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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Li M, Miao M. Rational design to improve the catalytic efficiency and stability of arginine deiminase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132083. [PMID: 38705327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Arginine deiminase (ADI) has garnered significant interest because of its ability to objectively eradicate cancer cells and produce L-citrulline. To meet the production demands, this study focused on enhancing the enzyme activity and thermal stability of ADI. In this study, 24 ADI mutants were obtained through computer aid site-specific mutation in the ADI of Enterobacter faecalis. Notably, the specific enzyme activities of F44W, N163P, E220I, E220L, N318E, A336G, T340I, and N382F increased, reaching 1.33-2.53 times that of the original enzyme. This study confirmed that site-specific mutations are critical for optimizing enzyme function. Additionally, the F44W, N163P, E220I, T340I, and A336G mutants demonstrated good thermal stability. The optimal pH for mutant F44W increased to 8, whereas mutants E220I, I244V, A336G, T340I, and N328F maintained an optimal pH of 7.5. Conversely, the M109L, N163P, E220L, I244L, and N318E mutants shad an optimal pH of 7. This study revealed that mutant enzymes with increased activity were more likely to contain mutation sites situated near the four loops associated with catalytic residues, whereas mutations at the dimer junction sites had a higher tendency to enhance enzyme stability. These findings contribute to the development of ADI industrial applications and its modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Science and Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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2
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Taylor L, McCaddon A, Wolffenbuttel BHR. Creating a Framework for Treating Autoimmune Gastritis-The Case for Replacing Lost Acid. Nutrients 2024; 16:662. [PMID: 38474790 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells, resulting in hypochlorhydria and eventual achlorhydria, as oxyntic glands in the corpus are destroyed and become atrophic. The permanent loss of gastric acid has many impacts-both theoretical and documented. The most concerning of these are hypergastrinemia and increased N-nitroso compounds, both of which increase the risk of gastric cancers. While known deficiencies of B12 and iron are often replaced in AIG, acid is not. Moreover, patients with AIG are often prescribed acid suppression for a stomach that is decidedly no longer acidic, worsening the sequelae of gastric atrophy. Betaine hydrochloride (BHCL) is a short-acting acidifying agent, available over the counter in capsule form. Mealtime acid supplementation has an historic basis and could ameliorate many AIG-related gastrointestinal symptoms. Theoretically, acidification could also reduce the potential for hypergastrinemia and the production of N-nitroso compounds, consequently reducing the risk of gastric cancers. Supplemental vitamin C may also help in preventing gastric N-nitroso formation, regardless of the gastric pH. This narrative review describes the functions of gastric acid in gastrointestinal and immune health, documents the effects of hypochlorhydria in AIG, and proposes potential options for safely re-establishing the acid milieu of the stomach for patients with AIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Taylor
- Faculty of Integrative and Functional Nutrition, Saybrook University, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
| | - Andrew McCaddon
- Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Wrexham University, Wrexham LL11 2AW, UK
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Liu H, Huang Y, Huang M, Wang M, Ming Y, Chen W, Chen Y, Tang Z, Jia B. From nitrate to NO: potential effects of nitrate-reducing bacteria on systemic health and disease. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:425. [PMID: 37821966 PMCID: PMC10566198 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research has described improving multisystem disease and organ function through dietary nitrate (DN) supplementation. They have provided some evidence that these floras with nitrate (NO3-) reductase are mediators of the underlying mechanism. Symbiotic bacteria with nitrate reductase activity (NRA) are found in the human digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract (GT). Nitrate in food can be converted to nitrite under the tongue or in the stomach by these symbiotic bacteria. Then, nitrite is transformed to nitric oxide (NO) by non-enzymatic synthesis. NO is currently recognized as a potent bioactive agent with biological activities, such as vasodilation, regulation of cardiomyocyte function, neurotransmission, suppression of platelet agglutination, and prevention of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. NO also can be produced through the conventional L-arginine-NO synthase (L-NOS) pathway, whereas endogenous NO production by L-arginine is inhibited under hypoxia-ischemia or disease conditions. In contrast, exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO activity is enhanced and becomes a practical supplemental pathway for NO in the body, playing an essential role in various physiological activities. Moreover, many diseases (such as metabolic or geriatric diseases) are primarily associated with disorders of endogenous NO synthesis, and NO generation from the exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO route can partially alleviate the disease progression. The imbalance of NO in the body may be one of the potential mechanisms of disease development. Therefore, the impact of these floras with nitrate reductase on host systemic health through exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO pathway production of NO or direct regulation of floras ecological balance is essential (e.g., regulation of body homeostasis, amelioration of diseases, etc.). This review summarizes the bacteria with nitrate reductase in humans, emphasizing the relationship between the metabolic processes of this microflora and host systemic health and disease. The potential effects of nitrate reduction bacteria on human health and disease were also highlighted in disease models from different human systems, including digestive, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, respiratory, and urinary systems, providing innovative ideas for future disease diagnosis and treatment based on nitrate reduction bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Uddin R, Islam GMR, Uddin MZ, Thakur MU. Development and validation of an effective and sensitive technique for nitrate determination in fruits and vegetables using HPLC/PDA. BMC Chem 2023; 17:105. [PMID: 37620944 PMCID: PMC10463336 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop an effective and sensitive HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) method to determine the nitrate concentration in fruits and vegetables (F & V) using a C18 column (ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18, 80Å, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm (Agilent Technologies)) maintained at 40 0 C, a mobile phase made up of methanol and buffer (pentane sulfonic acid sodium salt solution), and a Photo Diode Array Detector (PDA) at 225 nm. The developed method is validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, suitability, the limit of detection (LOD), and the limit of quantification (LOQ) according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC. The result revealed that a ratio of 30: 70 of the organic modifier methanol and buffer with pH 2.8 shows the highest efficiency. The calibration curve shows linearity with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9985. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 2.26 mg/kg and 7.46 mg/kg. The recovery was in the range of 98.96-100.21%. Moreover, the greenness assessment scores of different approaches (eco-scale score of 76, AGREE score of 0.71, and few red shades in GAPI portray) were at a very excellent level. Thus, our developed method is fully validated and can determine the nitrate content in F & V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhan Uddin
- Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - G M Rabiul Islam
- Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Mostak Uddin Thakur
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science, Training Institute for Chemical Industries, Narsingdi, 1611, Bangladesh
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Bryan NS, Ahmed S, Lefer DJ, Hord N, von Schwarz ER. Dietary nitrate biochemistry and physiology. An update on clinical benefits and mechanisms of action. Nitric Oxide 2023; 132:1-7. [PMID: 36690137 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is now more than 35 years since endothelium derived relaxing factor was identified as nitric oxide (NO). The last few decades have seen an explosion around nitric oxide biochemistry, physiology and clinical translation. The science reveals that all chronic disease is associated with decreased blood flow to the affected organ which results in increased inflammation, oxidative stress and immune dysfunction. This is true for cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, kidney, lung, liver disorders and every other major disorder. Since nitric oxide controls and regulates blood flow, oxygen and nutrient delivery to every cell, tissue and organ in the body and also mitigates inflammation, oxidative stress and immune dysfunction, a focus on restoring nitric oxide production is an obvious therapeutic strategy for a number of poorly managed chronic diseases. Since dietary nitrate is a major contributor to endogenous nitric oxide production, it should be considered as a means of therapy and restoration of nitric oxide. This review will update on the current state of the science and effects of inorganic nitrate administered through the diet on several chronic conditions and reveal how much is needed. It is clear now that antiseptic mouthwash and use of antacids disrupt nitrate metabolism to nitric oxide leading to clinical symptoms of nitric oxide deficiency. Based on the science, nitrate should be considered an indispensable nutrient that should be accounted for in dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J Lefer
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, United States
| | - Norman Hord
- OU Health, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Mattos S, Cunha MR, Marques BC, d´El-Rei J, Baião DDS, Paschoalin VMF, Oigman W, Neves MF, Medeiros F. Acute Effects of Dietary Nitrate on Central Pressure and Endothelial Function in Hypertensive Patients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 120:e20220209. [PMID: 36629601 PMCID: PMC9833313 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diet's inorganic nitrate (NO3-) may provide a physiological substrate for reducing nitrate (NO2-) to NO independent of the endothelium. Studies suggest that inorganic NO3- has beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the acute effects of 500 mL nitrate-rich beetroot juice (BRJ; containing 11.5mmol NO3-) on blood pressure and endothelial function in treated hypertensive patients. METHODS A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted in treated hypertensive patients (n=37; women=62%) who underwent clinical and nutritional evaluation and assessment of central hemodynamic parameters and microvascular reactivity. The significance level was p<0.05. RESULTS The mean age was 59±7 years, and mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 142±10/83±9mmHg. There was a significant increase in the subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR; 149±25 vs. 165±30%, p<0.001) and reduction in ejection duration (ED; 37±4 vs. 34±4%, p<0.001) in the beetroot phase but no significant SEVR difference in the control phase. The % increase in perfusion (155 vs. 159 %, p=0.042) was significantly increased in the beetroot phase, which was not observed in the control phase. In the beetroot phase, the change in SEVR showed a significant correlation with the change in the area under the curve of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (AUC-PORH) (r=0.45, p=0.012). The change in ED showed a significant correlation with the post-intervention perfusion peak (r=-0.37, p=0.031) and AUC-PORH (r=-0.36, p=0.046). CONCLUSIONS The acute ingestion of BRJ by hypertensive patients resulted in an improvement of endothelial function, which was associated with higher subendocardial viability and performance in myocardial contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Mattos
- Departamento de Clínica MédicaUniversidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilDepartamento de Clínica Médica – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil
| | - Michelle Rabello Cunha
- Departamento de Clínica MédicaUniversidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilDepartamento de Clínica Médica – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil
| | - Bianca Cristina Marques
- Departamento de Clínica MédicaUniversidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilDepartamento de Clínica Médica – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil
| | - Jenifer d´El-Rei
- Departamento de Clínica MédicaUniversidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilDepartamento de Clínica Médica – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil
| | - Diego dos Santos Baião
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilInstituto de Química – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil
| | - Vania M. F. Paschoalin
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilInstituto de Química – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil
| | - Wille Oigman
- Departamento de Clínica MédicaUniversidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilDepartamento de Clínica Médica – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil
| | - Mario Fritsch Neves
- Departamento de Clínica MédicaUniversidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilDepartamento de Clínica Médica – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil
| | - Fernanda Medeiros
- Escola de NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilEscola de Nutrição da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil
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7
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Baik JS, Min JH, Ju SM, Ahn JH, Ko SH, Chon HS, Kim MS, Shin YI. Effects of Fermented Garlic Extract Containing Nitric Oxide Metabolites on Blood Flow in Healthy Participants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:5238. [PMID: 36558397 PMCID: PMC9781726 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged or fermented garlic extract (FGE) is a natural remedy that improves vascular function through increasing vascular nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. This is because nitrite (NO2-), a NO metabolite, can be produced through bioconversion with macrobacteria during the fermentation of foods like garlic. We aimed to evaluate the effects of NO2- in FGE on blood flow (BF), blood pressure (BP), velocity of the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA), regional cerebral BF (rCBF), and peripheral BF (PBF). The study was divided into two parts: (1) Thirty healthy adults were divided into FGE and placebo groups to compare BP and velocity of the CCA and ICA; and (2) Twenty-eight healthy adults were divided into FGE and placebo groups to compare rCBF and PBF and determine changes before/after ingestion. Significant changes were noted in BP and the velocity of both CCA 30-60 min after FGE ingestion. FGE ingestion resulted in significant increases in rCBF and increases in body surface temperature through alterations in PBF. No detectable clinical side effects were noted. Overall, oral administration of NO2- containing FGE demonstrated acute positive effects in upregulating BF, including the CCA, BP, rCBF, and PBF. Follow-up studies with larger sample sizes and long-term ingestion may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Soo Baik
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hong Min
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Ju
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Ahn
- Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sung Hwa Ko
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Graduate School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Min Sun Kim
- Center for Nitric Oxide Metabolite, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Graduate School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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8
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Bryan NS. Nitric oxide deficiency is a primary driver of hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Acute Effects of Inorganic Nitrate Intake on Brachial and Femoral Flow-Mediated Vasodilation, and on Carotid Artery Reactivity Responses: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Cross-Over Study in Abdominally Obese Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173560. [PMID: 36079817 PMCID: PMC9460748 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most trials on the effects of inorganic nitrate intake have focused on only one specific aspect of the endothelial cell response to a stimulus, thereby possibly missing other important effects. The aim of the present randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study was therefore to investigate in eighteen healthy abdominally obese men (18–60 years, waist circumference ≥ 102 cm) acute effects of potassium nitrate on brachial and femoral flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), and on carotid artery reactivity (CAR) to a cold pressure test. Participants received in random order a drink providing 10 mmol potassium nitrate (i.e., 625 mg of nitrate) or an iso-molar placebo drink with potassium chloride. Fasted and 4 h post-drink FMD and blood pressure measurements were performed. CAR responses were assessed at 4 h. Circulating nitrate plus nitrite concentration increased following nitrate intake (p = 0.003). Compared with placebo, potassium nitrate did not affect brachial (mean [95% confidence interval]: −0.2% [−2.5, 2.1], p = 0.86) and femoral FMD responses (−0.6% [−3.0; 1.7], p = 0.54). CAR responses were also not different (−0.8% [−2.5, 0.9], p = 0.32). Finally, changes in blood pressure and heart rate did not differ. No adverse events were observed. In conclusion, this trial did not provide evidence for effects of a single dose of inorganic nitrate on 4 h vascular endothelial function in abdominally obese men.
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Sato I, Yamamoto S, Kakimoto M, Fujii M, Honma K, Kumazaki S, Matsui M, Nakayama H, Kirihara S, Ran S, Usui S, Shinohata R, Kitamori K, Hirohata S, Watanabe S. Suppression of nitric oxide synthase aggravates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis in SHRSP5/Dmcr rat via acceleration of abnormal lipid metabolism. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:669-683. [PMID: 35819592 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive subtype of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is closely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in the control of various biological processes. Dysfunction of the NO signaling pathway is associated with various diseases such as atherosclerosis, vascular inflammatory disease, and diabetes. Recently, it has been reported that NO is related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Chronic NO synthase (NOS) inhibition accelerates NAFLD by increasing hepatic lipid deposition. However, the detailed relationship between NO and abnormal lipid and cholesterol metabolism in NAFLD/NASH has not been completely explained. We aimed to determine the effects of NOS inhibition by N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), a NOS inhibitor, on NASH and CVD via lipid and cholesterol metabolism. METHODS Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks and administered L-NAME for the last 2 weeks. Following blood and tissue sampling, biochemical analysis, histopathological staining, quantitative RT-PCR analysis, and western blotting were performed. RESULTS L-NAME markedly increased hepatic triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels by promoting TG synthesis and cholesterol absorption from the diet. L-NAME increased the mRNA levels of inflammatory markers and fibrotic areas in the liver. Cholesterol secretion from the liver was promoted in rats administered L-NAME, which increased serum cholesterol. L-NAME significantly increased the level of oxidative stress marker and lipid deposition in the arteries. CONCLUSIONS NOS inhibition simultaneously aggravates NASH and atherosclerosis via hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shusei Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
- Academic Field of Health Science, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mai Kakimoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Moe Fujii
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koki Honma
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shota Kumazaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mami Matsui
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hinako Nakayama
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sora Kirihara
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shang Ran
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinichi Usui
- Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86, Nishi-machi, Yonago-shi, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Ryoko Shinohata
- Academic Field of Health Science, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kitamori
- Collage of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723, Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirohata
- Academic Field of Health Science, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Academic Field of Health Science, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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Bryan NS, Burleigh MC, Easton C. The oral microbiome, nitric oxide and exercise performance. Nitric Oxide 2022; 125-126:23-30. [PMID: 35636654 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome comprises ∼1013-1014 microbial cells which form a symbiotic relationship with the host and play a critical role in the regulation of human metabolism. In the oral cavity, several species of bacteria are capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite; a key precursor of the signaling molecule nitric oxide. Nitric oxide has myriad physiological functions, which include the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis and the regulation of acute and chronic responses to exercise. This article provides a brief narrative review of the research that has explored how diversity and plasticity of the oral microbiome influences nitric oxide bioavailability and related physiological outcomes. There is unequivocal evidence that dysbiosis (e.g. through disease) or disruption (e.g. by use of antiseptic mouthwash or antibiotics) of the oral microbiota will suppress nitric oxide production via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway and negatively impact blood pressure. Conversely, there is preliminary evidence to suggest that proliferation of nitrate-reducing bacteria via the diet or targeted probiotics can augment nitric oxide production and improve markers of oral health. Despite this, it is yet to be established whether purposefully altering the oral microbiome can have a meaningful impact on exercise performance. Future research should determine whether alterations to the composition and metabolic activity of bacteria in the mouth influence the acute responses to exercise and the physiological adaptations to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Bryan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mia C Burleigh
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, UK
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, UK.
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Peter Ebokaiwe A, Olachi Obasi D, Kalu WO. Abatement of cyclophosphamide-induced splenic immunosuppressive indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase and altered hematological indices in Wister rats by dietary quercetin. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vascular Protective Effect and Its Possible Mechanism of Action on Selected Active Phytocompounds: A Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3311228. [PMID: 35469164 PMCID: PMC9034927 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3311228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial dysfunction is characterized by an imbalance of vasodilation and vasoconstriction, deficiency of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and proinflammatory factors. This dysfunction is a key to the early pathological development of major cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Therefore, modulation of the vascular endothelium is considered an important therapeutic strategy to maintain the health of the cardiovascular system. Epidemiological studies have shown that regular consumption of medicinal plants, fruits, and vegetables promotes vascular health, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This is mainly attributed to the phytochemical compounds contained in these resources. Various databases, including Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Directory of Open Access Journals, were searched to identify studies demonstrating the vascular protective effects of phytochemical compounds. The literature had revealed abundant data on phytochemical compounds protecting and improving the vascular system. Of the numerous compounds reported, curcumin, resveratrol, cyanidin-3-glucoside, berberine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and quercetin are discussed in this review to provide recent information on their vascular protective mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Phytochemical compounds are promising therapeutic agents for vascular dysfunction due to their antioxidative mechanisms. However, future human studies will be necessary to confirm the clinical effects of these vascular protective mechanisms.
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Stamm P, Kalinovic S, Oelze M, Steven S, Czarnowski A, Kvandova M, Bayer F, Reinhardt C, Münzel T, Daiber A. Mechanistic Insights into Inorganic Nitrite-Mediated Vasodilation of Isolated Aortic Rings under Oxidative/Hypertensive Conditions and S-Nitros(yl)ation of Proteins in Germ-Free Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030730. [PMID: 35327532 PMCID: PMC8945819 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and clinical importance of arterial hypertension are still growing. Inorganic nitrite (NO2-) represents an attractive dietary antihypertensive agent, but its metabolism and mode of action, which we aimed to investigate with the present study, are not completely understood. Isolated aortic rings from rats were treated ex vivo with oxidants, and rats were infused in vivo with angiotensin-II. Vascular responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and nitrite were assessed by isometric tension recording. The loss of vasodilatory potency in response to oxidants was much more pronounced for ACh as compared to nitrite ex vivo (but not in vivo with angiotensin-II). This effect may be caused by the redox regulation of conversion to xanthine oxidase (XO). Conventionally raised and germ-free mice were treated with nitrite by gavage, which did not improve ACh-mediated vasodilation, but did increase the plasma levels of S-nitros(yl)ated proteins in the conventionally-raised, but not in the germ-free mice. In conclusion, inorganic nitrite represents a dietary drug option to treat arterial hypertension in addition to already established pharmacological treatment. Short-term oxidative stress did not impair the vasodilatory properties of nitrite, which may be beneficial in cardiovascular disease patients. The gastrointestinal microbiome appears to play a key role in nitrite metabolism and bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Stamm
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Sanela Kalinovic
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Alexander Czarnowski
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Miroslava Kvandova
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Franziska Bayer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (A.D.); Tel.: +49-6131-17-6280 (A.D.)
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (S.K.); (M.O.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (A.D.); Tel.: +49-6131-17-6280 (A.D.)
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Wang C, Dai S, Gong L, Fu K, Ma C, Liu Y, Zhou H, Li Y. A Review of Pharmacology, Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:791214. [PMID: 35069206 PMCID: PMC8769241 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.791214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (He-shou-wu in Chinese), a Chinese botanical drug with a long history, is widely used to treat a variety of chronic diseases in clinic, and has been given the reputation of “rejuvenating and prolonging life” in many places. 2,3,4′,5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG, C20H22O9) is the main and unique active ingredient isolated from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., which has extensive pharmacological activities. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that TSG exhibits significant activities in treating various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, hepatic steatosis, osteoporosis, depression and diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of TSG up to 2021 by searching the databases of Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect and CNKI. According to the data, TSG shows remarkable anti-inflammation, antioxidation, neuroprotection, cardiovascular protection, hepatoprotection, anti-osteoporosis, enhancement of memory and anti-aging activities through regulating multiple molecular mechanisms, such as NF-κB, AMPK, PI3K-AKT, JNK, ROS-NO, Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3, ERK1/2, TGF-β/Smad, Nrf2, eNOS/NO and SIRT1. In addition, the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of TSG are also discussed in this review, which provided direction and basis for the further development and clinical application of TSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Honglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Albadawi DAI, Ravishankar D, Vallance TM, Patel K, Osborn HMI, Vaiyapuri S. Impacts of Commonly Used Edible Plants on the Modulation of Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:605. [PMID: 35054793 PMCID: PMC8775512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a primary cause of deaths worldwide. Thrombotic diseases, specifically stroke and coronary heart diseases, account for around 85% of CVDs-induced deaths. Platelets (small circulating blood cells) are responsible for the prevention of excessive bleeding upon vascular injury, through blood clotting (haemostasis). However, unnecessary activation of platelets under pathological conditions, such as upon the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, results in thrombus formation (thrombosis), which can cause life threatening conditions such as stroke or heart attack. Therefore, antiplatelet medications are usually prescribed for people who are at a high risk of thrombotic diseases. The currently used antiplatelet drugs are associated with major side effects such as excessive bleeding, and some patients are resistant to these drugs. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to develop new antiplatelet agents and notably, to establish the relationship between edible plants, specifically fruits, vegetables and spices, and cardiovascular health. Indeed, healthy and balanced diets have proven to be effective for the prevention of CVDs in diverse settings. A high intake of fruits and vegetables in regular diet is associated with lower risks for stroke and coronary heart diseases because of their plethora of phytochemical constituents. In this review, we discuss the impacts of commonly used selected edible plants (specifically vegetables, fruits and spices) and/or their isolated compounds on the modulation of platelet function, haemostasis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. I. Albadawi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (D.A.I.A.); (D.R.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Divyashree Ravishankar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (D.A.I.A.); (D.R.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Thomas M. Vallance
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (D.A.I.A.); (D.R.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK;
| | - Helen M. I. Osborn
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (D.A.I.A.); (D.R.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Sakthivel Vaiyapuri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (D.A.I.A.); (D.R.); (T.M.V.)
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Smeets ETHC, Mensink RP, Joris PJ. Effects of L-citrulline supplementation and watermelon consumption on longer-term and postprandial vascular function and cardiometabolic risk markers: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1-34. [PMID: 34863321 PMCID: PMC9592950 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
L-citrulline may improve non-invasive vascular function and cardiometabolic risk markers through increases in L-arginine bioavailability and nitric oxide synthesis. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to examine longer-term and postprandial effects of L-citrulline supplementation and watermelon consumption on these markers for cardiovascular disease in adults. Summary estimates of weighted mean differences (WMDs) in vascular function and cardiometabolic risk markers with accompanying 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random or fixed-effect meta-analyses. Seventeen RCTs were included involving an L-citrulline intervention, of which six studied postprandial and twelve longer-term effects. Five studies investigated longer-term effects of watermelon consumption and five assessed effects during the postprandial phase. Longer-term L-citrulline supplementation improved brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) by 0.9 %-point (95 % CI: 0.7 to 1.1, P < 0.001). Longer-term watermelon consumption improved pulse wave velocity by 0.9 m/s (95% CI: 0.1 to 1.5, P < 0.001), while effects on FMD were not studied. No postprandial effects on vascular function markers were found. Postprandial glucose concentrations decreased by 0.6 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.7, P < 0.001) following watermelon consumption, but no other longer-term or postprandial effects were observed on cardiometabolic risk markers. To conclude, longer-term L-citrulline supplementation and watermelon consumption may improve vascular function, suggesting a potential mechanism by which increased L-citrulline intake beneficially affects cardiovascular health outcomes in adults. No effects on postprandial vascular function markers were found, while more research is needed to investigate effects of L-citrulline and watermelon on risk markers related to cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T. H. C. Smeets
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Franza L, Carusi V, Nucera E, Pandolfi F. Luteolin, inflammation and cancer: Special emphasis on gut microbiota. Biofactors 2021; 47:181-189. [PMID: 33507594 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin belongs to the family of flavonoids, which have anti-inflammatory functions, potentially useful in a clinical context, particularly for patients suffering from cancer, neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammatory bowel conditions. This peculiarity has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, for many different diseases. Its anti-inflammatory effects might be particularly relevant in cancer, with some studies reporting anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastatic, and apoptotic effects on cancer cells by luteolin and other flavonoids. In this article, we analyze the anti-inflammatory role of luteolin, discussing the pathways it may act on. We will then discuss the possible role of microbiota in inflammatory modulation by luteolin. Finally, the possible therapeutic applications of luteolin's anti-inflammatory properties will be analyzed, with a particular focus on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Franza
- Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Carusi
- Immunology and Allergy, Internal Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Nucera
- Immunology and Allergy, Internal Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Pandolfi
- Immunology and Allergy, Internal Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Fuschillo S, Palomba L, Capparelli R, Motta A, Maniscalco M. Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide: A Nice Pair in the Respiratory System. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:7136-7148. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200310120550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO) is internationally regarded as a signal molecule involved in several
functions in the respiratory tract under physiological and pathogenic conditions. Hydrogen Sulfide
(H2S) has also recently been recognized as a new gasotransmitter with a diverse range of functions
similar to those of NO.
Depending on their respective concentrations, both these molecules act synergistically or antagonistically
as signals or damage promoters. Nevertheless, available evidence shows that the complex
biological connections between NO and H2S involve multiple pathways and depend on the site of
action in the respiratory tract, as well as on experimental conditions. This review will provide an
update on these two gasotransmitters in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fuschillo
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Division of the Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme (BN), Italy
| | - Letizia Palomba
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Rosanna Capparelli
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80055 Portici, (NA), Italy
| | - Andrea Motta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Division of the Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme (BN), Italy
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the health benefits of dietary nitrates including lowering blood pressure and enhancing cardiovascular health. Although commensal oral bacteria play an important role in converting dietary nitrate to nitrite, very little is known about the potential role of these bacteria in blood pressure regulation and maintenance of vascular tone. The main purpose of this review is to present the current evidence on the involvement of the oral microbiome in mediating the beneficial effects of dietary nitrate on vascular function and to identify sources of inter-individual differences in bacterial composition. A systematic approach was used to identify the relevant articles published on PubMed and Web of Science in English from January 1950 until September 2019 examining the effects of dietary nitrate on oral microbiome composition and association with blood pressure and vascular tone. To date, only a limited number of studies have been conducted, with nine in human subjects and three in animals focusing mainly on blood pressure. In general, elimination of oral bacteria with use of a chlorhexidine-based antiseptic mouthwash reduced the conversion of nitrate to nitrite and was accompanied in some studies by an increase in blood pressure in normotensive subjects. In conclusion, our findings suggest that oral bacteria may play an important role in mediating the beneficial effects of nitrate-rich foods on blood pressure. Further human intervention studies assessing the potential effects of dietary nitrate on oral bacteria composition and relationship to real-time measures of vascular function are needed, particularly in individuals with hypertension and those at risk of developing CVD.
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Food as medicine: targeting the uraemic phenotype in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 17:153-171. [PMID: 32963366 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-00345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The observation that unhealthy diets (those that are low in whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and high in sugar, salt, saturated fat and ultra-processed foods) are a major risk factor for poor health outcomes has boosted interest in the concept of 'food as medicine'. This concept is especially relevant to metabolic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), in which dietary approaches are already used to ameliorate metabolic and nutritional complications. Increased awareness that toxic uraemic metabolites originate not only from intermediary metabolism but also from gut microbial metabolism, which is directly influenced by diet, has fuelled interest in the potential of 'food as medicine' approaches in CKD beyond the current strategies of protein, sodium and phosphate restriction. Bioactive nutrients can alter the composition and metabolism of the microbiota, act as modulators of transcription factors involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction, act as senolytics and impact the epigenome by altering one-carbon metabolism. As gut dysbiosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, premature ageing and epigenetic changes are common features of CKD, these findings suggest that tailored, healthy diets that include bioactive nutrients as part of the foodome could potentially be used to prevent and treat CKD and its complications.
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Sanches-Lopes JM, Ferreira GC, Pinheiro LC, Kemp R, Tanus-Santos JE. Consistent gastric pH-dependent effects of suppressors of gastric acid secretion on the antihypertensive responses to oral nitrite. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113940. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Protective effect of Nasturtium officinale R. Br and quercetin against cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5001-5012. [PMID: 32533401 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is used in the management of autoimmune conditions and malignant illnesses. However, its therapeutic use is limited because of its severe side effects, especially hepatotoxicity attributed to oxidative stress. Nasturtium officinale R. Br (watercress or WC) has pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammation, and antioxidant activities. Therefore, the present study was design to assess effects of WC or its active ingredient, quercetin (QE), against CPA-induced hepatotoxicity. For this study, 49 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly selected and categorized into seven equal groups. The animals were pre- and post-treated with both hydroalcoholic extract of WC (500 mg/kg) and quercetin (75 mg/kg) for 10 consecutive days, and intraperitoneal administration of CPA (200 mg/kg) was performed on only day 10, one hour before the last dose of WC or quercetin. On day 11, all the animals were sacrificed, and their blood and liver were gathered for evaluation of the liver enzyme, hepatic oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes activity, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. CPA significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PCO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and liver biomarkers. Otherwise, hepatic catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), total thiol content (tSH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were considerably lower than the control group. Results showed that WC has the ability to reduce the changes (MDA, PCO, FRAP, CAT, ALT and AST) and QE (MDA, PCO, AST) induced by CPA (p < 0.05). Histopathological finding confirmed the indicated results. These findings propose that WC and QE have protective effect against the CPA-induced hepatotoxicity by decreasing oxidative stress.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Because arginine is the substrate for nitric oxide synthesis, which is pivotal to vascular homeostasis and linked to the insulin response, it has long been posited that supplemental arginine could benefit cardiometabolic health. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data have supported the view that supplemental arginine could alleviate the initiation and development of endothelial dysfunction and also shown that it may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. One important finding is that these effects may indeed vary as a function of the amount of arginine, its form and notably the metabolic status of the population. Some studies have shown that low doses of slow-release arginine are better used for nitric oxide synthesis and beneficial in individuals with abnormal arginine metabolism/bioavailability. Pathophysiological data in rodents have emphasized the importance of arginase activation during the development of cardiometabolic risk, which lends credence to a potential benefit for arginine supplements. Likewise, epidemiological evidence suggests that alterations to arginine bioavailability are important regarding the cardiometabolic risk. However, other metabolic mechanisms linked to the multiple pathways of arginine metabolism may also play a role. SUMMARY Further studies are needed to confirm and analyze how and when supplemental arginine is beneficial to cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mariotti
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
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Ivy JL. Inorganic Nitrate Supplementation for Cardiovascular Health. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2019; 15:200-206. [PMID: 31687099 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-15-3-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is continually produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and is essential to the control and effectiveness of the cardiovascular system. However, there is a substantial reduction in NOS activity with aging that can lead to the development of hypertension and other cardiovascular complications. Fortunately, NO can also be produced by the sequential reduction of inorganic nitrate to nitrite and then to NO. Nitric oxide from inorganic nitrate supplementation has been found to have the same cardioprotective benefits of NO produced by NOS. Moreover, it can effectively compensate for declining NOS activity due to aging or NOS inhibition by oxidative stress, hypoxia, or other factors. This review covers some of the major cardiovascular regulatory actions of NO and presents evidence that NO from inorganic nitrate supplementation can provide (1) compensation when NOS activity is inadequate, and (2) cardioprotective benefits beyond that provided by a healthy NOS system. In addition, it discusses how to obtain a safe and efficacious range of inorganic nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Ivy
- UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, AUSTIN, TEXAS
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Effects of Long-Versus Short-Term Exposure to the Mediterranean Diet on Skin Microvascular Function and Quality of Life of Healthy Adults in Greece and the UK. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102487. [PMID: 31623223 PMCID: PMC6835788 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and improving CVD-related physiological indices have been well-documented. However, the exact MD adherence duration needed for these effects to occur is under-researched. The aim of the present, two-arm, two-site study clinical trial was to assess the effects of long- vs. short-term MD adherence on the skin microvascular circulation, and quality of life. Two groups were recruited, one being long-term MD adherers (>5 years; from Greece; control group), and one of the non-adherers (from the UK), with the latter participating in a four-week MD intervention (intervention group). Our main outcome was skin microvascular function assessed by cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC). Secondary outcomes included quality of life, dietary intake, blood pressure and lipidemic profile. At the end of the intervention, both groups had high MD adherence. For the intervention group, significantly improved post-intervention CVC values were noted concerning the initial peak phase (2.0 ± 0.6 vs. 2.8 ± 0.8; p < 0.05). CVC values of the control group, were however higher at the plateau phase in comparison to the intervention group (intervention end; 3.8 ± 0.8 vs. 3.1 ± 1.2; p < 0.05). As per QoL, the physical domain was improved post-intervention (13.7 ± 1.2 vs. 15.9 ± 1.2; p < 0.05). No differences were observed in the lipidemic profile between groups, or between the baseline and final intervention phases. The findings indicate that although short-term MD adherence is effective in improving certain microvascular physiological properties and QoL domains, there is room for additional improvement, observed in long-term adherers. Our findings are important in the design of future, MD-based, lifestyle interventions, with the advisable durations differing between target groups.
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Pagliano E, Mester Z. Determination of elevated levels of nitrate in vegetable powders by high-precision isotope dilution GC–MS. Food Chem 2019; 286:710-714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bryan NS, Lefer DJ. Update on Gaseous Signaling Molecules Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide: Strategies to Capture their Functional Activity for Human Therapeutics. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:109-114. [PMID: 31061006 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of the production of gaseous molecules, such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, within the human body began a new concept in cellular signaling. Over the past 30 years, these molecules have been investigated and found to have extremely important beneficial effects in numerous chronic diseases. Gaseous signaling molecules that diffuse in three dimensions apparently contradict the selectivity and specificity afforded by normal ligand receptor binding and activation. This new concept has also created hurdles in the development of safe and efficacious drug therapy based on these molecules. Mechanisms involving formation of more stable intermediates and second messengers allow for new strategies for safe and effective delivery of these molecules for human disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight the biologic effects of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, their seemingly indistinguishable effects, and how these molecules can be safely harnessed for drug development and precursors or substrates administered for human consumption through applied physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Bryan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (N.S.B.); and Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (D.J.L.)
| | - David J Lefer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (N.S.B.); and Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (D.J.L.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S. Bryan
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of Medicine One Baylor Plaza Alkek Building for Biomedical Research R-850 Houston TX 77030
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Rizzi E, Amaral JH, Guimarães DA, Conde-Tella SO, Pinheiro LC, Gerlach RF, Castro MM, Tanus-Santos JE. Nitrite treatment downregulates vascular MMP-2 activity and inhibits vascular remodeling in hypertension independently of its antihypertensive effects. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:234-243. [PMID: 30399409 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with cardiovascular remodeling. Given that impaired redox state activates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)- 2 and promotes vascular remodeling, we hypothesized that nitrite treatment at a non-antihypertensive dose exerts antioxidant effects and attenuates both MMP-2 activation and vascular remodeling of hypertension. We examined the effects of oral sodium nitrite at antihypertensive (15 mg/kg) or non-antihypertensive (1 mg/kg) daily dose in hypertensive rats (two kidney, one clip; 2K1C model). Sham-operated and 2K1C hypertensive rats received vehicle or nitrite by gavage for four weeks. Systolic blood pressure decreased only in hypertensive rats treated with nitrite 15 mg/Kg/day. Both low and high nitrite doses decreased 2K1C-induced vascular remodeling assessed by measuring aortic cross-sectional area, media/lumen ratio, and number of vascular smooth muscle cells/aortic length. Both low and high nitrite doses decreased 2K1C-induced vascular oxidative stress assessed in situ with the fluorescent dye DHE and with the lucigenin chemiluminescence assay. Vascular MMP-2 expression and activity were assessed by gel zymography, Western blot, and in situ zymography increased with hypertension. While MMP-2 levels did not change in response to both doses of nitrite, both doses completely prevented hypertension-induced increases in vascular MMP activity. Moreover, incubation of aortas from hypertensive rats with nitrite at 1-20 μmol/L reduced gelatinolytic activity by 20-30%. This effect was fully inhibited by the xanthine oxidase (XOR) inhibitor febuxostat, suggesting XOR-mediated generation of nitric oxide (NO) from nitrite as a mechanism explaining the responses to nitrite. In vitro incubation of aortic extracts with nitrite 20 μmol/L did not affect MMP-2 activity. These results show that nitrite reverses the vascular structural alterations of hypertension, independently of anti-hypertensive effects. This response is mediated, at least in part, by XOR and is attributable to antioxidant effects of nitrite blunting vascular MMP-2 activation. Our findings suggest nitrite therapy to reverse structural alterations of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Rizzi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Biotechnology Unit, Ribeirao Preto University, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Jefferson H Amaral
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Danielle A Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sandra O Conde-Tella
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Pinheiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel F Gerlach
- Department of Morphology, Estomatology and Physiology, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Michele M Castro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Jose E Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.
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Zhao R, Ghazzawi N, Wu J, Le K, Li C, Moghadasian MH, Siow YL, Apea-Bah FB, Beta T, Yin Z, Shen GX. Germinated Brown Rice Attenuates Atherosclerosis and Vascular Inflammation in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Knockout Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4512-4520. [PMID: 29656648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the impact of germinated brown rice (GBR) on atherosclerosis and the underlying mechanism in low-density lipoprotein receptor-knockout (LDLr-KO) mice. The intensity of atherosclerosis in aortas of LDLr-KO mice receiving diet supplemented with 60% GBR (weight/weight) was significantly less than that in mice fed with 60% white rice (WR) or control diet ( p < 0.05); all diets contained 0.06% cholesterol. WR or GBR diet did not significantly alter plasma total or LDL-cholesterol, fecal sterols, or glucose, or the activities of antioxidant enzymes, compared to the control diet. The adhesion of monocytes to aortas from LDLr-KO mice fed with WR diet was significantly more than that from mice receiving the control diet ( p < 0.01). GBR diet decreased monocyte adhesion to aortas compared to WR diet ( p < 0.01). GBR diet also reduced the levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in plasma, and the abundances of MCP-1, PAI-1, TNF-α, intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1, toll-like receptor-4, PAI-1, LDLr-like protein, and urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor in aortas or hearts from LDLr-KO mice in comparison to the WR diet ( p < 0.05, 0.01, respectively). The findings suggest that GBR administration attenuated atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in LDLr-KO mice compared to WR. The anti-atherosclerotic effect of GBR in LDLr-KO mice at least in part results from its anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiansu Wu
- Jiangsu Ruiguanlong Ecological Agricultural Science and Technological Center , Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture and Sciences , Nanjing , 211500 China
| | | | - Chunyang Li
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture and Sciences , Nanjing , 210014 China
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhengfeng Yin
- Jiangsu Ruiguanlong Ecological Agricultural Science and Technological Center , Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture and Sciences , Nanjing , 211500 China
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