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Cabello-Torres RJ, Carbo-Bustinza N, Romero-Cabello EA, Ureta Tolentino JM, Torres Armas EA, Turpo-Chaparro JE, Canas Rodrigues P, López-Gonzales JL. An exploratory analysis of PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratio during spring 2016-2018 in Metropolitan Lima. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9285. [PMID: 38654081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aerosols (PM2.5 and PM10 ) represent one of the most critical pollutants due to their negative effects on human health. This research analyzed the relationship of PM and its PM2.5 /PM10 ratios with climatic variables in the austral spring (2016-2018) in Metropolitan Lima. Overall, there was an average PM2.5 /PM10 ratio of 0.33 with fluctuations from 0.30 to 0.35. However, there have also been high point values that reached ratios greater than one. This situation indicates a moderate condition of contamination by particulate matter with a predominance of coarse aerosols in spring, with an increasing trend over the years. The locations Ate and Villa Maria del Triunfo, especially Ate, presented poor quality conditions. Thursdays showed outstanding pollution peaks by PM10 , and a decrease is visible on Sundays. On the other hand, the PM2.5 showed a similar pattern every day, including Sundays. The maximum peaks occurred in the morning and night hours. The increase in anthropogenic emissions associated with the formation of secondary aerosols has been evident, being the case of the location Campo de Marte, the one that had a significant increase in ratios PM2.5 /PM10 , which confirms a greater intensity of secondary formations of carbonaceous particles from industrial oil sources, vehicle exhaust, as well as aerosols from metal smelting and biomass burning. There were negative correlations of the ratios with PM10 , temperature, wind speed, and direction, and positive correlations with PM2.5 and relative humidity. Contour lines were successfully developed that demonstrated the interaction of climate with PM2.5 /PM10 ratios. This will deepen the exploration of emission sources and modeling, which allows for optimizing air quality indices to control emissions and adequately manage air quality in Metropolitan Lima.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalí Carbo-Bustinza
- Doctorado Interdisciplinario en Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | | | - Elías A Torres Armas
- Instituto de Investigación de Estudios Estadísticos y Control de Calidad, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas, Peru
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2
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Warthon J, Alvarez M, Olarte A, Quispe Y, Jalixto V, Valencia N, Mio-Diaz M, Zamalloa A, Warthon B. Reduction of the concentration of particulate material at a sampling point in Cusco city at the beginning of the pandemic. Sci Rep 2024; 14:849. [PMID: 38191800 PMCID: PMC10774446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50955-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The pandemic produced by SARS-CoV-2 generated various impacts on public health, the environment and other anthropogenic activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reduction of air pollution due to [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] particulate matter in Cusco city at the beginning of the pandemic. Social confinement in Peru began on March 16, 2020, until the end of June. These health measures caused strict isolation that resulted in a significant decrease in vehicle flow on the streets and avenues of the city of Cusco. In the first days of May, even during the time of confinement, we managed to measure air quality at a sampling point located on the campus of the Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad de Cusco; a reduction in air pollution due to particulate matter was observed. The evaluation was carried out using an high-volume (HiVol) 3000 particulate matter sampler and the mass of particulate matter adhered to the filters was determined by gravimetry. The concentrations of particulate matter [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] obtained pre-pandemic were compared with those recorded at the beginning of the pandemic. The results revealed a significant average reduction in the concentration of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], reaching - 57.43% and - 59.52%, respectively, compared to pre-pandemic values. At the same time, its relationship with meteorological parameters and Google mobility data was evaluated and it was concluded that these parameters did not significantly affect the reduction of particulate matter. This study reveals the positive effects of the pandemic in reducing air pollution and the confinement measures had as a secondary effect on the decrease in air pollution in Cusco City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Warthon
- Departamento Académico de Física, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De La Cultura 733, Cusco, 08003, Peru.
| | - Modesta Alvarez
- Departamento Académico de Biología, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De La Cultura 733, Cusco, 08003, Peru
| | - Amanda Olarte
- Departamento Académico de Química, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De La Cultura 733, Cusco, 08003, Peru
| | - Yanett Quispe
- Departamento Académico de Física, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De La Cultura 733, Cusco, 08003, Peru
| | - Victor Jalixto
- Departamento Académico de Física, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De La Cultura 733, Cusco, 08003, Peru
| | - Nazaria Valencia
- Departamento Académico de Química, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De La Cultura 733, Cusco, 08003, Peru
| | - Mirian Mio-Diaz
- Departamento Académico de Biología, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De La Cultura 733, Cusco, 08003, Peru
| | - Ariatna Zamalloa
- Departamento Académico de Física, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De La Cultura 733, Cusco, 08003, Peru
| | - Bruce Warthon
- Departamento Académico de Física, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De La Cultura 733, Cusco, 08003, Peru.
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3
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Lara R, Megido L, Suárez-Peña B, Negral L, Fernández-Nava Y, Rodríguez-Iglesias J, Marañón E, Castrillón L. Impact of COVID-19 restrictions on hourly levels of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon at an industrial suburban site in northern Spain. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2023; 304:119781. [PMID: 37090909 PMCID: PMC10089665 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown restrictions were established around the world. Many studies have assessed whether these restrictions affected atmospheric pollution. Comparison between them is difficult as the periods of time considered are generally not the same and thus, different conclusions may be reached. Besides, most of them consider mean daily pollutant concentration, despite differences being observed according to the time of day. In this study, the hourly levels of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) in an industrial suburban area in the north of Spain were analysed from May 2019 to June 2020 and compared with those from the literature, using the same period in each case. In general, the highest concentrations were reached when the wind direction came from the southwest (where a steelworks, a coal-fired power plant and other industries are located) and during the night-time, both before and during the lockdown. The highest concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and BC were observed from December to February (on average: 45, 17 and 1.3 μg m-3, respectively). The decrease/increase in those pollutants levels during the lockdown were found to be highly dependent on the period considered. Indeed, PM10 can be found to decrease by up to 39% or increase by 12%; PM2.5 can decrease by 21% or increase by up to 36%; and BC, although it generally decreases (by up to 42%), can increase by 7.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lara
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Laura Megido
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Beatriz Suárez-Peña
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Luis Negral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, C.P 30202, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Yolanda Fernández-Nava
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Iglesias
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Elena Marañón
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Leonor Castrillón
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
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4
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Volke MI, Abarca-Del-Rio R, Ulloa-Tesser C. Impact of mobility restrictions on NO 2 concentrations in key Latin American cities during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. URBAN CLIMATE 2023; 48:101412. [PMID: 36627949 PMCID: PMC9816081 DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Between March and June 2020, activity in the major cities of Latin America declined due to containment efforts implemented by local governments to avoid the rapid spread of COVID-19. Our study compared 2020 with the previous year and demonstrated a considerable drop in tropospheric NO2 levels obtained by the SENTINEL 5P satellite in major Latin American cities. Lima (47.5%), Santiago (36.1%), São Paulo (27%), Rio de Janeiro (23%), Quito (18.6%), Bogota (17.5%), Buenos Aires (16.6%), Guayaquil (15.3%), Medellin (14.2%), La Paz (9.5%), Belo Horizonte (7.8%), Mexico (7.6%) and Brasilia (5.9%) registered statistically significant decreases in NO2 concentrations during the study period. In addition, we analyzed mobility data from Google and Apple reports as well as meteorological information from atmospheric reanalysis data along with satellite fields between 2011 and 2020, and performed a refined multivariate analysis (non-negative matrix approximation) to show that this decrease was associated with a reduction in population mobility rather than meteorological factors. Our findings corroborate the argument that confinement scenarios may indicate how air pollutant concentrations can be effectively reduced and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias I Volke
- Energy Doctoral Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Abarca-Del-Rio
- Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Claudia Ulloa-Tesser
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Environmental Science and EULA Center, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
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5
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Liu S, Yang X, Duan F, Zhao W. Changes in Air Quality and Drivers for the Heavy PM 2.5 Pollution on the North China Plain Pre- to Post-COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912904. [PMID: 36232204 PMCID: PMC9566441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Under the clean air action plans and the lockdown to constrain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the air quality improved significantly. However, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution still occurred on the North China Plain (NCP). This study analyzed the variations of PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) during 2017-2021 on the northern (Beijing) and southern (Henan) edges of the NCP. Furthermore, the drivers for the PM2.5 pollution episodes pre- to post-COVID-19 in Beijing and Henan were explored by combining air pollutant and meteorological datasets and the weighted potential source contribution function. Results showed air quality generally improved during 2017-2021, except for a slight rebound (3.6%) in NO2 concentration in 2021 in Beijing. Notably, the O3 concentration began to decrease significantly in 2020. The COVID-19 lockdown resulted in a sharp drop in the concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, SO2, and CO in February of 2020, but PM2.5 and CO in Beijing exhibited a delayed decrease in March. For Beijing, the PM2.5 pollution was driven by the initial regional transport and later secondary formation under adverse meteorology. For Henan, the PM2.5 pollution was driven by the primary emissions under the persistent high humidity and stable atmospheric conditions, superimposing small-scale regional transport. Low wind speed, shallow boundary layer, and high humidity are major drivers of heavy PM2.5 pollution. These results provide an important reference for setting mitigation measures not only for the NCP but for the entire world.
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Statistical modeling approach for PM10 prediction before and during confinement by COVID-19 in South Lima, Perú. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16737. [PMID: 36202880 PMCID: PMC9537318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA total of 188,859 meteorological-PM$$_{10}$$
10
data validated before (2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) were used. In order to predict PM$$_{10}$$
10
in two districts of South Lima in Peru, hourly, daily, monthly and seasonal variations of the data were analyzed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and linear/nonlinear modeling were applied. The results showed the highest annual average PM$$_{10}$$
10
for San Juan de Miraflores (SJM) (PM$$_{10}$$
10
-SJM: 78.7 $$\upmu$$
μ
g/m$$^{3}$$
3
) and the lowest in Santiago de Surco (SS) (PM$$_{10}$$
10
-SS: 40.2 $$\upmu$$
μ
g/m$$^{3}$$
3
). The PCA showed the influence of relative humidity (RH)-atmospheric pressure (AP)-temperature (T)/dew point (DP)-wind speed (WS)-wind direction (WD) combinations. Cool months with higher humidity and atmospheric instability decreased PM$$_{10}$$
10
values in SJM and warm months increased it, favored by thermal inversion (TI). Dust resuspension, vehicular transport and stationary sources contributed more PM$$_{10}$$
10
at peak times in the morning and evening. The Multiple linear regression (MLR) showed the best correlation (r = 0.6166), followed by the three-dimensional model LogAP-LogWD-LogPM$$_{10}$$
10
(r = 0.5753); the RMSE-MLR (12.92) exceeded that found in the 3D models (RMSE $$<0.3$$
<
0.3
) and the NSE-MLR criterion (0.3804) was acceptable. PM$$_{10}$$
10
prediction was modeled using the algorithmic approach in any scenario to optimize urban management decisions in times of pandemic.
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7
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Espinoza-Guillen JA, Alderete-Malpartida MB, Cañari-Cancho JH, Pando-Huerta DL, Vargas-La Rosa DF, Bernabé-Meza SJ. Immission levels and identification of sulfur dioxide sources in La Oroya city, Peruvian Andes. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 25:1-30. [PMID: 35966339 PMCID: PMC9361941 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-022-02592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
La Oroya is a city in the Peruvian Andes that has suffered a serious deterioration in its air quality, especially due to the high rate of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions, which underlines the importance of knowing its sources of contamination and variation over the years. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the immission levels and determine the sources of SO2 contamination in La Oroya. This analysis was performed using the hourly concentration data of SO2, and meteorological variables (wind speed and direction), which were analyzed for a period of three years (2018-2020). Graphs of time series, wind and pollutant roses, bivariate polar graphs, clustering k-means, nonparametric statistical tests, and the application of the conditional bivariate probability function were performed to analyze the data and identify the emission sources. The mean concentration of SO2 was 264.2 μg m-3 for the study period, where 55.66 and 2.37% of the evaluated days exceeded the guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization and the Peruvian Environmental Quality Standard for air for 24 h, respectively. The results showed a defined pattern for the daily and monthly variations, with peaks in the morning hours (0900-1000 h LT) and at the end of the year (December), respectively. The main sources of SO2 emissions identified were light and heavy vehicles that travel through the Central Highway, the La Oroya Metallurgical Complex, the transit of vehicles within the city, and the diesel-electric locomotives that provide cargo transportation services and tourism passenger transportation. The article attempts to contribute to the development of adequate air quality management policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jimmy Hans Cañari-Cancho
- Departamento Académico de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
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8
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Assessment of air quality changes during COVID-19 partial lockdown in a Brazilian metropolis: from lockdown to economic opening of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE & HEALTH 2022; 15:1205-1220. [PMID: 34840623 PMCID: PMC8609175 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Long-Term Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdown on the NO2 Concentrations and Urban Thermal Environment: Evidence from the Five Largest Urban Agglomerations in China. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Under the threat of COVID-19, many regions around the world implemented lockdown policies to control the spread of the virus. This restriction on both social and economic activities has improved the quality of the environment in certain aspects. However, most previous studies have only focused on the short-term impact of lockdown policies on the urban environment. The long-term effects of lockdown require a more focused exploration and analysis. Thus, five major urban agglomerations in China were selected as the research area; changes in the numerical and spatial distribution of NO2 concentration and surface temperature during four different lockdown stages in 2019, 2020, and 2021 were investigated to analyze the long-term effects of lockdown policies on the urban environment. The results indicated that the impact of shorter lockdowns was short-term and unsustainable; the NO2 concentrations increased again with the resumption of production. Compared with air pollutants, thermal environmental problems are more complex. The effect of the lockdown policy was not reflected in the decrease in the area proportions of the high- and sub-high-temperature regions but rather in the spatial distribution of the high-temperature area, which was manifested as a fragmentation and dispersion of heat source patches. In addition to the severity of the lockdown, the impact of the lockdown policy was also closely related to the level of development and industrial structure of each city. Among the urban environments of the five agglomerations, the most affected were the Yangtze River Delta and Yangtze River Middle-Reach urban agglomerations, which had the largest decline in NO2 concentrations and the most notable fragmentation of heat source patches.
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10
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Ghasempour F, Sekertekin A, Kutoglu SH. Google Earth Engine based spatio-temporal analysis of air pollutants before and during the first wave COVID-19 outbreak over Turkey via remote sensing. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2021; 319:128599. [PMID: 35958184 PMCID: PMC9356598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the vital problems for the sustainability of cities and public health. The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 outbreak has become a natural laboratory, enabling to investigate the impact of human/industrial activities on the air pollution. In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal density of TROPOMI-based nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) products, and MODIS-derived Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from January 2019 to September 2020 (also covering the first wave of the COVID-19) over Turkey using Google Earth Engine (GEE). The results showed a significant decrease in NO2 and AOD, while SO2 unchanged and had slightly higher concentrations in some regions during the lockdown compared to 2019. The relationship between air pollutants and meteorological parameters during the lockdown showed that air temperature and pressure were highly correlated with air pollutants, unlike precipitation and wind speed. Moreover, Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) data, indicator of economic/industrial activities, also provided poor correlation with air pollutants. TROPOMI-based NO2 and SO2 were compared with station-based pollutants for three sites (suburban, urban, and urban-traffic classes) in Istanbul, revealing 0.83, 0.70 and 0.65 correlation coefficients for NO2, respectively, while SO2 showed no significant correlation. Besides, AOD data were validated using two AERONET sites providing 0.86 and 0.82 correlation coefficients. Overall, the satellite-based data provided significant outcomes for the spatio-temporal evaluation of air quality, especially during the first wave of the COVID-19 lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghasempour
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, 67100, Turkey
| | - Aliihsan Sekertekin
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Cukurova University, 01950, Ceyhan, Adana, Turkey
| | - Senol Hakan Kutoglu
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, 67100, Turkey
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11
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Pavón-Domínguez P, Plocoste T. Coupled multifractal methods to reveal changes in nitrogen dioxide and tropospheric ozone concentrations during the COVID-19 lockdown. ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2021; 261:105755. [PMID: 36540717 PMCID: PMC9756894 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to COVID-19 pandemic, the lockdown effects on air pollution level are undeniable. Several studies around the world have detected an uneven behaviour in tropospheric ozone (O 3) concentrations. In this work, Seville (Spain) is used as example of faced to traffic place in which the nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) is drastically reduced (41%) while O 3 has no significant changes. In order to evaluate the existence of differences in O 3 behaviour that is not detected by statistical procedures, a multifractal approach was used to assess the coupled scale relationship between NO 2 and O 3 during the 2020 lockdown against a period reference (2017-2019). For this purpose, the two main coupled multifractal method were employed: multifractal detrended cross-correlation and joint multifractal analysis. While cross-correlation analysis did not detect differences between the cross-correlated fluctuations of NO 2 and O 3 in the periods analysed, the joint multifractal analysis, based on the partition function and the method of moments, found a loss of variability in O 3 during the lockdown. This leads to a loss of multifractal characteristic of O 3 time series. The drastically reduction of primary pollutants during the lockdown might be the responsible of the tendency to monofractality in O 3 time series. These differences were found for a wide temporal extent ranging from 80 min to ~28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pavón-Domínguez
- Graphical Methods, Optimization and Learning (GOAL) TIC-259 Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design, Universidad de Cádiz, Avenida de la Universidad de Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Thomas Plocoste
- Department of Research in Geoscience, KaruSphère SASU, Abymes 97139, Guadeloupe (F.W.I.), France
- Univ Antilles, LaRGE Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Energies (EA 4539), F-97100 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
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12
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Toro A R, Catalán F, Urdanivia FR, Rojas JP, Manzano CA, Seguel R, Gallardo L, Osses M, Pantoja N, Leiva-Guzman MA. Air pollution and COVID-19 lockdown in a large South American city: Santiago Metropolitan Area, Chile. URBAN CLIMATE 2021; 36:100803. [PMID: 33614404 PMCID: PMC7881733 DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of confinement and physical distancing measures to restrict people's activities and transit in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic allowed us to study how these measures affect the air quality in urban areas with high pollution rates, such as Santiago, Chile. A comparative study between the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NOx, CO, and O3 during the months of March to May 2020 and the corresponding concentrations during the same period in 2017-2019 is presented. A combination of surface measurements from the air quality monitoring network of the city, remote satellite measurements, and simulations of traffic activity and road transport emissions allowed us to quantify the change in the average concentrations of each pollutant. Average relative changes of traffic emissions (between 61% and 68%) implied statistically significant concentrations reductions of 54%, 13%, and 11% for NOx, CO, and PM2.5, respectively, during the pandemic period compared to historical period. In contrast, the average concentration of O3 increased by 63% during 2020 compared to 2017-2019. The nonlinear response observed in the pollution levels can be attributed to the changes in the vehicular emission patterns during the pandemic and to the role of other sources such as residential emissions or secondary PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Toro A
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Catalán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jhojan P Rojas
- National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos A Manzano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
| | - Rodrigo Seguel
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Geophysics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Laura Gallardo
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Geophysics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Osses
- Departamento Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Pantoja
- Departamento Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), Santiago, Chile
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