1
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Devi NR, Khandelwal S, Subramaniyan M, Pappu S. Extraction, characterization, and therapeutic potential of Omega-3 fatty acids from Belone belone skin. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:42. [PMID: 38261852 PMCID: PMC10796888 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study provides the fatty acid profile, presence of Omega 3 fatty acids (ω3FAs) and therapeutic potential of the skin of Garfish (Belone belone), a highly nutritious fish. The ω3FAs were obtained using the urea crystallization method and confirmed by UV VIS spectroscopy, HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of the ω3FAs was assessed through antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and toxicity assays. The oil extracted from Garfish skin (GS) predominantly contains ω3FAs, palmitic acids, and oleic acids. The ω3FAs exhibit high anti-free radical activity and ferric reducing activity. It reduces nitric oxide production as well as lipid peroxidation under certain time. They also demonstrate effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The biofilm formation is efficiently reduced by ω3FAs and eradication effects on biofilm are higher at 4000 µg/mL of concentration. When tested against brine shrimp larvae, ω3FAs were found to be non-toxic. The study indicates that GS skin oil contains a significant amount of omega-3 fatty acids and has potential therapeutic benefits due to its antioxidant and antibacterial properties, without causing any toxic effects. Omega-3 fatty acids have the potential to enhance the treatment of infections caused by harmful bacteria and their biofilm formation. Further research is needed to understand how omega-3 fatty acids work to kill bacteria and how they affect bacterial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naorem Rojita Devi
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003 India
| | - Sital Khandelwal
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003 India
| | - Muthumari Subramaniyan
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003 India
| | - Srinivasan Pappu
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003 India
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2
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Ge L, Yang H, Lu W, Cui Y, Jian S, Song G, Xue J, He X, Wang Q, Shen Q. Identification and comparison of palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7)-derived lipids in marine fish by-products by UHPLC-Q-exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Wang T, Fan L, Wang M, Zhou J, Yang M, Liu Q. Determination of Polyunsaturated and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats by the Double-Quantum Filtered Correlation Spectroscopy (DQF-COSY). Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Amorim TL, Granato ÁS, de Oliveira Mendes T, de Oliveira MAL, Amarante GW, de la Fuente MA, Gómez-Cortés P. Lipid classification of fish oil omega-3 supplements by 1H NMR and multivariate analysis. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Zhang M, Lu W, Yang H, Zheng P, Xie H, Chen K, Xue J, Shen Q. Lipidomics study on the molecular changes of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acyl structured glycerides during enzyme-catalysis and chemocatalysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Ahmmed MK, Carne A, Bunga S, Sabrina Tian H, Bekhit AEDA. Lipidomic signature of Pacific lean fish species head and skin using gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Food Chem 2021; 365:130637. [PMID: 34329878 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the lipid profile (fatty acid profile, positional distribution of n-3 fatty acids and phospholipid content) of head and skin of three lean fishes (gurnard, ribaldo and snapper). Gurnard head (GH) and snapper head (SnH) were found to contain a higher amount of total lipid (5.9-6.3%) than other samples (1.2-3.9%) including a considerable amount of bioactive n-3 fatty acids such as EPA (GH = 9.05%; SnH = 5.06%), DPA (GH = 2.78% ; SnH = 2.93%) and DHA (GH = 12.8% ; SnH = 7.72%) in the polar lipid fraction. DHA was found to predominate in the sn-2 position for gurnard head and snapper head. Partial least squares discriminant analysis showed that both gurnard and snapper samples were positively correlated with the n-3 fatty acids (EPA, DPA and DHA). Gurnard and snapper head had higher phospholipid content than the skin. Therefore, among the studied samples, GH and SnH are the best source of bioactive n-3 phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Department of Fishing and Post-harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh.
| | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Senni Bunga
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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7
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Cui R, Xu L, Lan D, Yang B, Wang Y. A novel sn-1,3 specific lipase from Janibacter sp. as catalysts for the high-yield synthesis of long-medium-long type structured triacylglycerols. Food Chem 2021; 366:130523. [PMID: 34303206 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our study offers a novel sn-1,3 specific lipase MAJ1 from marine member Janibacter sp. strain HTCC2649 for preparing long-medium-long (LML) type structured triacylglycerols (TAGs). Firstly, the resin ECR1030 was selected as a suitable support for the immobilization of lipase MAJ1. An efficient synthesis of LML-type structured TAGs by the immobilized lipase MAJ1-catalyzed interesterification of methyl palmitate and tricaprylin was studied in a solvent-free system. The reaction conditions, including substrate molar ratio, temperature and enzyme loading, were optimized. Under the optimum conditions (immobilized lipase MAJ1 of 45 U/g, substrate molar ratio of 4:1, temperature of 35 °C, reaction time of 24 h), the structured TAGs with double long chains (DLCST) were obtained in a yield of 44.3 mol%. Secondly, multi-dimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics (MDMS-SL) was employed to quantify each TAG positional isomer in DLCST. The content of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-capryloyl-sn-glycerol in DLCST was 97.6% determined by the MDMS-SL technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiguo Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Long Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dongming Lan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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8
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Ahmmed MK, Carne A, Ahmmed F, Stewart I, Sabrina Tian H, Bekhit AEDA. Positional distribution of fatty acids and phospholipid composition in King salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) head, roe and skin using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Food Chem 2021; 363:130302. [PMID: 34130099 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study used a novel extraction method (ETHEX) to extract the lipid content of King salmon head, skin and roe, and determined the lipid profiles using GC-FID, 13C NMR and 31P NMR spectroscopy. On a wet tissue basis, King salmon roe was found to contain the highest amount of phospholipid (26.53 µmol/g) and n-3 fatty acids (43.32%), followed by head (PL = 10.76 µmol/g; n-3 = 7.21%) and skin (PL = 4.98 µmol/g; n-3 = 8.23%). Total EPA (6.62%) and DHA (28.83%) content, along with the sn-2 positioned EPA (3.25%), DPA (1.36%) and DHA (16.35%) were also higher in roe compared with head and skin. The highest amount of EPA (7.99%) and DHA (34.47%) contents were found in the polar lipid fractions of roe, followed by skin (EPA = 4.19%; DHA = 25.95%) and head (EPA = 2.61%; DHA = 17.85%). This result suggests that salmon roe could be used for developing n-3 phospholipid enriched products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Department of Fishing and Post-harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh.
| | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Fatema Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ian Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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9
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Ahmmed MK, Ahmmed F, Stewart I, Carne A, Tian HS, Bekhit AEDA. Omega-3 phospholipids in Pacific blue mackerel (Scomber australasicus) processing by-products. Food Chem 2021; 353:129451. [PMID: 33714118 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated phospholipid content, fatty acid composition and the positional distribution (sn-1,3 and sn-2) of n-3 fatty acids in four blue mackerel processing by-products (head, skin, roe, and male gonad). Total lipid was extracted using hexane/ethanol (1:2) and the analyses were carried out using NMR and GC-FID techniques. On the basis of g wet tissue, blue mackerel roe was a better source of phospholipids (38.6 µmol), compared to head (9.89 µmol), skin (13.5 µmol), and male gonad (10.0 µmol). Total lipid extracted from roe was found to have a higher proportion of n-3 fatty acids (44.4%) including EPA (11.3%) and DHA (27.5%), compared to head (total n-3 = 36.6%; EPA, 9.08%: DHA, 21.9%), skin (total n-3 = 34.8%; EPA, 9.63%; DHA, 19.5%) and male gonad (total n-3 = 42.5%; EPA, 12.1%; DHA, 24.7%). The proportion of EPA in the sn-2 position was substantially higher in fish roe (12.6%) compared to the other by-products (head, 1.91%; skin, 2.22%; male gonad, 2.02%). However, the DPA and DHA content in the sn-2 position did not vary significantly among the various parts (p > 0.05). Phospholipid esterified n-3 fatty acids were higher in roe (55.5%) compared to head (40.9%), skin (21.8%) and male gonad (32%). The present study suggests that blue mackerel roe is the best source of marine n-3 phospholipids among the blue mackerel commercially produced by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Department of Fishing and Post-harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh, Khulshi Chittagong-4225, Bangladesh.
| | - Fatema Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Ian Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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10
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Kildahl-Andersen G, Gjerlaug-Enger E, Rise F, Haug A, Egelandsdal B. Quantification of Fatty Acids and their Regioisomeric Distribution in Triacylglycerols from Porcine and Bovine Sources Using 13 C NMR Spectroscopy. Lipids 2020; 56:111-122. [PMID: 32875567 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of specific fatty acids in humans is dependent on their position on the glycerol backbone. There is a great interest in methods that can access this information fast and accurately. By way of high-resolution NMR, we have analyzed TAG extracted from pig and beef tissues and obtained quantitative data for the composition and regioisomeric distribution of all major unsaturated fatty acids usually found in these source materials, using a combination of manual integration and deconvolution of 13 C NMR spectra. In addition, we have developed a method for determining composition and regioisomeric distribution of the two main saturated fatty acids found in pork (16:0, 18:0). The results are discussed in relation to species-specific genetic characteristics of fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis. The developed method could support decisions related to breeding for desired fatty acid profiles, and stimulate further methodology developments using high field NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Kildahl-Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Haug
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Bjørg Egelandsdal
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
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11
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Zhang LS, Chu MY, Zong MH, Yang JG, Lou WY. Facile and Green Production of Human Milk Fat Substitute through Rhodococcus opacus Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9368-9376. [PMID: 32700528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human milk fat substitute (HMFS) is a class of structured lipids widely used in infant formulas. Herein, HMFS was prepared by Rhodococcus opacus fermentation. The substrate oils suitable for HMFS production were coconut oil (66.1-57.5%), soybean oil (17.5-26.5%), high oleic acid sunflower oil (5.4-4.5%), Antarctic krill oil (9-9.5%), and fungal oil (2%). Six HMFSs were prepared, among which HMFS V and VI were similar to human milk fat from Chinese in terms of fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol species. The sn-2 position of HMFS was occupied by palmitic acid (49.31 and 43.48% in HMFS V and VI, respectively). The major triacylglycerols were OPL, OPO, and LPL, accounting for 15.90, 9.49, and 6.84 and 17.52, 8.44, and 8.55% in HMFS V and VI, respectively. This study is the first to prepare structured lipids intended for infant formula through fermentation, providing a novel strategy for the edible oil industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Shang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mei-Yun Chu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ji-Guo Yang
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
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12
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Zhang LS, Chu MY, Zong MH, Yang JG, Lou WY. Carbon source modify lipids composition of Rhodococcus opacus intended for infant formula. J Biotechnol 2020; 319:8-14. [PMID: 32470464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) are the structured lipids intended for infant formula. It provides energy and essential fatty acid for infant. HMFSs are mainly prepared by enzymatic method. In this study, we aim to explore the potential for producing HMFSs by fermentation using R. opacus. The results indicated that different compounds with chain length from 12 to 18, used as carbon source, could be incorporated into triacylglycerols directly. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in term of ARA, EPA, DHA could enter the kennedy pathway directly and involved in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. GC, UPLC-MS and 13C-NMR analysis demonstrated that typical structured lipids β-OPL (40.09%) was synthesized in R. opacus. Transcriptome analysis revealed that β-oxidation, fatty acid elongation and kennedy pathways existed in R. opacus. It was concluded that fatty acid supplied as carbon source could enter the kennedy pathways directly or via the de novo fatty acid biosynthesis pathway depending on the chain length, thus, affect the triacylglycerol species formed in the Rhodococcus opacus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Shang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mei-Yun Chu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ji-Guo Yang
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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Zhang L, Chu M, Zong M, Yang J, Lou W. Efficient Production of 1,3‐Dioleoyl‐2‐Palmitoylglycerol through
Rhodococcus opacus
Fermentation. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin‐Shang Zhang
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Mei‐Yun Chu
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Min‐Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Ji‐Guo Yang
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641 China
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Wen‐Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641 China
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Gao K, Chu W, Sun J, Mao X. Identification of an alkaline lipase capable of better enrichment of EPA than DHA due to fatty acids selectivity and regioselectivity. Food Chem 2020; 330:127225. [PMID: 32569931 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The whole genome of Streptomyces violascens (=ATCC 27968) was sequenced and the cloning and expression of OUC-Lipase 6 were conducted in Bacillus subtilis WB800. The recombinant enzyme belongs to the lipolytic enzymes family V. OUC-Lipase 6 showed optimal activity at 30 °C and pH 9.0, and retained 90.2% of its activity in an alkaline buffer (pH 8.0, 30 °C and 96 h). OUC-Lipase 6 showed good stability under medium temperature conditions (residual activity of 68.8%, pH 8.0, 45 °C and 96 h). OUC-Lipase 6 could selectively hydrolyze fatty acids on the glyceride backbone, thus improving the contents of DHA and EPA in codfish oil. OUC-Lipase 6 also showed regioselectivity, resulting in a better enrichment efficiency for EPA than DHA. After hydrolyzing for 36 h via OUC-Lipase 6, the contents of EPA and DHA were improved to 3.24-fold and 1.98-fold, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wenqin Chu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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15
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Regiospecific Analysis of Fatty Acids and Calculation of Triglyceride Molecular Species in Marine Fish Oils. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9016840. [PMID: 29670910 PMCID: PMC5833240 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9016840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The regiospecific distribution of fatty acids (FAs) and composition of triglyceride (TAG) molecular species of fishes were analyzed and calculated by pancreatic lipase (PL) hydrolysis and Visual Basic (VB) program. DHA was preferentially located at sn-2 position in TAG molecule, whereas EPA was almost equally distributed in each position of glycerol backbone. DOP, DPP, EPP, PoPP, PPO, and PPP were the predominant TAG species. MPP in anchovy, DDP, DOP, DPP in tuna, and EOO and OOO in salmon were the characteristic TAG molecules, which were meaningful to differentiate marine fish oils. Furthermore, the data management, according to TCN and ECN, was firstly applied to classify the TAG molecular species. The ECN42, ECN46, and ECN48 groups were rich in TAGs. The lower ECN values, compared to the higher TCN values, indicated that the most abundant TAGs exhibited a higher unsaturated degree. Therefore, our study not only offered a simple and feasible approach for the analysis of TAG composition but also firstly summarized the information by data management within ECN and TCN.
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16
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Zhang Z, Liu F, Ma X, Huang H, Wang Y. Two-Stage Enzymatic Preparation of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) And Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Enriched Fish Oil Triacylglycerols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:218-227. [PMID: 29232116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish oil products in the form of triacylglycerols generally have relatively low contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and so it is of potential research and industrial interest to enrich the related contents in commercial products. Thereby an economical and efficient two-stage preparation of EPA and DHA enriched fish oil triacylglycerols is proposed in this study. The first stage was the partial hydrolysis of fish oil by only 0.2 wt.‰ AY "Amano" 400SD which led to increases of EPA and DHA contents in acylglycerols from 19.30 and 13.09 wt % to 25.95 and 22.06 wt %, respectively. Subsequently, products of the first stage were subjected to transesterification with EPA and DHA enriched fatty acid ethyl esters (EDEE) as the second stage to afford EPA and DHA enriched fish oil triacylglycerols by using as low as 2 wt % Novozyme 435. EDEEs prepared from fish oil ethyl ester, and recycled DHA and EPA, respectively, were applied in this stage. Final products prepared with two different sources of EDEEs were composed of 97.62 and 95.92 wt % of triacylglycerols, respectively, with EPA and DHA contents of 28.20 and 21.41 wt % for the former and 25.61 and 17.40 wt % for the latter. Results not only demonstrate this two-stage process's capability and industrial value for enriching EPA and DHA in fish oil products, but also offer new opportunities for the development of fortified fish oil products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oil Seed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University , Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Huihua Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oil Seed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Oils and Fats Biorefinery , Guangzhou 510632, China
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17
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Li J, Vosegaard T, Guo Z. Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance in lipid analyses: An emerging powerful tool for lipidomics studies. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 68:37-56. [PMID: 28911967 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of lipids in cell, tissue, and organ physiology is crucial; as many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, and infectious diseases, are closely related to absorption and metabolism of lipids. Mass spectrometry (MS) based methods are the most developed powerful tools to study the synthetic pathways and metabolic networks of cellular lipids in biological systems; leading to the birth of an emerging subject lipidomics, which has been extensively reviewed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), another powerful analytical tool, which allows the visualization of single atoms and molecules, is receiving increasing attention in lipidomics analyses. However, very little work focusing on lipidomic studies using NMR has been critically reviewed. This paper presents a first comprehensive summary of application of 1H, 13C &31P NMR in lipids and lipidomics analyses. The scientific basis, principles and characteristic diagnostic peaks assigned to specific atoms/molecular structures of lipids are presented. Applications of 2D NMR in mapping and monitoring of the components and their changes in complex lipids systems, as well as alteration of lipid profiling over disease development are also reviewed. The applications of NMR lipidomics in diseases diagnosis and food adulteration are exemplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Li
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Vosegaard
- Danish Center for Ultrahigh-Field NMR Spectroscopy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Tan Z, Reyes-Suarez E, Indrasena W, Kralovec JA. Novel approach to study fish oil oxidation using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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19
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Tao F, Ngadi M. Recent advances in rapid and nondestructive determination of fat content and fatty acids composition of muscle foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1565-1593. [PMID: 28118034 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1261332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional methods for determining fat content and fatty acids (FAs) composition are generally based on the solvent extraction and gas chromatography techniques, respectively, which are time consuming, laborious, destructive to samples and require use of hazard solvents. These disadvantages make them impossible for large-scale detection or being applied to the production line of meat factories. In this context, the great necessity of developing rapid and nondestructive techniques for fat and FAs analyses has been highlighted. Measurement techniques based on near-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and hyperspectral imaging have provided interesting and promising results for fat and FAs prediction in varieties of foods. Thus, the goal of this article is to give an overview of the current research progress in application of the four important techniques for fat and FAs analyses of muscle foods, which consist of pork, beef, lamb, chicken meat, fish and fish oil. The measurement techniques are described in terms of their working principles, features, and application advantages. Research advances for these techniques for specific food are summarized in detail and the factors influencing their modeling results are discussed. Perspectives on the current situation, future trends and challenges associated with the measurement techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Tao
- a Department of Bioresource Engineering , McGill University , Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue , Quebec , Canada
| | - Michael Ngadi
- a Department of Bioresource Engineering , McGill University , Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue , Quebec , Canada
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20
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Rationale behind the near-ideal catalysis of Candida antarctica lipase A (CAL-A) for highly concentrating ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into monoacylglycerols. Food Chem 2017; 219:230-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Li D, Wang W, Qin X, Li X, Yang B, Wang Y. A Novel Process for the Synthesis of Highly Pure n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA)-Enriched Triglycerides by Combined Transesterification and Ethanolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6533-6538. [PMID: 27540752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel two-step enzymatic reaction was developed for the synthesis of highly pure triacylglycerols (TAGs) with a high content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Glyceride mixtures were primarily synthesized by Novozym 435-catalyzed transesterification of glycerol and DHA/EPA-rich ethyl esters (EEs), followed by removal of partial glycerides, for the first time, by immobilized mono- and diacylglycerol lipase SMG1-F278N-catalyzed ethanolysis. TAG yield as high as 98.66% was achieved under the optimized conditions, and highly pure (98.75%) n-3 PUFA-enriched TAGs with 88.44% of n-3 PUFA was obtained after molecular distillation at lower temperature (140 °C). In addition, the EEs produced during ethanolysis had a FA composition similar to that of the original EEs, making them feasible for cyclic utilization. This was the first study reporting removal of partial glycerides by ethanolysis. Through ethanolysis, a higher purity product could be easily obtained at a relatively low temperature compared with the conventional high-temperature molecular distillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoming Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weifei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoli Qin
- College of Food Science, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
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Ranjan Moharana T, Byreddy AR, Puri M, Barrow C, Rao NM. Selective Enrichment of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Oils by Phospholipase A1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151370. [PMID: 26978518 PMCID: PMC4792427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega fatty acids are recognized as key nutrients for healthier ageing. Lipases are used to release ω-3 fatty acids from oils for preparing enriched ω-3 fatty acid supplements. However, use of lipases in enrichment of ω-3 fatty acids is limited due to their insufficient specificity for ω-3 fatty acids. In this study use of phospholipase A1 (PLA1), which possesses both sn-1 specific activity on phospholipids and lipase activity, was explored for hydrolysis of ω-3 fatty acids from anchovy oil. Substrate specificity of PLA1 from Thermomyces lenuginosus was initially tested with synthetic p-nitrophenyl esters along with a lipase from Bacillus subtilis (BSL), as a lipase control. Gas chromatographic characterization of the hydrolysate obtained upon treatment of anchovy oil with these enzymes indicated a selective retention of ω-3 fatty acids in the triglyceride fraction by PLA1 and not by BSL. 13C NMR spectroscopy based position analysis of fatty acids in enzyme treated and untreated samples indicated that PLA1 preferably retained ω-3 fatty acids in oil, while saturated fatty acids were hydrolysed irrespective of their position. Hydrolysis of structured triglyceride,1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol, suggested that both the enzymes hydrolyse the fatty acids at both the positions. The observed discrimination against ω-3 fatty acids by PLA1 appears to be due to its fatty acid selectivity rather than positional specificity. These studies suggest that PLA1 could be used as a potential enzyme for selective concentrationof ω-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avinesh R. Byreddy
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Colin Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3220, Australia
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Morales‐Medina R, García‐Moreno PJ, Pérez‐Gálvez R, Muñío MM, Guadix A, Guadix EM. Nutritional indexes, fatty acids profile, and regiodistribution of oil extracted from four discarded species of the Alboran Sea: Seasonal effects. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María M. Muñío
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Antonio Guadix
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Emilia M. Guadix
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
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24
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Stubhaug I, Ipharraguerre I, Rimbach G, Menoyo D. Positional Distribution of Fatty Acids in Triacylglycerols and Phospholipids from Fillets of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar) Fed Vegetable and Fish Oil Blends. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4255-69. [PMID: 26184234 PMCID: PMC4515615 DOI: 10.3390/md13074255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional and functional characteristics of dietary fat are related to the fatty acid (FA) composition and its positional distribution in the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction. Atlantic salmon is an important source of healthy long chain omega 3 FA (particularly, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docoxahexaenoic (DHA) acids). However, the impact of lipid sources in salmon feeds on the regiospecificity of FA in the fish TAG remains to be explored. The present study determines the effect of feeding salmon with blends of palm, rapeseed, and fish oil, providing two different EPA + DHA concentrations (high: H-ED 10.3% and low: L-ED 4.6%) on the fillet lipid class composition and the positional distribution of FA in TAG and phospholipids. The regiospecific analysis of fillet TAG showed that around 50% of the EPA and around 80% of DHA was located in the sn-2 position. The positional distribution of FA in phosphatidylcholine (PC), showed that around 80% of the EPA and around 90% of DHA were located in the sn-2. Fish fed the vegetable-rich diets showed higher EPA in the sn-2 position in PC (77% vs. 83% in the H-ED and L-ED diets, respectively) but similar DHA concentrations. It is concluded that feeding salmon with different EPA + DHA concentrations does not affect their positional distribution in the fillet TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ingunn Stubhaug
- Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre (ARC), P.O. Box 48, N-4001 Stavanger, Norway.
| | | | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - David Menoyo
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Characterization of Shrimp Oil from Pandalus borealis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:3849-76. [PMID: 26096274 PMCID: PMC4483660 DOI: 10.3390/md13063849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, was recovered from the cooking water of shrimp processing facilities. The oil contains significant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids in triglyceride form, along with substantial long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). It also features natural isomeric forms of astaxanthin, a nutritional carotenoid, which gives the oil a brilliant red color. As part of our efforts in developing value added products from waste streams of the seafood processing industry, we present in this paper a comprehensive characterization of the triacylglycerols (TAGs) and astaxanthin esters that predominate in the shrimp oil by using HPLC-HRMS and MS/MS, as well as 13C-NMR. This approach, in combination with FAME analysis, offers direct characterization of fatty acid molecules in their intact forms, including the distribution of regioisomers in TAGs. The information is important for the standardization and quality control, as well as for differentiation of composition features of shrimp oil, which could be sold as an ingredient in health supplements and functional foods.
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26
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Kamal MZ, Barrow CJ, Rao NM. A computational search for lipases that can preferentially hydrolyze long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil triacylglycerols. Food Chem 2014; 173:1030-6. [PMID: 25466121 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids is known to decrease the risk of major cardiovascular events. Lipases, a class of triacylglycerol hydrolases, have been extensively tested to concentrate omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils, under mild enzymatic conditions. However, no lipases with preference for omega-3 fatty acids selectivity have yet been discovered or developed. In this study we performed an exhaustive computational study of substrate-lipase interactions by docking, both covalent and non-covalent, for 38 lipases with a large number of structured triacylglycerols containing omega-3 fatty acids. We identified some lipases that have potential to preferentially hydrolyze omega-3 fatty acids from structured triacylglycerols. However omega-3 fatty acid preferences were found to be modest. Our study provides an explanation for absence of reports of lipases with omega-3 fatty acid hydrolyzing ability and suggests methods for developing these selective lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahid Kamal
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India.
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Nalam Madhusudhana Rao
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Řezanka T, Lukavský J, Nedbalová L, Sigler K. Production of structured triacylglycerols from microalgae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 104:95-104. [PMID: 24833034 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Structured triacylglycerols (TAGs) were isolated from nine cultivated strains of microalgae belonging to different taxonomic groups, i.e. Audouinella eugena, Balbiania investiens, Myrmecia bisecta, Nannochloropsis limnetica, Palmodictyon varium, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Pseudochantransia sp., Thorea ramosissima, and Trachydiscus minutus. They were separated and isolated by means of NARP-LC/MS-APCI and chiral LC and the positional isomers and enantiomers of TAGs with two polyunsaturated, i.e. arachidonic (A) and eicosapentaenoic (E) acids and one saturated, i.e. palmitic acid (P) were identified. Algae that produce eicosapentaenoic acid were found to biosynthesize more asymmetrical TAGs, i.e. PPE or PEE, whereas algae which produced arachidonic acid give rise to symmetrical TAGs, i.e. PAP or APA, irrespective of their taxonomical classification. Nitrogen and phosphorus starvation consistently reversed the ratio of asymmetrical and symmetrical TAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaromír Lukavský
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for Bioindication and Revitalization, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for Bioindication and Revitalization, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic; Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Tengku-Rozaina TM, Birch EJ. Positional distribution of fatty acids on hoki and tuna oil triglycerides by pancreatic lipase and13C NMR analysis. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward John Birch
- Department of Food Science; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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Ramaley L, Herrera LC, Melanson JE. Applicability of non-linear versus linear fractional abundance calibration plots for the quantitative determination of triacylglycerol regioisomers by tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1251-1259. [PMID: 23650038 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Regioisomeric analysis of triacylglycerols is important in understanding lipid biochemistry and the involvement of lipids in disease and nutrition. The use of calibration plots employing fractional abundances provides a simple and rapid method for such analyses. These plots are believed to be linear, but evidence exists for non-linearity. The behavior of such plots needs to be understood to allow for proper interpretation of regioisomeric data. METHODS Solutions of five regioisomer pairs were prepared from pure standards and used to construct calibration plots using triple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (MS(3) ) with electrospray ionization (ESIMS(3) ) and cationization by lithium ions. The data were taken by direct infusion with an AB SCIEX QTRAP 2000 QqLIT mass spectrometer. RESULTS Non-linear calibration plots were observed for the four isomer pairs containing the polyunsaturated eicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids paired with palmitic acid (16:0) or myristic acid (14:0), while the pair including palmitic and stearic (18:0) acids provided a linear plot. A non-linear model was developed for these plots and then verified experimentally. CONCLUSIONS The fractional abundance calibration plots used in regioisomeric analysis of triacylglycerols are intrinsically non-linear, but may appear linear if the scatter in data points obscures the curvature, if the curvature is slight, or if the response factors for the two isomers in the regioisomer pair are similar. Therefore, linearity should not be assumed for these types of measurements until confirmed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Ramaley
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Nagachinta S, Akoh CC. Synthesis of structured lipid enriched with omega fatty acids and sn-2 palmitic acid by enzymatic esterification and its incorporation in powdered infant formula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4455-4463. [PMID: 23597247 DOI: 10.1021/jf400634w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Structured lipid (SL) enriched with arachidonic (ARA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids was produced from tripalmitin using Lipozyme TL IM. The effects of acyl donors, that is, free fatty acids vs fatty acid ethyl esters, on the reactions were compared. The highest total incorporation of ARA and DHA was obtained when the reaction continued for 24 h, at a substrate mole ratio of 9, using free fatty acids as acyl donors (acidolysis). The SL prepared by a large-scale acidolysis reaction contained 17.69 ± 0.09% total ARA, 10.75 ± 0.15% total DHA, and 48.53 ± 1.40% sn-2 palmitic acid. SL thermograms exhibited multiple peaks indicating complexity of the triacylglycerol (TAG) distribution. RP-HPLC analysis of SL revealed nine of 26 TAG molecular species that were similar to those of human milk fat. Powdered infant formulas containing the SL were prepared by wet-mixing/spray-drying and dry-blending methods. Formula prepared with microencapsulated SL and the dry-blending method had better oxidative stability and color quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supakana Nagachinta
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2610, United States
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Selective concentration of EPA and DHA using Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase is due to fatty acid selectivity and not regioselectivity. Food Chem 2013; 138:615-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cubero Herrera L, Ramaley L, Potvin MA, Melanson JE. A method for determining regioisomer abundances of polyunsaturated triacylglycerols in omega-3 enriched fish oils using reversed-phase liquid chromatography and triple-stage mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 139:655-62. [PMID: 23561158 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), followed by post-column addition of lithium salts and electrospray ionisation triple-stage mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(3)) of lithiated TAG adducts, is shown to provide a useful method for the positional analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in fish oils containing eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22:6). One prominent fragmentation pathway in the ESI-MS(3) of these adduct ions involves the loss of a fatty acid from the sn-1/3 position in the first step followed by the loss of an α,β-unsaturated fatty acid from the sn-2 position in the second. Regioisomeric TAGs of the type ABA and AAB produced abundant product ions - [ABA+Li-RACOOH-R'BCHCHCOOH](+) and [AAB+Li-RACOOH-R'ACHCHCOOH](+) - the relative intensities of which were dependent on the position of acyl substituents. Standard solutions of TAGs containing different ratios of the regioisomeric pairs MME/MEM, PPE/PEP, PPD/PDP, EEP/EPE and DDP/DPD (M=14:0, P=16:0, E=20:5, D=22:6) were analysed by ESI-MS(3) with a quadrupole linear ion trap instrument. Methodology developed on the standards was applied to quantifying the relative isomeric abundances of EPA and DHA in several fish oil samples. DHA was preferentially located at the sn-2 position in both DHA-containing TAGs studied, while EPA was either observed at near equal levels in all positions, or predominantly at the sn-1 and -3 positions in some cases. The analysis protocol allows for quantification of the designated regioisomers in one simple, rapid chromatographic procedure using a single column and has the advantage of specificity over other methods for the positional analysis of TAGs, since it eliminates interferences associated with co-eluting TAGs of the same molecular weight that yield isobaric diacylglycerol-like product ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Cubero Herrera
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1
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Belhaj N, Dupuis F, Arab-Tehrany E, Denis FM, Paris C, Lartaud I, Linder M. Formulation, characterization and pharmacokinetic studies of coenzyme Q10 PUFA’s nanoemulsions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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