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Sun Y, Ruiz Orduna A, Zhang Z, Feakins SJ, Jetter R. Biosynthesis of barley wax β-diketones: a type-III polyketide synthase condensing two fatty acyl units. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7284. [PMID: 37949901 PMCID: PMC10638390 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface coatings of cereal plants are dominated by waxy β-diketones crucial for drought resistance and, therefore, grain yield. Here, barley (Hordeum vulgare) wax analyses reveal β-diketone and associated 2-alkanol ester profiles suggesting a common C16 3-ketoacid precursor. Isotope analysis further shows that the major (C31) diketone is synthesized from two plastidial C16 acyl units. Previous studies identified a gene cluster encoding enzymes responsible for β-diketone formation in barley, but left their biochemical functions unknown. Various assays now characterize one of these enzymes as a thioesterase producing long-chain (mainly C16) 3-ketoacids, and another one as a polyketide synthase (PKS) condensing the 3-ketoacids with long-chain (mainly C16) acyl-CoAs into β-diketones. The two enzymes are localized to the plastids and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), respectively, implying substrate transfer between these two sub-cellular compartments. Overall, our findings define a two-step pathway involving an unprecedented PKS reaction leading directly to the β-diketone products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alberto Ruiz Orduna
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zhonghang Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sarah J Feakins
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, 3651 Trousdale Pkwy, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Racovita RC, Ciuca MD, Catana D, Comanescu C, Ciocirlan O. Microemulsions of Nonionic Surfactant with Water and Various Homologous Esters: Preparation, Phase Transitions, Physical Property Measurements, and Application for Extraction of Tricyclic Antidepressant Drugs from Aqueous Media. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2311. [PMID: 37630897 PMCID: PMC10458553 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Microemulsions are nanocolloidal systems composed of water, an oil, and a surfactant, sometimes with an additional co-surfactant, which have found a wide range of practical applications, including the extractive removal of contaminants from polluted water. In this study, microemulsion systems, including a nonionic surfactant (Brij 30), water, and esters selected from two homologous series of C1-C6 alkyl acetates and ethyl C1-C4 carboxylates, respectively, were prepared by the surfactant titration method. Phase transitions leading to the formation of Winsor II and Winsor IV microemulsions were observed and phase diagrams were constructed. The dependences of phase transitions on the salinity and pH and the addition of isopropanol as a co-surfactant were also investigated. Some physical properties, namely density, refractive index, electrical conductivity, dynamic viscosity, and particle size, were measured for a selection of Winsor IV microemulsions, providing further insight into some other phase transitions occurring in the monophasic domains of phase diagrams. Finally, Winsor II microemulsions were tested as extraction solvents for the removal of four tricyclic antidepressant drugs from aqueous media. Propyl acetate/Brij 30/H2O microemulsions provided the best extraction yields (>90%), the highest Nernst distribution coefficients (~40-88), and a large volumetric ratio of almost 3 between the recovered purified water and the resulting microemulsion extract. Increasing the ionic strength (salinity) or the pH of the aqueous antidepressant solutions led to an improvement in extraction efficiencies, approaching 100%. These results could be extrapolated to other classes of pharmaceutical contaminants and suggest ester- and nonionic surfactant-based microemulsions are a promising tool for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu C. Racovita
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.C.); (D.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Maria D. Ciuca
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.C.); (D.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Daniela Catana
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.C.); (D.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Cezar Comanescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.C.); (D.C.); (O.C.)
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Oana Ciocirlan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.C.); (D.C.); (O.C.)
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Ciuca MD, Racovita RC. Curcumin: Overview of Extraction Methods, Health Benefits, and Encapsulation and Delivery Using Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108874. [PMID: 37240220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid found in the rhizomes of turmeric. Due to its therapeutic action against cancer, depression, diabetes, some bacteria, and oxidative stress, it has been used widely in medicine since ancient times. Due to its low solubility, the human organism cannot completely absorb it. Advanced extraction technologies, followed by encapsulation in microemulsion and nanoemulsion systems, are currently being used to improve bioavailability. This review discusses the different methods available for curcumin extraction from plant material, methods for the identification of curcumin in the resulting extracts, its beneficial effects on human health, and the encapsulation techniques into small colloidal systems that have been used over the past decade to deliver this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Ciuca
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu C Racovita
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Gozdzik J, Busta L, Jetter R. Leaf cuticular waxes of wild-type Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) and a wax-deficient mutant: Compounds with terminal and mid-chain functionalities. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107679. [PMID: 37121165 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles cover aerial organs to limit non-stomatal water loss and protect against insects and pathogens. Cuticles contain complex mixtures of fatty acid-derived waxes, with various chain lengths and diverse functional groups. To further our understanding of the chemical diversity and biosynthesis of these compounds, this study investigated leaf cuticular waxes of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) wild type and a wax-deficient mutant. Leaf waxes were extracted with chloroform, separated using thin layer chromatography (TLC), and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extracts contained typical wax compound classes found in nearly all plant lineages but also two uncommon compound classes. Analyses of characteristic MS fragmentation patterns followed by comparisons with synthetic standards identified the latter as very-long-chain ketones and primary ketols. The ketols were minor compounds, with chain lengths ranging from C28 to C32 and carbonyls mainly on C-18 and C-20 in wild type wax, and a C28 chain with C-16 carbonyl in the mutant. The ketones made up 70% of total wax in the wild type, consisting mainly of C31 isomers with carbonyl group on C-14 or C-16. In contrast, the mutant wax comprised only 4% ketones, with chain lengths C27 and C29 and carbonyls predominantly on C-12 and C-14, respectively. A two-carbon homolog shift between wild type and mutant was also observed in the primary alcohols (a major wax compound class), whilst alkanes exhibited a four-carbon shift. Overall, the compositional data shed light on possible biosynthetic pathways to wax ketones that can be tested in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej Gozdzik
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Li T, Sun Y, Liu T, Wu H, An P, Shui Z, Wang J, Zhu Y, Li C, Wang Y, Jetter R, Wang Z. TaCER1-1A is involved in cuticular wax alkane biosynthesis in hexaploid wheat and responds to plant abiotic stresses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:3077-3091. [PMID: 31306498 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To protect above-ground plant organs from excessive water loss, their surfaces are coated by waxes. The genes involved in wax formation have been investigated in detail in Arabidopsis but scarcely in crop species. Here, we aimed to isolate and characterize a CER1 enzyme responsible for formation of the very long-chain alkanes present in high concentrations especially during late stages of wheat development. On the basis of comparative wax and transcriptome analyses of various wheat organs, we selected TaCER1-1A as a primary candidate and demonstrated that it was located to the endoplasmic reticulum, the subcellular compartment for wax biosynthesis. A wheat nullisomic-tetrasomic substitution line lacking TaCER1-1A had significantly reduced amounts of C33 alkane, whereas rice plants overexpressing TaCER1-1A showed substantial increases of C25 -C33 alkanes relative to wild type control. Similarly, heterologous expression of TaCER1-1A in Arabidopsis wild type and the cer1 mutant resulted in increased levels of unbranched alkanes, iso-branched alkanes and alkenes. Finally, the expression of TaCER1-1A was found activated by abiotic stresses and abscisic acid treatment, resulting in increased production of alkanes in wheat. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TaCER1-1A plays an important role in wheat wax alkane biosynthesis and involved in responding to drought and other environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tianxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hongqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Peipei An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhijie Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jiahuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yidan Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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Chai G, Li C, Xu F, Li Y, Shi X, Wang Y, Wang Z. Three endoplasmic reticulum-associated fatty acyl-coenzyme a reductases were involved in the production of primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:41. [PMID: 29506473 PMCID: PMC5836450 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cuticle covers the surface of the polysaccharide cell wall of leaf epidermal cells and forms an essential diffusion barrier between the plant and the environment. The cuticle is composed of cutin and wax. Cuticular wax plays an important role in the survival of plants by serving as the interface between plants and their biotic and abiotic environments, especially restricting nonstomatal water loss. Leaf cuticular waxes of hexaploid wheat at the seedling stage mainly consist of primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, alkane and esters. Primary alcohols account for more than 80% of the total wax load. Therefore, we cloned several genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases from wheat and analyzed their function in yeast and plants. We propose the potential use of these genes in wheat genetic breeding. RESULTS We reported the cloning and characterization of three TaFARs, namely TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8, encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases (FAR) in wheat leaf cuticle. Expression analysis revealed that TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 were expressed at the higher levels in the seedling leaf blades, and were expressed moderately or weakly in stamen, glumes, peduncle, flag leaf blade, sheath, spike, and pistil. The heterologous expression of three TaFARs in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) led to the production of C24:0 and C26:0 primary alcohols. Transgenic expression of the three TaFARs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and rice (Oryza sativa) led to increased accumulation of C24:0-C30:0 primary alcohols. Transient expression of GFP protein-tagged TaFARs revealed that the three TaFAR proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of wax biosynthesis. The three TaFAR genes were transcriptionally induced by drought, cold, heat, powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) infection, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatments. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that wheat TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 are involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat and in response to multiple environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guaiqiang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
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Brennan M, Shepherd T, Mitchell S, Topp CFE, Hoad SP. Husk to caryopsis adhesion in barley is influenced by pre- and post-anthesis temperatures through changes in a cuticular cementing layer on the caryopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:169. [PMID: 29058624 PMCID: PMC5651604 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At ripeness, the outer husk of "covered" barley grains firmly adheres to the underlying caryopsis. A cuticular cementing layer on the caryopsis is required for husk adhesion, however the quality of adhesion varies significantly among cultivars which produce the cementing layer, resulting in the economically important malting defect, grain skinning. The composition of the cementing layer, and grain organ development have been hypothesised to influence the quality of husk adhesion. Plants of Hordeum vulgare 'Concerto' were grown at different temperatures pre- and post-anthesis to effect changes in the development of the husk, caryopsis and cuticular cementing layer, to determine how these variables influence the quality of husk-to-caryopsis adhesion. RESULTS Warm conditions pre-anthesis decreased the quality of husk adhesion, and consequently increased the incidence of grain skinning. Cool post-anthesis conditions further decreased the quality of husk adhesion. The composition of the cementing layer, rather than its structure, differed with respect to husk adhesion quality. This cementing layer was produced at the late milk stage, occurring between nine and 29 days post-anthesis, conditional on the temperature-dependent growth rate. The compounds octadecanol, tritriacontane, campesterol and β-sitosterol were most abundant in caryopses with high-quality husk adhesion. The differences in adhesion quality were not due to incompatible husk and caryopsis dimensions affecting organ contact. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that husk-to-caryopsis adhesion is dependent on cementing layer composition, and implies that this composition is regulated by temperature before, and during grain development. Understanding this regulation will be key to improving husk-to-caryopsis adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Brennan
- Scotland’s Rural College, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3JG Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - T. Shepherd
- James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, Scotland
| | - S. Mitchell
- University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JH Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - C. F. E. Topp
- Scotland’s Rural College, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3JG Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - S. P. Hoad
- Scotland’s Rural College, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3JG Edinburgh, Scotland
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von Wettstein-Knowles P. The Polyketide Components of Waxes and the Cer-cqu Gene Cluster Encoding a Novel Polyketide Synthase, the β-Diketone Synthase, DKS. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6030028. [PMID: 28698520 PMCID: PMC5620584 DOI: 10.3390/plants6030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of the outermost, lipophilic layer of plant aerial surfaces, called the cuticle, is preventing non-stomatal water loss. Its exterior surface is often decorated with wax crystals, imparting a blue–grey color. Identification of the barley Cer-c, -q and -u genes forming the 101 kb Cer-cqu gene cluster encoding a novel polyketide synthase—the β-diketone synthase (DKS), a lipase/carboxyl transferase, and a P450 hydroxylase, respectively, establishes a new, major pathway for the synthesis of plant waxes. The major product is a β-diketone (14,16-hentriacontane) aliphatic that forms long, thin crystalline tubes. A pathway branch leads to the formation of esterified alkan-2-ols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny von Wettstein-Knowles
- Section for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloees Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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