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Xiao S, Qi M, Zhou Q, Gong H, Wei D, Wang G, Feng Q, Wang Z, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Ma X. Macrophage fatty acid oxidation in atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116092. [PMID: 38157642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis significantly contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and is characterized by lipid retention and inflammation within the artery wall. Multiple immune cell types are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, macrophages play a central role as the primary source of inflammatory effectors in this pathogenic process. The metabolic influences of lipids on macrophage function and fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) have similarly drawn attention due to its relevance as an immunometabolic hub. This review discusses recent findings regarding the impact of mitochondrial-dependent FAO in the phenotype and function of macrophages, as well as transcriptional regulation of FAO within macrophages. Finally, the therapeutic strategy of macrophage FAO in atherosclerosis is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujun Xiao
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Mingxu Qi
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Qinyi Zhou
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Huiqin Gong
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Duhui Wei
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Guangneng Wang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Qilun Feng
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yiren Zhou
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Emergency, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Ammazzalorso A, Maccallini C, Amoia P, Amoroso R. Multitarget PPARγ agonists as innovative modulators of the metabolic syndrome. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:261-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Gonzalez L, Helkin A, Gahtan V. Dyslipidemia Part 2: Review of Dyslipidemia Treatment in Patients With Noncoronary Vascular Disease. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2016; 50:119-35. [PMID: 26983668 DOI: 10.1177/1538574416628655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is one of the major modifiable risk factors associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Appropriate modification of lipid profiles reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in vessel walls across all vascular beds. The management of dyslipidemia has evolved over the last several decades, especially since the discovery of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, also known as statins. Statin use in atherosclerotic heart disease is well described in observational and prospective placebo-controlled studies, citing both lipid-lowering and pleiotropic effects. However, the effect of statins and other lipid-lowering agents on noncoronary arterial beds (the aorta, arteries to the extremities, renal, and carotid arteries) is less understood. This article is part 2 of a 2-part review, with part 1 having focused on lipid metabolism and the downstream effects of lipids on the development of atherosclerosis. The current review (part 2) will discuss trials, retrospective reviews, and observational cohort studies regarding the use of statins and/or other lipid-lowering drugs for primary and secondary prevention of peripheral noncoronary atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gonzalez
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare Network Upstate New York at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alex Helkin
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare Network Upstate New York at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Vivian Gahtan
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare Network Upstate New York at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Schroeder F, McIntosh AL, Martin GG, Huang H, Landrock D, Chung S, Landrock KK, Dangott LJ, Li S, Kaczocha M, Murphy EJ, Atshaves BP, Kier AB. Fatty Acid Binding Protein-1 (FABP1) and the Human FABP1 T94A Variant: Roles in the Endocannabinoid System and Dyslipidemias. Lipids 2016; 51:655-76. [PMID: 27117865 PMCID: PMC5408584 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The first discovered member of the mammalian FABP family, liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1, L-FABP), occurs at high cytosolic concentration in liver, intestine, and in the case of humans also in kidney. While the rat FABP1 is well studied, the extent these findings translate to human FABP1 is not clear-especially in view of recent studies showing that endocannabinoids and cannabinoids represent novel rat FABP1 ligands and FABP1 gene ablation impacts the hepatic endocannabinoid system, known to be involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) development. Although not detectable in brain, FABP1 ablation nevertheless also impacts brain endocannabinoids. Despite overall tertiary structure similarity, human FABP1 differs significantly from rat FABP1 in secondary structure, much larger ligand binding cavity, and affinities/specificities for some ligands. Moreover, while both mouse and human FABP1 mediate ligand induction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα), they differ markedly in pattern of genes induced. This is critically important because a highly prevalent human single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (26-38 % minor allele frequency and 8.3 ± 1.9 % homozygous) results in a FABP1 T94A substitution that further accentuates these species differences. The human FABP1 T94A variant is associated with altered body mass index (BMI), clinical dyslipidemias (elevated plasma triglycerides and LDL cholesterol), atherothrombotic cerebral infarction, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Resolving human FABP1 and the T94A variant's impact on the endocannabinoid and cannabinoid system is an exciting challenge due to the importance of this system in hepatic lipid accumulation as well as behavior, pain, inflammation, and satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA.
| | - Avery L McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Gregory G Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Sarah Chung
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Kerstin K Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Lawrence J Dangott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Shengrong Li
- Avanti Polar Lipids, 700 Industrial Park Dr., Alabaster, AL, 35007-9105, USA
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Eric J Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics and Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Barbara P Atshaves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ann B Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
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Martin GG, McIntosh AL, Huang H, Gupta S, Atshaves BP, Landrock KK, Landrock D, Kier AB, Schroeder F. The human liver fatty acid binding protein T94A variant alters the structure, stability, and interaction with fibrates. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9347-57. [PMID: 24299557 PMCID: PMC3930105 DOI: 10.1021/bi401014k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the human liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) T94A variant arises from the most commonly occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism in the entire FABP family, there is a complete lack of understanding regarding the role of this polymorphism in human disease. It has been hypothesized that the T94A substitution results in the complete loss of ligand binding ability and function analogous to that seen with L-FABP gene ablation. This possibility was addressed using the recombinant human wild-type (WT) T94T and T94A variant L-FABP and cultured primary human hepatocytes. Nonconservative replacement of the medium-sized, polar, uncharged T residue with a smaller, nonpolar, aliphatic A residue at position 94 of the human L-FABP significantly increased the L-FABP α-helical structure content at the expense of β-sheet content and concomitantly decreased the thermal stability. T94A did not alter the binding affinities for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist ligands (phytanic acid, fenofibrate, and fenofibric acid). While T94A did not alter the impact of phytanic acid and only slightly altered that of fenofibrate on the human L-FABP secondary structure, the active metabolite fenofibric acid altered the T94A secondary structure much more than that of the WT T94T L-FABP. Finally, in cultured primary human hepatocytes, the T94A variant exhibited a significantly reduced extent of fibrate-mediated induction of PPARα-regulated proteins such as L-FABP, FATP5, and PPARα itself. Thus, while the T94A substitution did not alter the affinity of the human L-FABP for PPARα agonist ligands, it significantly altered the human L-FABP structure, stability, and conformational and functional response to fibrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G. Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4466
| | - Avery L. McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4466
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4466
| | - Shipra Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Barbara P. Atshaves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Kerstin K. Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Ann B. Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4466
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Azhar S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Future Cardiol 2010; 6:657-91. [PMID: 20932114 PMCID: PMC3246744 DOI: 10.2217/fca.10.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of risk factors including insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension that markedly increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) isotypes, PPARα, PPARδ/ß and PPARγ are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors, which modulate the expression of an array of genes that play a central role in regulating glucose, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, where imbalance can lead to obesity, T2DM and CVD. They are also drug targets, and currently, PPARα (fibrates) and PPARγ (thiazolodinediones) agonists are in clinical use for treating dyslipidemia and T2DM, respectively. These metabolic characteristics of the PPARs, coupled with their involvement in metabolic diseases, mean extensive efforts are underway worldwide to develop new and efficacious PPAR-based therapies for the treatment of additional maladies associated with the MetS. This article presents an overview of the functional characteristics of three PPAR isotypes, discusses recent advances in our understanding of the diverse biological actions of PPARs, particularly in the vascular system, and summarizes the developmental status of new single, dual, pan (multiple) and partial PPAR agonists for the clinical management of key components of MetS, T2DM and CVD. It also summarizes the clinical outcomes from various clinical trials aimed at evaluating the atheroprotective actions of currently used fibrates and thiazolodinediones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Kim CH, Ramu R, Ahn JH, Bae MA, Cho YS. Fenofibrate but not fenofibric acid inhibits 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in C2C12 myotubes. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 344:91-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Toth PP, Dayspring TD, Pokrywka GS. Drug therapy for hypertriglyceridemia: Fibrates and omega-3 fatty acids. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2008; 11:71-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-009-0012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Isabel Panadero M, González MDC, Herrera E, Bocos C. Modulación del PPARα por agentes farmacológicos y naturales y sus implicaciones metabólicas. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0214-9168(08)75789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The increase in ischemic cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in persons with insulin resistance has been adequately documented elsewhere in this issue. Some of the most important risk factors for this increased mortality and morbidity are the lipid abnormalities, which form two out of five criteria for defining the metabolic syndrome, a definition focusing on risk factors for ischemic cardiovascular disease. This article explores the description, pathophysiology, and treatment of these atherogenic lipid abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Smith
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1014, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York City, NY 10029-657, USA.
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Dayspring T, Pokrywka G. Pharmacotherapeutic decisions in menopausal women with cardiovascular risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.2.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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