unexposed HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12364. [PMID: 37569739 PMCID: PMC10418425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An analytical method based on tandem mass spectrometry-shotgun is presently proposed to obtain sphingolipidomic profiles useful for the characterization of lipid extract from X-ray-exposed and unexposed hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). To obtain a targeted lipidic profile from a specific biological system, the best extraction method must be identified before instrumental analysis. Accordingly, four different classic lipid extraction protocols were compared in terms of efficiency, specificity, and reproducibility. The performance of each procedure was evaluated using the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic technique; subsequently, the quality of extracts was estimated using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The selected procedure based on chloroform/methanol/water was successfully used in mass spectrometry-based shotgun sphingolipidomics, allowing for evaluation of the response of cells to X-ray irradiation, the most common anticancer therapy. Using a relative quantitative approach, the changes in the sphingolipid profiles of irradiated cell extracts were demonstrated, confirming that lipidomic technologies are also useful tools for studying the key sphingolipid role in regulating cancer growth during radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Moggio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Bahar Faramarzi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Marianna Portaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Lorenzo Manti
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Lepore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Nadia Diano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.); (M.L.)
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3
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Bimpeh K, Hines KM. A rapid single-phase extraction for polar staphylococcal lipids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04758-9. [PMID: 37261465 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The lipid membrane is gaining appreciation as a critical factor in the emergence of antibiotic resistance, both for antibiotics that target lipid synthesis or the membrane directly and for cell-wall-targeting antibiotics. The methods used to study the emergence of antibiotic resistance in vitro can generate a large number of samples that may be low in volume and in cell density. As in eukaryotic/mammalian lipidomics, two-phase liquid-liquid extractions are the most commonly used approach to recover lipids from bacteria. The need to separate the lipid layer is cumbersome for high-throughput applications and can be a source of poor reproducibility or contaminant introduction. While several single-phase extractions have been proposed for serum, tissue, and eukaryotic cells, there have been far fewer efforts to adapt or develop such methods for bacteria lipidomics. Here, we describe a simple, single-phase lipid extraction method based on methanol, acetonitrile, and water-the MAW method. The merits of the MAW method are evaluated against the Bligh & Dyer (B&D) method for the recovery of the major membrane lipids (phosphatidylglycerols, diglycosyldiacylglycerols, and lysyl-phosphatidylglycerols) in the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. We demonstrate that the MAW method achieves recoveries that are comparable to that of the B&D extraction (≥ 85% for PG 15:0/d7-18:1). The benefits of the MAW method enable the detection of lipids from lower amounts of bacteria than the B&D method (0.57 vs 0.74 McFarlands for PG 32:0, respectively) and is easily scaled down to microplate volumes to facilitate high-throughput studies of bacterial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Bimpeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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4
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Jauregui AM, Cubero Cortés ZM, Meehan SD, Bhattacharya SK. Isolation of Mitochondrial Lipids and Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2625:1-6. [PMID: 36653628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2966-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria participate in many important metabolic processes in the body. The lipid profile of mitochondria is especially important in membrane regulation and pathway signaling. The isolation and study of these lipids can provide unparalleled information about the mechanisms behind these cellular processes. In this chapter, we describe a protocol to isolate mitochondrial lipids from homogenized murine optic nerves. The lipid extraction was performed using butanol-methanol (BUME) and subsequently analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Further analysis of the raw data was conducted using LipidSearch™ and MetaboAnalyst 4.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa M Jauregui
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine at University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Miami, FL, USA
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sean D Meehan
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine at University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Miami, FL, USA
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sanjoy K Bhattacharya
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine at University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Miami, FL, USA.
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the two major analytical platforms in the field of metabolomics, the other being mass spectrometry (MS). NMR is less sensitive than MS and hence it detects a relatively small number of metabolites. However, NMR exhibits numerous unique characteristics including its high reproducibility and non-destructive nature, its ability to identify unknown metabolites definitively, and its capabilities to obtain absolute concentrations of all detected metabolites, sometimes even without an internal standard. These characteristics outweigh the relatively low sensitivity and resolution of NMR in metabolomics applications. Since biological mixtures are highly complex, increased demand for new methods to improve detection, better identify unknown metabolites, and provide more accurate quantitation continues unabated. Technological and methodological advances to date have helped to improve the resolution and sensitivity and detection of a larger number of metabolite signals. Efforts focused on measuring unknown metabolite signals have resulted in the identification and quantitation of an expanded pool of metabolites including labile metabolites such as cellular redox coenzymes, energy coenzymes, and antioxidants. This chapter describes quantitative NMR methods in metabolomics with an emphasis on recent methodological developments, while highlighting the benefits and challenges of NMR-based metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Nagana Gowda
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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A Novel Solid Phase Extraction Sample Preparation Method for Lipidomic Analysis of Human Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050294. [PMID: 34064397 PMCID: PMC8147762 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipidomic approaches are widely used to investigate the relationship between lipids, human health, and disease. Conventional sample preparation techniques for the extraction of lipids from biological matrices like human plasma are based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). However, these methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and can show poor reproducibility and selectivity on lipid extraction. A novel, solid-phase extraction (SPE) approach was demonstrated to extract lipids from human plasma using a lipid extraction SPE in both cartridge and 96-well-plate formats, followed by analysis using a combination of targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The Lipid Extraction SPE method was compared to traditional LLE methods for lipid class recovery, lipidome coverage, and reproducibility. The novel SPE method used a simplified protocol with significant time and labor savings and provided equivalent or better qualitative and quantitative results than traditional LLE methods with respect to several critical performance metrics; recovery, reproducibility, and lipidome coverage.
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Medina J, van der Velpen V, Teav T, Guitton Y, Gallart-Ayala H, Ivanisevic J. Single-Step Extraction Coupled with Targeted HILIC-MS/MS Approach for Comprehensive Analysis of Human Plasma Lipidome and Polar Metabolome. Metabolites 2020; 10:E495. [PMID: 33276464 PMCID: PMC7760228 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding metabolome coverage to include complex lipids and polar metabolites is essential in the generation of well-founded hypotheses in biological assays. Traditionally, lipid extraction is performed by liquid-liquid extraction using either methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or chloroform, and polar metabolite extraction using methanol. Here, we evaluated the performance of single-step sample preparation methods for simultaneous extraction of the complex lipidome and polar metabolome from human plasma. The method performance was evaluated using high-coverage Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-ESI coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS/MS) methodology targeting a panel of 1159 lipids and 374 polar metabolites. The criteria used for method evaluation comprised protein precipitation efficiency, and relative MS signal abundance and repeatability of detectable lipid and polar metabolites in human plasma. Among the tested methods, the isopropanol (IPA) and 1-butanol:methanol (BUME) mixtures were selected as the best compromises for the simultaneous extraction of complex lipids and polar metabolites, allowing for the detection of 584 lipid species and 116 polar metabolites. The extraction with IPA showed the greatest reproducibility with the highest number of lipid species detected with the coefficient of variation (CV) < 30%. Besides this difference, both IPA and BUME allowed for the high-throughput extraction and reproducible measurement of a large panel of complex lipids and polar metabolites, thus warranting their application in large-scale human population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Medina
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (J.M.); (V.v.d.V.); (T.T.)
| | - Vera van der Velpen
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (J.M.); (V.v.d.V.); (T.T.)
| | - Tony Teav
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (J.M.); (V.v.d.V.); (T.T.)
| | - Yann Guitton
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRAE, F-44307 Nantes, France;
| | - Hector Gallart-Ayala
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (J.M.); (V.v.d.V.); (T.T.)
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (J.M.); (V.v.d.V.); (T.T.)
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Haedrich J, Stumpf C, Denison MS. Rapid extraction of total lipids and lipophilic POPs from all EU-regulated foods of animal origin: Smedes' method revisited and enhanced. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2020; 32:118. [PMID: 33614386 PMCID: PMC7891496 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-020-00396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins, dioxin-like chemicals and non-dioxin-like PCBs causing adverse effects to human health bio-accumulate through the food web due to their affinity for adipose tissues. Foods of animal origin are therefore the main contributors to human dietary exposure. The European Union's (EU) food safety policy requires checking of a wide range of samples for compliance with legal limits on a regular basis. Several methods of varying efficiency are applied by official control laboratories for extraction of the different classes of lipids and associated POPs, bound to animal tissue and animal products in varying degrees, sometimes leading to discrepancies especially in fresh weight based analytical results. RESULTS Starting from Smedes' lipid extraction from marine tissue, we optimized the extraction efficiency for both lipids and lipophilic pollutants, abandoning the time-consuming centrifugation step. The resulting modified Smedes extraction (MSE) method was validated based on multiple analyses of a large number of real world samples, matrix calibration and performance assessment in proficiency testing utilizing both instrumental and bioanalytical methodologies. Intermediate precision in 12 different foods was below 3% in chicken eggs, egg powder, animal fat, fish, fish oil, poultry, whole milk, milk fat and milk powder, and below 5% in bovine meat, liver, and infant food. In comparison to Twisselmann hot extraction, results presented here show an increased efficiency of MSE by +25% for bovine liver, +14% for chicken eggs, +13% for poultry meat, +12% for fish, 8% for bovine meat, and 6% for infant food. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, a fast and reliable routine method is available that enables the analyst to reproducibly extract "total" lipids from any EU-regulated food sample of animal origin within 6 to 8 minutes. Increased efficiency translates into a considerable increase in both lipid and wet weight-based analytical results measured for associated POPs, reducing the risk of false non-compliant results. Compared to a 4 hour Twisselmann extraction, the extraction of 1000 samples using MSE would result in annual savings of about 250 hours or 32 working days. Our MSE procedure contributes to the European Commission's objective of harmonising analytical results across the EU generated according to Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/644.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Haedrich
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, CVUA Freiburg, Bissierstraße 5, 79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Stumpf
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, CVUA Freiburg, Bissierstraße 5, 79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael S. Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis (UCD), One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, US
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9
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Furse S, Koulman A. Lipid extraction from dried blood spots and dried milk spots for untargeted high throughput lipidomics. Mol Omics 2020; 16:563-572. [PMID: 32945330 DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00102c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) and dried milk spots (DMS) represent convenient matrices for collecting and storing human samples. However, the use of these sample types for researching lipid metabolism remains relatively poorly explored, and especially unclear is the efficiency of lipid extraction in the context of high throughput, untargeted lipidomics. A visual inspection of punched DBSs after standard extraction suggests that the samples remain largely intact. DMSs comprise a dense aggregate of milk fat globules on one side of the card, suggesting that part of the lipid fraction may be physically inaccessible. This led us to the hypothesis that decoagulating may facilitate lipid extraction from both DBSs and DMSs. We tested this hypothesis using a mixture of strong chaeotropes (guanidine and thiourea) in both DBS and DMS in the context of high throughput lipidomics (96/384w plate). Extraction of lipids from DMSs was tested with established extractions and one novel solvent mixture in a high throughput format. We found that exposure of DBSs to chaeotropes facilitated collection of the lipid fraction but was ineffective for DMSs. The lipid fraction of DMSs was best isolated without water, using a mixture of xylene/methanol/isopropanol (1 : 2 : 4). We conclude that decoagulation is essential for efficient extraction of lipids from DBSs and that a non-aqueous procedure using a spectrum of solvents is the best procedure for extracting lipids from DMSs. These methods represent convenient steps that are compatible with the sample structure and type, and with high throughput lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Box 289, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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10
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Feng G, Hao Y, Wu L, Chen S. A visible-light activated [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction enables pinpointing carbon-carbon double bonds in lipids. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7244-7251. [PMID: 34123010 PMCID: PMC8159383 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01149e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise location of C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds in bioactive molecules is critical for a deep understanding of the relationship between their structures and biological roles. However, the traditional ultraviolet light-based approaches exhibited great limitations. Here, we discovered a new type of visible-light activated [2 + 2] cycloaddition of carbonyl with C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds. We found that carbonyl in anthraquinone showed great reactivities towards C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds in lipids to form oxetanes under the irradiation of visible-light. Combined with tandem mass spectrometry, this site-specific dissociation of oxetane enabled precisely locating the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds in various kinds of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated lipids. The proof-of-concept applicability of this new type of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition was validated in the global identification of unsaturated lipids in a complex human serum sample. 86 monounsaturated and polyunsaturated lipids were identified with definitive positions of C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds, including phospholipids and fatty acids even with up to 6 C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds. This study provides new insights into both the photocycloaddition reactions and the structural lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Feng
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Yanhong Hao
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Liang Wu
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Suming Chen
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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11
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Zhang X, Liu W, Cao Y, Tan W. Hippocampus Proteomics and Brain Lipidomics Reveal Network Dysfunction and Lipid Molecular Abnormalities in APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3427-3437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueju Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Postdoctoral Innovation Base, Zhuhai Yuanzhi Health Technology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- College of Biomedicine, Guangdong University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yan Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Postdoctoral Innovation Base, Zhuhai Yuanzhi Health Technology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Postdoctoral Innovation Base, Zhuhai Yuanzhi Health Technology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
- College of Biomedicine, Guangdong University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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12
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Hu C, Duan Q, Han X. Strategies to Improve/Eliminate the Limitations in Shotgun Lipidomics. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1900070. [PMID: 31291508 PMCID: PMC7394605 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Direct infusion-based shotgun lipidomics is one of the most powerful and useful tools in comprehensive analysis of lipid species from lipid extracts of various biological samples with high accuracy/precision. However, despite many advantages, the classical shotgun lipidomics suffers some general dogmas of limitations, such as ion suppression, ambiguous identification of isobaric/isomeric lipid species, and ion source-generated artifacts, restraining the applications in analysis of low-abundance lipid species, particularly those less ionizable or isomers that yield almost identical fragmentation patterns. This article reviews the strategies (such as modifier addition, prefractionation, chemical derivatization, charge feature utilization) that have been employed to improve/eliminate these limitations in modern shotgun lipidomics approaches (e.g., high mass resolution mass spectrometry-based and multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics). Therefore, with the enhancement of these strategies for shotgun lipidomics, comprehensive analysis of lipid species including isomeric/isobaric species is achieved in a more accurate and effective manner, greatly substantiating the aberrant lipid metabolism, signaling trafficking, and homeostasis under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Qiao Duan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229 USA
- Department of Medicine – Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229 USA
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13
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Nuesi R, Gallo RA, Meehan SD, Nahas JV, Dvoriantchikova G, Pelaez D, Bhattacharya SK. Mitochondrial lipid profiling data of a traumatic optic neuropathy model. Data Brief 2020; 30:105649. [PMID: 32426428 PMCID: PMC7221166 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is a degenerative process that occurs in a subset of patients following blunt force trauma to the head. This condition is characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and axon degeneration within the optic nerve [1]. At the cellular level, mitochondrial changes are associated with many optic neuropathies [2, 3]. Here, we provide a dataset demonstrating changes in the optic nerve mitochondrial lipid profile of a sonication-induced traumatic optic neuropathy (SI-TON) mouse model at 1, 7, and 14 days after injury. 32 C57BL/6J mice were separated into 4 groups (control, 1, 7, and 14 days) of 8, with 4 males and 4 females in each. Mice were exposed to sonication-induced trauma as described previously (by Tao et al) and optic nerves were harvested at 1, 7, or 14 days following injury [4]. Mitochondria were isolated from homogenized optic nerves and lipids were extracted. Extracted mitochondrial lipids were analysed with a Q-Exactive Orbitrap Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (LC MS-MS). Further analysis of raw data was conducted with LipidSearch 4.1.3 and Metaboanalyst 4.0. This data is publicly available at the Metabolomics Workbench, http://www.metabolomicsworkbench.org (Project ID: PR000905).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Nuesi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ryan A Gallo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sean D Meehan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - John V Nahas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Galina Dvoriantchikova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniel Pelaez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sanjoy K Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Aerts JMFG, Artola M, van Eijk M, Ferraz MJ, Boot RG. Glycosphingolipids and Infection. Potential New Therapeutic Avenues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:324. [PMID: 31867330 PMCID: PMC6908816 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), the main topic of this review, are a subclass of sphingolipids. With their glycans exposed to the extracellular space, glycosphingolipids are ubiquitous components of the plasma membrane of cells. GSLs are implicated in a variety of biological processes including specific infections. Several pathogens use GSLs at the surface of host cells as binding receptors. In addition, lipid-rafts in the plasma membrane of host cells may act as platform for signaling the presence of pathogens. Relatively common in man are inherited deficiencies in lysosomal glycosidases involved in the turnover of GSLs. The associated storage disorders (glycosphingolipidoses) show lysosomal accumulation of substrate(s) of the deficient enzyme. In recent years compounds have been identified that allow modulation of GSLs levels in cells. Some of these agents are well tolerated and already used to treat lysosomal glycosphingolipidoses. This review summarizes present knowledge on the role of GSLs in infection and subsequent immune response. It concludes with the thought to apply glycosphingolipid-lowering agents to prevent and/or combat infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Artola
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M van Eijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M J Ferraz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R G Boot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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15
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Liu X, Zhou L, Shi X, Xu G. New advances in analytical methods for mass spectrometry-based large-scale metabolomics study. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Vvedenskaya O, Wang Y, Ackerman JM, Knittelfelder O, Shevchenko A. Analytical challenges in human plasma lipidomics: A winding path towards the truth. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Parchem K, Sasson S, Ferreri C, Bartoszek A. Qualitative analysis of phospholipids and their oxidised derivatives - used techniques and examples of their applications related to lipidomic research and food analysis. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1068-1100. [PMID: 31419920 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1657573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) are important biomolecules that not only constitute structural building blocks and scaffolds of cell and organelle membranes but also play a vital role in cell biochemistry and physiology. Moreover, dietary exogenous PLs are characterised by high nutritional value and other beneficial health effects, which are confirmed by numerous epidemiological studies. For this reason, PLs are of high interest in lipidomics that targets both the analysis of membrane lipid distribution as well as correlates composition of lipids with their effects on functioning of cells, tissues and organs. Lipidomic assessments follow-up the changes occurring in living organisms, such as free radical attack and oxidative modifications of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) build in PL structures. Oxidised PLs (oxPLs) can be generated exogenously and supplied to organisms with processed food or formed endogenously as a result of oxidative stress. Cellular and tissue oxPLs can be a biomarker predictive of the development of numerous diseases such as atherosclerosis or neuroinflammation. Therefore, suitable high-throughput analytical techniques, which enable comprehensive analysis of PL molecules in terms of the structure of hydrophilic group, fatty acid (FA) composition and oxidative modifications of FAs, have been currently developed. This review addresses all aspects of PL analysis, including lipid isolation, chromatographic separation of PL classes and species, as well as their detection. The bioinformatic tools that enable handling of a large amount of data generated during lipidomic analysis are also discussed. In addition, imaging techniques such as confocal microscopy and mass spectrometry imaging for analysis of cellular lipid maps, including membrane PLs, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Parchem
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Shlomo Sasson
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carla Ferreri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Bartoszek
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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18
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Data processing on a comparative evaluation of the extraction and analysis procedures for urinary phospholipid and lysophospholipid using MALDI-TOF/MS. Data Brief 2019; 25:104275. [PMID: 31417948 PMCID: PMC6690661 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this dataset we provide MALDI-TOF/MS spectra for the testing and application of a quantitative method using external ionization standards (ionization STDs) for peak-intensity normalization. The presented data is related to our recent article entitled “a comparative evaluation of the extraction and analysis procedures for urinary phospholipid and lysophospholipid using MALDI-TOF/MS”. Gradient dilutions of mixture containing thirteen phospho- and lysophospho-lipid species (internal STDs) were mixed with constant concentration of the ionization STDs and analyzed together. Peak intensities of the internal and ionization STDs were picked by a homemade workflow based on OpenMS (steps including noise filtration, baseline subtraction and peak-picking). The peak-intensity ratios between the internal and ionization STDs were linearly correlated with their concentration ratios. Using this method, the evaluation of efficiencies of six different lipid extraction methods was performed in urine samples. In summary, a free and easy-to-use method for phospholipid and lysophospholipid quantitative analysis based on MALDI-TOF/MS is provided in this article.
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19
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Abstract
Lipids exert key structural, metabolic, and signaling functions in cells. Lipid diversity found in cells and tissues is regulated principally by metabolic enzymes whose activity is modulated posttranslationally to shape head group and fatty acyl composition of membrane lipids. Methodologies capable of monitoring in vivo changes in the lipidome are needed to assign substrate specificity of metabolic enzymes, which represents a key step toward understanding structure-function of lipids in living systems. The resulting lipid annotations also serve as important biomarkers for understanding mode of action for pharmacological agents targeting metabolic enzymes in cells and animal models. In this chapter, we describe a general metabolomics workflow to complement (chemo)proteomic efforts to modulate lipid pathways for basic science and translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Ware
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Myungsun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
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20
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Li X, Nakayama K, Goto T, Akamatsu S, Shimizu K, Ogawa O, Inoue T. Comparative evaluation of the extraction and analysis of urinary phospholipids and lysophospholipids using MALDI-TOF/MS. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 223:104787. [PMID: 31255592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.104787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipids, particularly phospholipids (PLs) and lysophospholipids (LPLs), are attracting increasing scientific interest for their biological functions in cells and their potential as disease biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and several types of cancer. Urinary PLs and LPLs could be ideal clinical biomarkers, because urine can be collected easily and noninvasively. However, due to their very low concentrations in urine compared with the relatively large quantity of contaminants in this matrix, efficient extraction and sensitive detection are required for analyzing urinary PLs and LPLs. In this study, various methods for analyzing PLs and LPLs in urine were compared and optimized from a clinical perspective. An optimized lipid extraction method and a matrix for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) were established using two external ionization standards and an internal standard mix containing 13 human urinary lipids. 9-Aminoacridine (9-AA) was a useful and effective matrix for the MALDI-TOF/MS analysis of all the internal standard lipids in both positive and negative ion modes. However, it was necessary to determine the proportional lipid concentrations from the balance between the extracted lipid and the matrix. The extraction efficiency and reproducibility of the acidified Bligh and Dyer method were excellent for both positively and negatively charged lipids. Analysis of small volumes of urine was the most efficient with the 9-AA MALDI matrix at concentrations of or below 5 mM. The combined analytical procedures allowed rapid and comprehensive screening of low concentrations of PLs and LPLs in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakayama
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Support Center for Precision Medicine, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., 1 Nishinokyou-Shimoai-cho, Nakagyou-ku, Kyoto 604-8436, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Goto
- Support Center for Precision Medicine, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., 1 Nishinokyou-Shimoai-cho, Nakagyou-ku, Kyoto 604-8436, Japan
| | - Shusuke Akamatsu
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koji Shimizu
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Equipment Development, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Benzophenone used as the photochemical reagent for pinpointing C=C locations in unsaturated lipids through shotgun and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1028:32-44. [PMID: 29884351 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated lipids exhibit different physiological significances due to the different locations of the carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). Identifying lipid isomers with mass-based methods remains challenging. Xia's group has been successfully employed Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction, a photochemical reaction with UV irradiation, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to identify and quantify unsaturated lipids in complex mixtures. However, the existing PB reagents possess certain demerits. In this regard, a new PB reagent that is compatible with various lipidomic analysis platforms must be screened. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the conditions of the PB reaction and screened benzophenone as a new PB reagent. Benzophenone possesses unique advantages, such as a relative high PB yield; the PB products could be readily distinguished from the reacted lipids based on the added high molecular weight (182 Da); and the benzophenone does not affect the lipids appearance interval for reversed-phase column separation. Furthermore, we optimized the reaction conditions by using benzophenone as a PB reagent and summarized the molecular formulas of the diagnostic ions according to the fragment rules. The proposed PB method has been implemented in shotgun and LC-MS lipidomics. To our best knowledge, this work is the first to report the integrated PB reaction with LC-MS lipidomics for identification of lipid isomers.
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22
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Pimentel L, Fontes AL, Salsinha S, Machado M, Correia I, Gomes AM, Pintado M, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM. Suitable simple and fast methods for selective isolation of phospholipids as a tool for their analysis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1835-1845. [PMID: 29518261 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are gaining relevance over the last 20 years, as our knowledge about their role has changed from merely energy/structural molecules to compounds also involved in several biological processes. This led to the creation in 2003 of a new emerging research field: lipidomics. In particular the phospholipids have pharmacological/food applications, participate in cell signalling/homeostatic pathways while their analysis faces some challenges. Their fractionation/purification is, in fact, especially difficult, as they are amphiphilic compounds. Moreover, it usually involves SPE or TLC procedures requiring specific materials hampering their suitableness for routine analysis. Finally, they can interfere with the ionization of other molecules during mass spectrometry analysis. Thus, simple high-throughput reliable methods to selectively isolate these compounds based on the difference between chemical characteristics of lipids would represent valuable tools for their study besides that of other compounds. The current review work aims to describe the state-of-the-art related to the extraction of phospholipids using liquid-liquid methods for their targeted isolation. The technological and biological importance of these compounds and ion suppression phenomena are also reviewed. Methods by precipitation with acetone or isolation using methanol seem to be suitable for selective isolation of phospholipids in both biological and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Pimentel
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- QOPNA - Unidade de Investigação de Química Orgânica, Produtos Naturais e Agroalimentares, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Luiza Fontes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Salsinha
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Machado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Correia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Gomes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Miguel Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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23
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Cai T, Yang F. Phospholipid and Phospholipidomics in Health and Diseases. LIPIDOMICS IN HEALTH & DISEASE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0620-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Rustam YH, Reid GE. Analytical Challenges and Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry Based Lipidomics. Anal Chem 2017; 90:374-397. [PMID: 29166560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yepy H Rustam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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25
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A Simple Method for Measuring Carbon-13 Fatty Acid Enrichment in the Major Lipid Classes of Microalgae Using GC-MS. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6040042. [PMID: 27845718 PMCID: PMC5192448 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method for tracing carbon fixation and lipid synthesis in microalgae was developed using a combination of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and negative ion chemical ionisation gas chromatography mass spectrometry (NCI-GC-MS). NCI-GC-MS is an extremely sensitive technique that can produce an unfragmented molecular ion making this technique particularly useful for stable isotope enrichment studies. Derivatisation of fatty acids using pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr) allows the coupling of the high separation efficiency of GC and the measurement of unfragmented molecular ions for each of the fatty acids by single quadrupole MS. The key is that isotope spectra can be measured without interference from co-eluting fatty acids or other molecules. Pre-fractionation of lipid extracts by SPE allows the measurement of 13C isotope incorporation into the three main lipid classes (phospholipids, glycolipids, neutral lipids) in microalgae thus allowing the study of complex lipid biochemistry using relatively straightforward analytical technology. The high selectivity of GC is necessary as it allows the collection of mass spectra for individual fatty acids, including cis/trans isomers, of the PFB-derivatised fatty acids. The combination of solid-phase extraction and GC-MS enables the accurate determination of 13C incorporation into each lipid pool. Three solvent extraction protocols that are commonly used in lipidomics were also evaluated and are described here with regard to extraction efficiencies for lipid analysis in microalgae.
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