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Gonciarz W, Lechowicz Ł, Urbaniak M, Rechciński T, Chałubiński M, Broncel M, Kaca W, Chmiela M. Searching for serum biomarkers linking coronary heart disease and Helicobacter pylori infection using infrared spectroscopy and artificial neural networks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18284. [PMID: 36316430 PMCID: PMC9622908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) Gram-negative bacteria cause gastritis or gastric ulcers. They may be involved in the development of systemic diseases i.e. coronary heart disease (CHD). Both Hp infection and CHD are related to inflammation accompanied by C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α) and homocysteine. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglicerides are a classic risk factors of CHD. Infrared spectroscopy has been introduced for monitoring chronic infections or endogenous disorders using specific absorption bands for biocomponents typed as diagnostic markers. In this study we selected specific motives of infrared radiation (IR) spectra for the sera from CHD patients infected with Hp. In total 141 sera were used: 90 from patients with CHD, all Hp positive, and 51 from healthy donors, 32 Hp negative and 21 Hp positive. Hp status was evaluated by anti-Hp IgG antibodies and/or 13C urea breath testing. IR spectra were measured using FT-IR/FT-NIR Spectrum 400 spectrometer (PerkinElmer) chemometrically analyzed using artificial neural networks and they showed differences in absorption bands corresponding to triglicerides, CRP, homocysteine, LDL and TNF-α, and selected component groups between CHD patients infected with Hp vs healthy uninfected donors (96.15% accuracy). Triglicerides and CRP were the best biomarkers linking Hp infection with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Gonciarz
- grid.10789.370000 0000 9730 2769Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland ,grid.411821.f0000 0001 2292 9126Department of Synthesis and Structural Research, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 11, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Łukasz Lechowicz
- grid.411821.f0000 0001 2292 9126Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 11, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Mariusz Urbaniak
- grid.411821.f0000 0001 2292 9126Department of Synthesis and Structural Research, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 11, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rechciński
- grid.8267.b0000 0001 2165 3025Clinic and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Chałubiński
- grid.8267.b0000 0001 2165 3025Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marlena Broncel
- grid.8267.b0000 0001 2165 3025Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wiesław Kaca
- grid.411821.f0000 0001 2292 9126Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 11, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- grid.10789.370000 0000 9730 2769Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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Role of Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Peripheral Artery Disease. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164872. [PMID: 36013107 PMCID: PMC9410277 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial, lipoprotein-driven condition that leads to plaque formation within the arterial tree, leading to subsequent arterial stenosis and thrombosis that accounts for a large burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality globally. Atherosclerosis of the lower extremities is called peripheral artery disease and is a major cause of loss in mobility, amputation, and critical limb ischemia. Peripheral artery disease is a common condition with a gamut of clinical manifestations that affects an estimated 10 million people in the United States of America and 200 million people worldwide. The role of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, such as LDL and remnant lipoproteins in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, is well-established. The focus of this paper is to review existing data on lipid-lowering therapies in lower extremity atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease.
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Kang L, Jia H, Huang B, Lu S, Chen Z, Shen J, Zou Y, Wang C, Sun Y. Identification of Differently Expressed mRNAs in Atherosclerosis Reveals CDK6 Is Regulated by circHIPK3/miR-637 Axis and Promotes Cell Growth in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Genet 2021; 12:596169. [PMID: 33659023 PMCID: PMC7917241 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.596169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of heart disease and stroke, and one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the pathological process of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to identify differently expressed mRNAs in atherosclerosis by analyzing GSE6088 database. Our results revealed there were totally 467 increased and 490 decreased differential expressed genes (DEGs) in atherosclerosis. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the DEGs substantially existed in pathways, including Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, Tyrosine metabolism, Tryptophan metabolism, Beta-Alanine metabolism, Fatty acid biosynthesis and Starch and sucrose metabolism. Next, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to identify hub genes in atherosclerosis. Also, we identified CDK6 as a key regulator of atherosclerosis. In this study, we found that CDK6 knockdown suppressed HASMC and HUASMC cell proliferation. Circular RNA (CircRNA) is a non-coding RNA which is reported to have an unusual influence on tumorigenesis process and other aspects in the last few years. Previous studies showed circRNAs could act as miRNAs sponging in multiple biological processes. Bioinformatics prediction and luciferase analysis showed that CDK6 were targeted and regulated by circHIPK3/miR-637. Moreover, silencing circHIPK3 could also significantly induce the arrest and apoptosis of cell cycle. In conclusion, this study discovered the important regulatory role of circHIPK3 in the proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs by influencing the miR-637/CDK6 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Kang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Jia
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyang Lu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhang Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinqiang Shen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Central Laboratory of Cardiovascular Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxin Sun
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Maniatis K, Siasos G, Oikonomou E, Vavuranakis M, Zaromytidou M, Mourouzis K, Paraskevopoulos T, Charalambous G, Papavassiliou AG, Tousoulis D. Osteoprotegerin and Osteopontin Serum Levels are Associated with Vascular Function and Inflammation in Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:523-530. [PMID: 31642412 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666191022095246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoprotegerin and osteopontin have recently emerged as key factors in both vascular remodelling and atherosclerosis progression. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory cytokine with a key role in atherosclerosis. The relationship of osteoprotegerin, osteopontin, and IL-6 serum levels with endothelial function and arterial stiffness was evaluated in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We enrolled 219 patients with stable CAD and 112 control subjects. Osteoprotegerin, osteopontin and IL-6 serum levels were measured using an ELISA assay. Endothelial function was evaluated by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured as an index of aortic stiffness. RESULTS There was no significant difference between control subjects and CAD patients according to age and sex. Compared with control subjects, CAD patients had significantly impaired FMD (p<0.001) and increased PWV (p=0.009). CAD patients also had significantly higher levels of osteoprotegerin (p<0.001), osteopontin (p<0.001) and IL-6 (p=0.03), compared with control subjects. Moreover, IL-6 levels were correlated with osteoprotegerin (r=0.17, p=0.01) and osteopontin (r=0.30, p<0.001) levels. FMD was correlated with osteoprotegerin levels independent of possible confounders [b coefficient= - 0.79, 95% CI (-1.54, -0.05), p=0.04]. CONCLUSION CAD patients have increased osteoprotegerin, osteopontin and IL-6 levels. Moreover, there is a consistent association between osteoprotegerin and osteopontin serum levels, vascular function and inflammation in CAD patients. These findings suggest another possible mechanism linking osteoprotegerin and osteopontin serum levels with CAD progression through arterial wall stiffening and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Maniatis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Vavuranakis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Zaromytidou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mourouzis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Thodoros Paraskevopoulos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Charalambous
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Severino P, D’Amato A, Pucci M, Infusino F, Adamo F, Birtolo LI, Netti L, Montefusco G, Chimenti C, Lavalle C, Maestrini V, Mancone M, Chilian WM, Fedele F. Ischemic Heart Disease Pathophysiology Paradigms Overview: From Plaque Activation to Microvascular Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8118. [PMID: 33143256 PMCID: PMC7663258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease still represents a large burden on individuals and health care resources worldwide. By conventions, it is equated with atherosclerotic plaque due to flow-limiting obstruction in large-medium sized coronary arteries. However, clinical, angiographic and autoptic findings suggest a multifaceted pathophysiology for ischemic heart disease and just some cases are caused by severe or complicated atherosclerotic plaques. Currently there is no well-defined assessment of ischemic heart disease pathophysiology that satisfies all the observations and sometimes the underlying mechanism to everyday ischemic heart disease ward cases is misleading. In order to better examine this complicated disease and to provide future perspectives, it is important to know and analyze the pathophysiological mechanisms that underline it, because ischemic heart disease is not always determined by atherosclerotic plaque complication. Therefore, in order to have a more complete comprehension of ischemic heart disease we propose an overview of the available pathophysiological paradigms, from plaque activation to microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Severino
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrea D’Amato
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariateresa Pucci
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Fabio Infusino
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesco Adamo
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Lucia Ilaria Birtolo
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Lucrezia Netti
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Giulio Montefusco
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Cristina Chimenti
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Carlo Lavalle
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Mancone
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
| | - William M. Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA;
| | - Francesco Fedele
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (F.I.); (F.A.); (L.I.B.); (L.N.); (G.M.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (M.M.)
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Aspirin-Dependent Platelet Inflammatory Inhibition in Healthy Subjects Decreases NLRP-1 Inflammasome. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 59:244-247. [PMID: 31009712 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are implicated in the onset of atherosclerosis. Inflammasome activation takes part in the pathogenesis of the atherosclerotic disease. This study investigated the influence of platelet inflammatory inhibition on the transcription of intracitosolic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 1 (NLRP-1) inflammasome in endothelial cells. METHODS This experimental study enrolled 10 healthy volunteers with no cardiovascular risk factors and normal results on vascular examination. They received low doses of aspirin (100 mg/day) for seven days. A venous blood sample was collected in all subjects before aspirin intake and after the experimental week. Human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) cultures were exposed to baseline plasma and plasma from subjects after aspirin intake. NLRP-1 gene expression was analyzed in these cultures. RESULTS HAEC cultures that were exposed to plasma from subjects at baseline showed higher expression of NLRP-1 than HAECs exposed to plasma of healthy volunteers after one week on salicilate intake (relative quantification, 1.077 ± 0.05 vs. 1.002 ± 0.06; odds ratio, 1.8; 95 confidence interval, 1.1-2.9; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Data observed in the our study indicate that in HAECs, the intracytosolic NLRP-1 expression is attenuated by the auto/paracrine platelet inhibition by aspirin, without direct platelet-endothelial cell interaction.
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Li B, Li W, Li X, Zhou H. Inflammation: A Novel Therapeutic Target/Direction in Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:1216-1227. [PMID: 28034355 PMCID: PMC6302344 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161230142931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the viewpoint of atherosclerosis has been replaced gradually by a lipid-driven, chronic, low-grade inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Current treatment of atherosclerosis is focused on limiting its risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia or hypertension. However, treatment targeting the inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis is still very limited and deserves further attention to fight atherosclerosis successfully. Here, we review the current development of inflammation and atherosclerosis to discuss novel insights and potential targets in atherosclerosis, and to address drug discovery based on anti-inflammatory strategy in atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038. China
| | - Weihong Li
- Assisted Reproductive Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016. China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharamacy, The Third Military Medical University, P.O. Box: 400038, Chongqing. China
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Backes
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacist, Lipid, Atherosclerosis, Metabolic and LDL Apheresis Center, University of Kansas Medical Center
| | - Patricia A. Howard
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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Bleda S, de Haro J, Varela C, Ferruelo A, Acin F. Elevated levels of triglycerides and vldl-cholesterol provoke activation of nlrp1 inflammasome in endothelial cells. Int J Cardiol 2016; 220:52-5. [PMID: 27372042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble stimuli present in the plasma of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are capable of directly stimulating intracellular signalling in endothelium. Oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. However, it is not clear how lipid profile affect NLRP1 inflammasome gene expression in endothelial cells. In this study, the effect of cholesterol and TG of plasma of patients with PAD on NLRP1 inflammasome gene expression in human arterial endothelial cells (HAECS) was assessed. METHODS We included 113 patients with symptomatic PAD. HAECs were stimulated for 2h using the plasma samples of the study participants. The NLRP1 quantification of the transcription was carried out on the 7500 real-time PCR system using the Taqman® Universal PCR Master Mix and Assays on demand. Relative quantification of the NLRP1 expression was carried out using the ΔΔCt (threshold cycle) comparative method. RESULTS Plasma from patients with elevated VLDL-cholesterol levels (>33.6mg/dL, the median value of the sample) provoked a higher expression of NLRP1 inflammasome in HAECs (RQ=1.15±0.23 vs. 1.05±0.69; p=0.045), as well as plasma from patients with elevated TGs levels (>168mg/dL, the median value of the sample) (RQ=1.15±0.23 vs. 1.05±0.69; p=0.045). A positive correlation was found between NLRP1 inflammasome expression and VLDL-cholesterol plasma levels (r=0.4; p<0.001) as between NLRP1 inflammasome expression and TG levels (r=0.4; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Plasma TG and VLDL cholesterol of patients with atherosclerosis, manifested as PAD, promote the in vitro NLRP1 inflammasome expression in HAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bleda
- Angiology and Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joaquin de Haro
- Angiology and Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesar Varela
- Angiology and Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Ferruelo
- Research Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Acin
- Angiology and Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent findings on the role of genetic factors in the aetiopathology of CAD have implicated novel genes and variants in addition to those involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. However, our present knowledge is limited due to lack of clarity on their exact identity and the quantum of impact on disease susceptibility, and incident risk. It is a matter of great interest to understand the role of genetic factors in ethnic populations that have a strong underlying predisposition to CAD such as the South Asian populations, particularly among Asian Indians living in India and abroad. Although, a number of isolated studies do implicate certain gene polymorphisms towards enhanced disease susceptibility, the available data remains scanty and inconclusive as they have not been validated in large, prospective cohorts. The present review aims to consolidate the available literature on the genetics of CAD in Asian Indians and seeks to provide insights on the concerns that need to be addressed in future studies to generate information having clinical value.
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11
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Pateras I, Giaginis C, Tsigris C, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. NF-κB signaling at the crossroads of inflammation and atherogenesis: searching for new therapeutic links. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1089-101. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.938051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Kim K, Lee JH. Risk factors and biomarkers of ischemic stroke in cancer patients. J Stroke 2014; 16:91-6. [PMID: 24949315 PMCID: PMC4060273 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2014.16.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke is common among cancer patients. However, risk factors and biomarkers of stroke in cancer patients are not well established. This study aimed to investigate risk factors and biomarkers as well as etiology of ischemic stroke in cancer patients. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted in cancer patients with ischemic stroke who were admitted to a general hospital in Busan, Korea, between January 2003 and December 2012. The risk factors and biomarkers for stroke and stroke subtypes in cancer patients were compared with age- and sex-matched noncancer patients with ischemic stroke who were admitted to the same hospital during the same period. RESULTS One hundred fifty-six cancer patients with ischemic stroke were identified. Cancer patients with ischemic stroke were found to have a significantly lower proportion of hypertension, atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidemia, and ischemic heart disease than noncancer patients with ischemic stroke. However, stroke biomarkers, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and D-dimer levels, were significantly increased in cancer patients with ischemic stroke than in noncancer patients. Large-artery atherosclerosis and stroke of undetermined cause were more common in cancer patients with ischemic stroke than in noncancer patients with ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS Cancer patients with ischemic stroke showed different risk factors, stroke biomarkers, and stroke etiology compared with noncancer patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsoo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Guzel S, Serin O, Guzel EC, Buyuk B, Yılmaz G, Güvenen G. Interleukin-33, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tissue inhibitor [corrected] of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in myocardial infarction. Korean J Intern Med 2013; 28:165-73. [PMID: 23525523 PMCID: PMC3604606 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2013.28.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is characterized by increased inflammatory processes and endothelial activation. We investigated the association between ACS and inflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading enzymes. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 55 consecutive patients with ACS: 25 with unstable angina (UA) and 30 with non-ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). For comparison, 25 age- and sex-matched subjects with no significant coronary artery stenosis were included as the control group. Peripheral serum levels of interleukin (IL)-33, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP-1, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured on admission, and at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after the initial evaluation. RESULTS Compared to serum levels in the control group, serum levels of IL-33 decreased in the NSTEMI group (p < 0.05), and levels of MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 increased in the UA group (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively) and NSTEMI group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). IL-33 levels were significantly lower on admission than at 12 hours after the initial evaluation (p < 0.05). IL-33 levels were negatively correlated with MMP-9 levels (r = -0.461, p < 0.05) and CRP levels (r = -0.441, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and decreased levels of IL-33 play a role in the development and progression of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Guzel
- Department of Biochemistry, Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdag, Turkey.
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Wang L, Hu XB, Zhang W, Wu LD, Liu YS, Hu B, Bi CL, Chen YF, Liu XX, Ge C, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Dickkopf-1 as a novel predictor is associated with risk stratification by GRACE risk scores for predictive value in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a retrospective research. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54731. [PMID: 23359112 PMCID: PMC3554648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), a major regulator of the Wnt pathway, plays an important role in cardiovascular disease. However, no study has evaluated the association of DKK-1 and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We investigated this association and whether the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) hospital-discharge risk score predicting major adverse cardiac events (MACE) can be improved by adding the DKK-1 value. METHODS We enrolled 291 patients (46 with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI] and 245 with non-ST elevated ACS [NSTE-ACS]) who were divided into groups by tertiles of baseline plasma DKK-1 level measured by ELISA. The GRACE risk score was calculated and predictive value alone and together with DKK-1 and/or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level were assessed, respectively. RESULTS Compared with patients with NSTE-ACS, those with STEMI had higher plasma DKK-1 level at baseline (P = 0.006). Plasma DKK-1 level was correlated with hs-CRP level (r = 0.295, P<0.001) and was greater with high than intermediate or low GRACE scores (P = 0.002 and P<0.001, respectively). We found 44 (15.1%) MACEs during a median 2-year follow-up. DKK-1 levels were higher for patients with than without events (P<0.001). The rate of MACE increased with increasing DKK-1 level (P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for GRACE score with MACE was 0.524 and improved to 0.791 with the addition of hs-CRP level, 0.775 with the addition of DKK-1 level and 0.847 with both values added. CONCLUSIONS DKK-1 is an independent predictor of long-term MACE of patients with ACS. The long-term predictive ability of post-discharge GRACE score may be enhanced by adding DKK-1 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Bo Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Di Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Sheng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Long Bi
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Fei Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Xin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang M, Lu S, Wu X, Chen Y, Song X, Jin Z, Li H, Zhou Y, Chen F, Huo Y. Multimarker approach for the prediction of cardiovascular events in patients with mild to moderate coronary artery lesions. A 3-year follow-up study. Int Heart J 2012; 53:85-90. [PMID: 22688311 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.53.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have assessed the incremental usefulness of multimarkers as predictors of cardiovascular events in patients with mild to moderate coronary artery lesions.We examined 9 plasma inflammatory cytokines (cathepsin S, CXCL16, sopluble CD40 ligand, interleukin-10, placental growth factor, GDF15, matrix metalloproteinase 9, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) in 964 patients showing mild to moderate lesions and assessed their association with risk of cardiovascular events during 3 years of follow-up (median 17 months).In a backward Cox regression procedure, Cystatin S (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.788, 95% CI: 1.233 to 2.593, P = 0.02), soluble CD40 ligand (HR: 1.255, 95% CI: 1.054 to 1.494, P = 0.011), placental growth factor (HR: 1.194, 95% CI: 0.976 to 1.461, P = 0.035), and GDF15 (HR: 0.725, 95% CI: 0.550 to 0.956, P = 0.023) were significantly related to cardiovascular events. Compared with multimarker score (according to regression coefficients of significant biomarkers) in the lowest two quintiles, patients in the highest quintile had a higher risk of cardiovascular events after adjustment for traditional risk factors (HR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.30 to 5.87, P = 0.008). Adding the multimarker score to traditional risk factors contributed significantly to the prediction of cardiovascular events (AUC increased from 0.67 to 0.72).A multimarker approach added to the predictive information obtained from traditional risk factors in patients with mild to moderate coronary artery lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
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Fuschillo S, Martucci M, Donner CF, Balzano G. Airway bacterial colonization: the missing link between COPD and cardiovascular events? Respir Med 2012; 106:915-23. [PMID: 22546638 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide and, according to the World Health Organization, its prevalence will double by 2020. COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung characterized by poorly reversible airflow limitation and, frequently, by extrapulmonary manifestations. In particular, the cardiovascular manifestations are responsible for high morbidity and mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic literature search was performed of studies published in Medline until December 2010, using the key-words: COPD, bacterial colonization, COPD exacerbation, atherosclerosis, systemic inflammation, cardiovascular event and risk factors. In addition to the studies identified in the primary search, reference lists of included articles were analyzed for additional papers related to the topic. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis - namely inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction - are in common with COPD. Moreover, they are increased in the presence of COPD, especially in patients who present airway bacterial colonization, increased rate of exacerbations and elevated levels of both airway and systemic inflammation. CONCLUSION COPD is associated with an increased burden of atherosclerotic disease. Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress play key roles in this association. COPD patients with airway bacterial colonization, as compared to patients without airway colonization, generally present more frequent exacerbations and higher levels of both airway and systemic inflammation. This COPD subgroup should be considered at particularly increased risk of developing cardiovascular complications and receive more attention concerning diagnosis, treatment, prevention and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fuschillo
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Scientific Institute of Telese, Bagni Vecchi 1, 82037 Telese Terme, BN, Italy.
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Fan FL, Dart AM. Anti-inflammatory treatment in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: another potential use for berberine? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:404-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony M Dart
- BakerIDI Heart and Diabetes Institute and Heart Centre; Alfred Hospital; Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
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18
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Fan Y, Wang J, Wei L, He B, Wang C, Wang B. Iron deficiency activates pro-inflammatory signaling in macrophages and foam cells via the p38 MAPK-NF-κB pathway. Int J Cardiol 2011; 152:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ghazouani L, Abboud N, Ben Hadj Khalifa S, Added F, Ben Khalfallah A, Nsiri B, Mediouni M, Mahjoub T. -174G>C interleukin-6 gene polymorphism in Tunisian patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Saudi Med 2011; 31:40-4. [PMID: 21245598 PMCID: PMC3101724 DOI: 10.4103/0256-4947.75777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A state of low-grade inflammation accompanies the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic events. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine that modulates the development of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs), partly by destabilizing coronary atherosclerotic plaques. We have examined the contribution of the -174G>C IL-6 promoter variant on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) among Tunisians. PATIENTS AND METHODS Study subjects included 418 CAD patients and 406 age- and sex-matched controls. IL-6 genotyping was done by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS The frequency of the -174C allele (mutant) was lower in Tunisians than in Europeans, and the distribution of -174 G>C genotypes was similar between CAD patients and control subjects. Moreover, compared to GG genotype carriers, -174C allele carriage did not increase the CAD relative risk (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval=1.09 and 0.80-1.49), which remained nonsignificant after adjusting for traditional risk factors for CAD (age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes and obesity). CONCLUSION The -174G>C IL-6 promoter variant is not associated with an increased risk of CAD among Tunisians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakhdar Ghazouani
- Research Unit of Biology and Genetics of Cancer, Haematological and Autoimmune Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Guillamón E, García-Lafuente A, Lozano M, D´Arrigo M, Rostagno MA, Villares A, Martínez JA. Edible mushrooms: Role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:715-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Terrados N, Valcárcel G, Venta R. New cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunts.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Lee YW, Kim PH, Lee WH, Hirani AA. Interleukin-4, Oxidative Stress, Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2010; 18:135-144. [PMID: 21072258 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium have been implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In fact, inflammatory responses in vascular endothelium are primarily regulated through oxidative stress-mediated signaling pathways leading to overexpression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Enhanced expression of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules in endothelial cells and their close interactions facilitate recruiting and adhering blood leukocytes to vessel wall, and subsequently stimulate transendothelial migration, which are thought to be critical early pathologic events in atherogenesis. Although interleukin-4 (IL-4) was traditionally considered as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, recent in vitro and in vivo studies have provided robust evidence that IL-4 exerts pro-inflammatory effects on vascular endothelium and may play a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for IL-4-induced atherosclerosis, however, remain largely unknown. The present review focuses on the distinct sources of IL-4-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as the pivotal role of ROS in IL-4-induced vascular inflammation. These studies will provide novel insights into a clear delineation of the oxidative mechanisms of IL-4-mediated stimulation of vascular inflammation and subsequent development of atherosclerosis. It will also contribute to novel therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis specifically targeted against pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Hubacek JA, Peasey A, Pikhart H, Stavek P, Kubinova R, Marmot M, Bobak M. APOE polymorphism and its effect on plasma C-reactive protein levels in a large general population sample. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:304-8. [PMID: 20074603 PMCID: PMC2837141 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The published data remain inconsistent on association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene variations and plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), mainly because of low statistical power of previous studies. To clarify this question, we analyzed data from large population sample of randomly selected individuals from seven Czech towns (2,886 males and 3,344 females, the HAPIEE [Health, Alcohol, and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe] study). In both males and females, the lowest levels of plasma hsCRP were observed in the carriers of the APOE epsilon 4 epsilon 4 and epsilon 4 epsilon 3 genotypes. The median (interquartile range, IQR) concentration of hsCRP in carriers of the most common APOE epsilon 3 epsilon 3 genotype (two-thirds of participants) was 1.13 mg/l (IQR, 0.56-2.33) in men and 1.23 mg/l (IQR, 0.61-2.65) in women, compared with 0.72 mg/l (IQR, 0.61-0.86) in male and 0.72 mg/l (IQR, 0.61-0.85) in female carriers of APOE epsilon 4 epsilon 3/epsilon 4 epsilon 4 genotypes; the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The association between APOE and CRP was not materially affected by adjustment for age, sex, history of cardiovascular disease, or cardiovascular risk factors. This study, the largest to date, provides robust evidence of an association between plasma hsCRP and the APOE genotype, an association not explained by history of cardiovascular disease nor its risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav A. Hubacek
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Prague, Czech Republic
- South Bohemia University, Faculty of Public Health and Social Studies, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Peasey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Petr Stavek
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Michael Marmot
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Bobak
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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Lukanov TH, Veleva GL, Konova EI, Ivanov PD, Kovacheva KS, Stoykov DJ. Levels of Platelet-Leukocyte Aggregates in Women With Both Thrombophilia and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2009; 17:181-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029609350891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the significance of platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLA) in women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) as well as to identify association between common thrombophilic factors and whole blood levels of PLA in these patients. We measured PLA by whole blood flow cytometry in 66 nonpregnant women with hereditary and/or acquired thrombophilia and RPL, classified to 3 study groups, according to the type of losses (first, second, and third trimester) and 35 age-matched healthy controls. Platelet-leukocyte aggregates levels in all study groups were significantly increased compared to the control group (median values 2.13%, 2.32%, and 2.41%, vs median value in the control group 1.39%, P < .05 for all comparisons). Women with a single thrombophilic factor and women with combination of thrombophilic factors did not differ significantly as regards the PLA levels (2.13% vs 2.27%, P = .4). This study suggests that PLA may have a role in the pathogenesis of RPL in women affected by hereditary or acquired thrombophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzvetan Hristoforov Lukanov
- Immunology Laboratory, University Hospital, Pleven, Bulgaria, Center for Reproductive Health, Medical University, Pleven, Bulgaria,
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Bassi N, Zampieri S, Ghirardello A, Tonon M, Zen M, Cozzi F, Doria A. Pentraxins, anti-pentraxin antibodies, and atherosclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009; 37:36-43. [PMID: 19016000 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-008-8098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease of the vascular wall, which predominantly affects large and medium-sized arteries. It represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. In the last few decades, it has been clearly shown that immune system plays a relevant role in atherogenesis. The effectors of both innate and adaptive immunity, including immune cells, cell or soluble receptors, cytokines, chemokines, complement components or coagulation systems, and autoantibodies are able to modulate atherosclerosis. Among proteins belonging to innate immunity, the highly conserved pentraxin family, which encompass C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid P (SAP), and the long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) seems to be directly involved in the induction and progression of atherosclerosis. By immunohistochemical staining, pentraxins were found within the atherosclerotic plaques where they could play a key role interacting with atherogenic-modified lipoproteins, favoring the formation of foam cells, and exerting a proinflammatory action. Pentraxin serum levels have been shown to be associated with clinical and subclinical atherosclerosis in general population. Antibodies against pentraxins have been demonstrated in patients with autoimmune diseases, but their role in atherogenesis is still controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bassi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
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Montalescot G, Drexler H, Gallo R, Pearson T, Thoenes M, Bhatt DL. Effect of irbesartan and enalapril in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: results of the randomized, double-blind ARCHIPELAGO study. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:2733-41. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflamm Res 2009; 58:537-52. [PMID: 19381780 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is being shown to be increasingly involved in the onset and development of several pathological disturbances such as arteriosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and even cancer. Treatment for chronic inflammatory disorders has not been solved, and there is an urgent need to find new and safe anti-inflammatory compounds. Flavonoids belong to a group of natural substances occurring normally in the diet that exhibit a variety of beneficial effects on health. The anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids have been studied recently, in order to establish and characterize their potential utility as therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain in vivo flavonoid anti-inflammatory actions, such as antioxidant activity, inhibition of eicosanoid generating enzymes or the modulation of the production of proinflammatory molecules. Recent studies have also shown that some flavonoids are modulators of proinflammatory gene expression, thus leading to the attenuation of the inflammatory response. However, much work remains to be done in order to achieve definitive conclusions about their potential usefulness. This review summarizes the known mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids and the implications of these effects on the protection against cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Toor IS, Jaumdally RJ, Moss MS, Babu SB. Preprocedural neutrophil count predicts outcome in patients with advanced peripheral vascular disease undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. J Vasc Surg 2008; 48:1504-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Baroncini LAV, de Oliveira A, Vidal EA, França GJ, Stahlke PSDB, Alessi A, Précoma DB. Appropriateness of carotid plaque and intima-media thickness assessment in routine clinical practice. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008; 6:52. [PMID: 18925960 PMCID: PMC2576162 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-6-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To describe the findings and evaluate appropriateness of a carotid artery study including the measurement of IMT, the presence of atherosclerotic plaque, and their correlation with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods 555 patients (220 men; 67.06 ± 12.44 years) were included in the study. 120 patients (21.62%) presented carotid plaque: 108 (19.45%) in patients with at least one risk factor and 12 (2.1%) in patients without risk factors. With respect to appropriateness of the present studies: 65% were appropriate, 22% were uncertain and 13% were inappropriate. The IMT medians were higher in males (0.0280; 95% CI, 00.82 to 0.478; p = 0.0057) and in hypertensive patients (0.391; 95% CI, 0.0190 to 0.0592; p = 0,001). There was a linear increase in mean IMT for each year increased in age (0.0059; 95% CI; 0.0050 to 0.0067). Carotid plaque was more frequent in patients with CAD (p = 0.0002), diabetes (p = 0.024) and hypertension (p = 0.036). Conclusion Assessment of carotid arteries identified increased incidence of plaque in patients with CAD, diabetes and hypertension. IMT was increased in older patients, hypertensive patients and males. Forty-five percent of the patients were studied based on uncertain and inappropriate reasons.
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Huang Z, Wang C, Wei L, Wang J, Fan Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Chen T. Resveratrol inhibits EMMPRIN expression via P38 and ERK1/2 pathways in PMA-induced THP-1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 374:517-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Rudolph T, Schaps KP, Steven D, Koester R, Rudolph V, Berger J, Terres W, Meinertz T, Kaehler J. Interleukin-3 is elevated in patients with coronary artery disease and predicts restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol 2008; 132:392-7. [PMID: 18378332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-3 (IL-3) synthesized by activated T-lymphocytes is a mediator in chronic inflammation and is suspected to promote atherosclerosis. Since there is no data on IL-3 in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) available, we compared IL-3 concentrations in different subsets of patients with CAD to healthy control patients. METHODS 205 consecutive patients with CAD, 136 with stable angina and 69 with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, 61 patients with asymptomatic CAD and 41 patients with normal coronary arteries were investigated. Serum concentrations of IL-3 and hs-CRP were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS In patients undergoing coronary angioplasty, IL-3 was detectable more frequently than in those with asymptomatic CAD or without CAD, 21 vs. 8%, p=0.02, and 21 vs. 1%, p<0.001, respectively. Patients undergoing coronary angioplasty who developed symptomatic restenosis more frequently had detectable IL-3 levels than patients without restenosis, 45 vs. 17%, p=0.02. IL-3 was the only independent predictor for restenosis in a multivariate analysis. Hs-CRP was significantly elevated in patients with ACS, 230+/-170 mg/l vs. 100+/-140 mg/l, p=0.02, but did not correlate with IL-3 concentrations at any time. CONCLUSION IL-3, an important regulator of chronic inflammation, is elevated in patients with CAD, particularly in symptomatic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Furthermore, high IL-3 concentrations were found to be predictive of symptomatic restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Rudolph
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Mood GR, Bavry AA, Roukoz H, Bhatt DL. Meta-analysis of the role of statin therapy in reducing myocardial infarction following elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2007; 100:919-23. [PMID: 17826370 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Statin medications initiated during percutaneous coronary intervention have been evaluated in clinical trials mainly to assess if this therapy reduces subsequent restenosis. The benefit of statin therapy on individual cardiovascular outcomes other than restenosis is largely unknown. Hence, a meta-analysis of the available randomized trials was conducted to evaluate individual cardiovascular outcomes with statin therapy compared with placebo after elective percutaneous coronary intervention. In all, there were 6 studies available for analysis (Prevention of Restenosis by Elisor After Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty [PREDICT], Fluvastatin Angioplasty Restenosis [FLARE], the Lescol Intervention Prevention Study [LIPS], German Atorvastatin Intravascular Ultrasound [GAIN], Atorvastatin for Reduction of Myocardial Damage During Angioplasty [ARMYDA], and a study by Briguori et al) that randomized 3,941 patients (1,967 to statins and 1,974 to placebos). Clinical follow-up ranged from 1 day to 45 months. The incidence of myocardial infarction was 3.0% in the statin group and 5.2% in the placebo group (odds ratio [OR] 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42 to 0.78, p<0.0001). The incidence of all-cause mortality was 2.3% versus 3.0% (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.1, p=0.14), that of cardiovascular mortality was 0.71% versus 1.2% (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.11, p=0.10), and that of repeat surgical or percutaneous revascularization was 19.6% versus 21.9% (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.02, p=0.098) in the statin arm versus the placebo arm, respectively. The incidence of stroke was 0.4% in the statin arm and 0.08% in the placebo arm (OR 3.00, 95% CI 0.60 to 14.77, p=0.18). In conclusion, statin therapy initiated at the time of elective percutaneous coronary intervention significantly reduces myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish R Mood
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that statins reduce cardiovascular events such as coronary artery disease or stroke in hypercholesterolemic patients in both primary and secondary prevention. The striking benefit achieved with statin treatments in patients with a wide range of cholesterol levels cannot be attributed to their cholesterol lowering effect alone. Substantial data has recently accumulated showing that statins exert various effects on multiple targets, namely pleiotropic effects, especially targeting the concept of 'vascular failure', including the improvement of vascular endothelial function, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, anti-inflammatory actions, anti-oxidative effects or stabilization of vulnerable plaques. These effects have potential in the treatments of coronary artery disease in various settings, such as prevention of its onset as well as its progression, or plaque rupture. Statin therapy should be more extensively applied even in normolipidemic patients if there are additional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or others. Furthermore, statins may be used to intervene in earlier stage risk conditions such as postprandial hyperlipidemia or hyperglycemia, insulin resistant state, masked hypertension, or metabolic syndrome to further reduce mortality or morbidity of coronary artery disease and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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Lippi G, Franchini M, Salvagno GL, Guidi GC. Lipoprotein[a] and cancer: Anti-neoplastic effect besides its cardiovascular potency. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33:427-36. [PMID: 17442497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While the death rate from cancer has substantially decreased over the past decade, the search for effective and tolerable therapies is a great challenge as yet. The evidence that malignant cells cannot grow to a clinically detectable tumor mass and spread in the absence of an adequate vascular support, has opened a new area of research towards the selective inhibition or even destruction of tumor vessels. Angiostatin and angiostatin-related proteins are a family of specific angiogenesis inhibitors produced by tumors from a family of naturally occurring proteins, which also includes plasminogen and lipoprotein[a]. The anti-angiogenic activity of these proteins resides in cryptic and highly-repetitive molecular domains hidden within the protein moiety, called kringles. Lipoprotein[a] is an intriguing molecule consisting of a low-density lipoprotein core in addition to the covalently bound apolipoprotein[a]. Apolipoprotein[a] is characterized by an inactive protease domain, a single copy of the plasminogen kringle V and multiple repeats of domains homologous to the plasminogen kringle IV. Reliable studies on animal models indicate that the proteolytic break-down products of apolipoprotein[a] would posses anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoral properties both in vitro and in vivo, a premise to develop novel therapeutic modalities which may efficiently suppress tumor growth and metastasis. This review is focused on the biochemical structure, metabolism and the anti-angiogenic activity of this unique and elusive kringle-containing lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Sezione di Chimica e Microscopia Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Verona, Ospedale Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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del Fresno C, Soler-Rangel L, Soares-Schanoski A, Gómez-Piña V, González-León MC, Gómez-García L, Mendoza-Barberá E, Rodríguez-Rojas A, García F, Fuentes-Prior P, Arnalich F, López-Collazo E. Inflammatory responses associated with acute coronary syndrome up-regulate IRAK-M and induce endotoxin tolerance in circulating monocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:39-52. [PMID: 17621545 DOI: 10.1177/0968051907078623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) groups different cardiac diseases whose development is associated with inflammation. Here we have analyzed the levels of inflammatory cytokines and of members of the TLR/IRAK pathway including IRAK-M in monocytes from ACS patients classified as either UA (unstable angina), STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction) or NSTEMI (non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction). Circulating monocytes from all patients, but not from healthy individuals, showed high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-6, as well as of IRAK-M and IL-10. TLR4 was also up-regulated, but IRAK-1, IRAK-4 and MyD88 levels were similar in patients and controls. Further, we investigated the consequences of cytokines/IRAK-M expression on the innate immune response to endotoxin. Ex vivo responses to LPS were markedly attenuated in patient monocytes compared to controls. Control monocytes cultured for 6 h in supplemented medium (10% serum from ACS patients) expressed IRAK-M, and LPS stimulation failed to induce TNF-alpha and IL-6 in these cultures. Pre-incubation of the serum with a blocking anti-TNF-alpha antibody reduced this endotoxin tolerance effect, suggesting that TNF-alpha controls this phenomenon, at least partially. We show for the first time that inflammatory responses associated with ACS induce an unresponsiveness state to endotoxin challenge in circulating monocytes, which correlates with expression of IRAK-M, TLR4 and IL-10. The magnitude of this response varies according to the clinical condition (UA, STEMI or NSTEMI), and is regulated by TNF-alpha.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the response of the vessel wall to chronic multifactorial injury leading to the formation of atheromatous or fibrous plaques. Endothelial dysfunction represents an initial stage of atherosclerosis. In addition to endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle dysfunction, metabolic abnormalities of the vessel wall including inflammation, oxidative stress and alterations of neurohormonal balance occur in various stages of atherosclerosis. We now propose a new clinical entity 'vascular failure', defined as the integration of all of these vascular abnormalities. Vascular failure is not an anatomical disease, but rather a comprehensive syndrome of abnormal vascular function. Vascular failure extends from risk factors to established atherosclerotic disease with arterial stenosis, and further to calcification of the vessel wall or serious vascular events that may be caused by plaque rupture and thromboembolic occlusion. We propose aggressive intervention to modify various risk factors, applying to this integrated new entity, vascular failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan.
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Tugendreich S, Pearson CI, Sagartz J, Jarnagin K, Kolaja K. NSAID-induced acute phase response is due to increased intestinal permeability and characterized by early and consistent alterations in hepatic gene expression. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:168-79. [PMID: 16642600 DOI: 10.1080/01926230600611752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxicogenomics using a reference database can provide a better understanding and prediction of toxicity, largely by creating biomarkers that tie gene expression to actual pathology events. During the course of building a toxicogenomic database, an observation was made that a number of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds (NSAIDs) at supra-pharmacologic doses induced an acute phase response (APR) and displayed hepatic gene expression patterns similar to that of intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Since NSAIDs are known to cause injury along the gastrointestinal tract, it has been suggested that NSAIDs increase intestinal permeability, allowing LPS and/or bacteria into the systemic circulation and stimulating an APR detectable in the liver. A short term study was subsequently conducted examining the effects of aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and rofecoxib to rats and a variety of endpoints were examined that included serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, histologic evaluation, and hepatic gene expression. Both indomethacin and ibuprofen injured the gastrointestinal tract, induced an APR, and increased serum levels of LPS, while rofecoxib and aspirin did not affect the GI tract or induce an APR. In treatments that eventually showed a systemic inflammatory response, hepatic expression of many inflammatory genes was noted as early as 6 hours after treatment well before alterations in traditional clinical pathology markers were detected. This finding led to the creation of a hepatic gene expression biomarker of APR that was effectively shown to be an early identifier of imminent inflammatory injury. In terms of the relative gastrointestinal safety and the NSAIDs studied, an important safety distinction can be made between the presumptive efficacious dose and the APR-inducing dose for indomethacin (1-2-fold), ibuprofen (5-fold), and rofecoxib (approximately 250-fold). Our data support the notion that NSAID-induced intestinal injury results in leakage of commensural bacteria and/or LPS into the circulation, provoking a systemic inflammatory response and that hepatic gene expression-based biomarkers can be used as early and sensitive biomarkers of APR onset.
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Bays H, Ballantyne C. Adiposopathy: why do adiposity and obesity cause metabolic disease? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.1.4.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bays H, Dujovne CA. Adiposopathy is a more rational treatment target for metabolic disease than obesity alone. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006; 8:144-56. [PMID: 16510049 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-006-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current guidelines recommend that weight-loss therapy should be primarily based upon specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off limits. However, in the adipocentric paradigm, it is acknowledged that co-morbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, occur at all levels of BMI. Excessive fat mass (adiposity) in genetically susceptible individuals results in fat dysfunction (adiposopathy), which then contributes to metabolic disorders that increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this paradigm, the term "anti-obesity" treatment might best be replaced by "anti-adiposopathy" treatment, wherein the focus is not based solely on BMI, but instead directed towards physiologically improving fat cell function and clinically improving the metabolic health of patients. This may occur through appropriate diet, physical exercise, and other lifestyle changes, and/or from drug therapies. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonists are examples of agents that physiologically improve fat function and clinically improve metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Bays
- L-MARC Research Center, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY 40213, USA.
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Chen XY, Lam WWM, Ng HK, Fan YH, Wong KS. The Frequency and Determinants of Calcification in Intracranial Arteries in Chinese Patients Who Underwent Computed Tomography Examinations. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 21:91-7. [PMID: 16340183 DOI: 10.1159/000090206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial artery calcification is common but the prevalence and determinants are not well established. We aim to describe the prevalence and location of calcification in intracranial arteries according to brain multi-detector-row computed tomography (MDCT) images, and to investigate its correlation with potential risk factors. METHODS We studied consecutive men and women referred for brain CT in December 2004. All patients received a questionnaire regarding their medical history related to atherosclerosis, including traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis, serum chemistry values and inflammatory markers. All CT examinations were done with a 16-slice MDCT and the severity of intracranial artery calcification was categorized. RESULTS Four hundred and ninety patients aged 1.4-101 years (62.92+/-19.04; mean+/-SD) were included in our study. There were 340 patients (69.4%) who had intracranial artery calcification. The highest prevalence of intracranial artery calcification was seen in the internal carotid artery (60%), followed by vertebral artery (20%), middle cerebral artery (5%) and basilar artery (5%). Patients with calcification were significantly older than those without calcification (p<0.001). A significantly higher prevalence of calcification was present among patients with hypertension (p<0.001), diabetes (p<0.001), renal failure (p<0.05), atrial fibrillation (p<0.05), smoking (p<0.05), hyperlipidemia (p<0.001), ischemic heart disease (p<0.05) and ischemic stroke (p<0.001). Mean values of serum phosphate, serum urea and CRP level were also significantly higher in patients with intracranial artery calcification (p<0.05, respectively), and there was a trend that patients with intracranial calcification had a higher white blood cell count (p=0.070). Stepwise multiple logistic regression showed age (RR=2.795 per 10 years), a history of ischemic stroke (RR=3.915), and white blood cell count (RR=1.107) to be independently associated with intracranial artery calcification. CONCLUSIONS Calcification of the intracranial arteries is associated with age, history of ischemic stroke and white blood cell count. Further prospective studies to investigate the clinical significance of intracranial artery calcification are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yan Chen
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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