1
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Ren Z, Zhou L. Association of statin use with osteoporosis risk: a drug-targeted Mendelian randomization study. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1253-1261. [PMID: 38363475 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia and the related inflammatory response promote the development of osteoporosis, but whether targeted interventions are protective against this bone metabolic disease remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the use of statins (one well-recognized cholesterol-lowering drug with anti-inflammatory properties) and the risk of osteoporosis using a drug-targeted Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS Instrumental variables predicting three cholesterol-lowering target genes (including HGMCR) and the cholesterol effectors mediated by these genes (i.e., total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol) were extracted from expression quantitative trait loci and genome-wide association studies. Inverse variance-weighted (IVW), summary data-based MR (SMR), multivariate MR, and colocalization analysis were used to determine the association of the interventions represented by these instrumental variables with heel bone mineral density (one diagnostic indicator of osteoporosis). RESULTS The IVW reported that increased levels of HGMCR-mediated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol were associated with the decreased level of heel bone mineral density (P = 4.086e-10, P = 1.487e-09, P = 1.967e-09). The colocalization analysis supported the relationship between HGMCR-mediated non-HDL cholesterol and heel bone mineral density. The SMR reported that higher expression of HGMCR was associated with the decreased level of this osteoporosis indicator (P = 0.036). The multivariate MR further confirmed the role of HGMCR in the correlation between cholesterol traits and heel bone mineral density, and also reported that estrogen played a mediating role in the above correlations. CONCLUSION These evidence supported a protective effect of HMGCR-mediated non-HDL cholesterol reduction or statin use against osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhou Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
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2
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Kounatidis D, Vallianou NG, Poulaki A, Evangelopoulos A, Panagopoulos F, Stratigou T, Geladari E, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. ApoB100 and Atherosclerosis: What's New in the 21st Century? Metabolites 2024; 14:123. [PMID: 38393015 PMCID: PMC10890411 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
ApoB is the main protein of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and is further divided into ApoB48 in the intestine and ApoB100 in the liver. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is produced by the liver, contains ApoB100, and is metabolized into its remnants, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). ApoB100 has been suggested to play a crucial role in the formation of the atherogenic plaque. Apart from being a biomarker of atherosclerosis, ApoB100 seems to be implicated in the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis per se. In this review, we will focus on the structure, the metabolism, and the function of ApoB100, as well as its role as a predictor biomarker of cardiovascular risk. Moreover, we will elaborate upon the molecular mechanisms regarding the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, and we will discuss the disorders associated with the APOB gene mutations, and the potential role of various drugs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kounatidis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia G Vallianou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Poulaki
- Hematology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Fotis Panagopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Stratigou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Geladari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Karampela
- Second Department of Critical Care, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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3
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Ferri N, Ruscica M, Fazio S, Corsini A. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:943. [PMID: 38398257 PMCID: PMC10889346 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13040943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The modern history of cholesterol-lowering drugs started in 1972 when Dr. Akira Endo identified an active compound (compactin) that inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis from the culture broth of blue-green mold (Penicillium citrinum Pen-51). Since 1987, statins have represented the milestone for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A new therapy for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia since the discovery of statins is ezetimibe, the first and only agent inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption. Ezetimibe was approved by the FDA in October 2002. A year later, the association between gain-of-function PCSK9 genetic mutations and hypercholesterolemia was reported, and this discovery opened a new era in lipid-lowering therapies. Monoclonal antibodies and small-interfering RNA approaches to reduce PCSK9 were developed and approved for clinical use in 2015 and 2022, respectively. Finally, the newly approved bempedoic acid, an oral adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase inhibitor that lowers LDL-C, is able to reduce major adverse cardiovascular events in both primary and secondary prevention. In the present narrative review, we summarize the pharmacological properties and the clinical efficacy of all these agents currently used for a tailored therapy of hypercholesterolemia in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferri
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA;
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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4
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He Z, Wang T, Zhang S, Shi K, Wang F, Li Y, Lin C, Chen J. Evaluation of cholesterol transformation abilities and probiotic properties of Bacteroides dorei YGMCC0564. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1279996. [PMID: 38029107 PMCID: PMC10666794 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1279996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), often requires therapeutic agents with varying degrees of side effects. This has created a need for safe and natural alternatives such as medications or functional foods that can improve lipid metabolism and reduce cholesterol levels. In recent years, Next-generation probiotics (NGPs) have recently emerged as a potential solution, offering distinct mechanisms compared to traditional probiotics. Among the NGPs, Bacteroides, a dominant bacterial genus in the human gut, has gained significant attention due to its prevalence, ability to break down plant polysaccharides, and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Recent evidence has demonstrated that Bacteroides effectively reduces cholesterol levels, prevents obesity, and lowers the risk of CVD. However, research on Bacteroides is currently limited to a few species, leaving rooms for exploration of the beneficial functions of different species in this genus. In this study, we isolated 66 Bacteroides strains, including 9 distinct species, from healthy adults' fecal samples. By comparing their ability to assimilate cholesterol, we found that the transformation ability was not specific to any particular species. Notably, Bacteroides dorei YGMCC0564 revealed superior cholesterol-lowering capabilities and bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity in vitro, surpassing that of Lactobacillus GG (LGG). YGMCC0564 exhibited favorable probiotic characteristics, including high survival rate in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal digestion, excellent adhesion ability, susceptibility to antibiotics, absence of hemolysis or virulence genes, and substantial production of SCFAs. The strain also demonstrated remarkable bile salt deconjugation activities and upregulation of the BT_416 gene associated with cholesterol, providing insights into a possible molecular mechanism underlying its cholesterol-reducing activity. These findings establish YGMCC0564 as a promising NPG candidate for improving cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili He
- Beijing YuGen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Tinghui Wang
- Beijing YuGen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Kuojiang Shi
- Beijing YuGen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Beijing YuGen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhao Li
- Beijing Hotgen Biotechnology Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Chanqing Lin
- Beijing Hotgen Biotechnology Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Beijing YuGen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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5
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Kang SH, Kim GO, Kim BY, Son EJ, Do JY. Correlation between Statin Solubility and Mortality in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3290. [PMID: 37892111 PMCID: PMC10605997 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of statin solubility on the survival of patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). This retrospective study used laboratory and clinical data from a national HD quality assessment program and claims data (n = 53,345). The use of statins was defined as prescription ≥30 days during 6 months of each HD quality assessment period. We divided the patients into three groups based on the use and solubility of statins: No group, patients without a prescription of statins (n = 37,944); Hydro group, patients with a prescription of hydrophilic statins (n = 2823); and Lipo group, patients with a prescription of lipophilic statins (n = 12,578). The 5-year survival rates in the No, Hydro, and Lipo groups were 69.6%, 67.9%, and 67.9%, respectively (p < 0.001 for the trend). Multivariable Cox regression analyses showed that the Lipo group had better patient survival than the No group. However, multivariable analyses did not show statistical significance between the Hydro and No or Lipo groups. In all subgroups based on sex, age, presence of diabetes mellitus, and heart disease, the Lipo group had better patient survival than the No group. We identified no significant association between hydrophilic and lipophilic statins and patient survival. However, patients taking lipophilic statins had a modest survival benefit compared with those who did not receive statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Hui Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gui-Ok Kim
- Quality Assessment Department, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Wonju 26465, Republic of Korea; (G.-O.K.)
| | - Bo-Yeon Kim
- Healthcare Review and Assessment Committee, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Wonju 26465, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Son
- Quality Assessment Department, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Wonju 26465, Republic of Korea; (G.-O.K.)
| | - Jun-Young Do
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea;
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6
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Raschi E, Casula M, Cicero AFG, Corsini A, Borghi C, Catapano A. Beyond statins: New pharmacological targets to decrease LDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular events. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108507. [PMID: 37567512 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological treatment of dyslipidemia, a major modifiable risk factor for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), remains a debated and controversial issue, not only in terms of the most appropriate therapeutic range for lipid levels, but also with regard to the optimal strategy and sequence approach (stepwise vs upstream therapy). Current treatment guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia focus on the intensity of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction, stratified according to risk for developing ASCVD. Beyond statins and ezetimibe, different medications targeting LDL-C have been recently approved by regulatory agencies with potential innovative mechanisms of action, including proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 modulators (monoclonal antibodies such as evolocumab and alirocumab; small interfering RNA molecules such as inclisiran), ATP-citrate lyase inhibitors (bempedoic acid), angiopoietin-like 3 inhibitors (evinacumab), and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors (lomitapide). An understanding of their pharmacological aspects, benefit-risk profile, including impact on hard cardiovascular endpoints beyond LDL-C reduction, and potential advantages from the patient perspective (e.g., adherence) - the focus of this evidence-based review - is crucial for practitioners across medical specialties to minimize therapeutic inertia and support clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Raschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Manuela Casula
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS AOU S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS AOU S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Cruz-Cortés C, Velasco-Saavedra MA, Fernández-de Gortari E, Guerrero-Serna G, Aguayo-Ortiz R, Espinoza-Fonseca LM. A novel machine learning-based screening identifies statins as inhibitors of the calcium pump SERCA. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104681. [PMID: 37030504 PMCID: PMC10193016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a novel small-molecule screening approach that combines data augmentation and machine learning to identify Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs interacting with the calcium pump (Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, SERCA) from skeletal (SERCA1a) and cardiac (SERCA2a) muscle. This approach uses information about small-molecule effectors to map and probe the chemical space of pharmacological targets, thus allowing to screen with high precision large databases of small molecules, including approved and investigational drugs. We chose SERCA because it plays a major role in the excitation-contraction-relaxation cycle in muscle and it represents a major target in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. The machine learning model predicted that SERCA1a and SERCA2a are pharmacological targets for seven statins, a group of FDA-approved 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors used in the clinic as lipid-lowering medications. We validated the machine learning predictions by using in vitro ATPase assays to show that several FDA-approved statins are partial inhibitors of SERCA1a and SERCA2a. Complementary atomistic simulations predict that these drugs bind to two different allosteric sites of the pump. Our findings suggest that SERCA-mediated Ca2+ transport may be targeted by some statins (e.g., atorvastatin), thus providing a molecular pathway to explain statin-associated toxicity reported in the literature. These studies show the applicability of data augmentation and machine learning-based screening as a general platform for the identification of off-target interactions and the applicability of this approach extends to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Cortés
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M Andrés Velasco-Saavedra
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Guadalupe Guerrero-Serna
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Michel Espinoza-Fonseca
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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8
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Dheyaa Aziz N, Abbood SH, Al-Mayali AH, Hadi NR. ASSOCIATION OF SOLUTE CARRIER ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER 1B1 GENE POLYMORPHISM WITH RESPONSE TO ATORVASTATIN AND ASSOCIATED MYOPATHY IN IRAQI DYSLIPIDEMIA PATIENTS. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2023; 51:496-503. [PMID: 38069850 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202305108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: The study aims to investigate the effect of solute carriers organic anions transporters 1B1 (SLCO1B1) gene polymorphisms rs4149056, rs2306283, rs55901008, and rs729559745 in a sample of patients with dyslipidemia, and relate it to atorvastatin response and associated myopathy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and Methods: A cross sectional enrolled 200 patients both males and females of Arabic race, Iraqi nationality aged between 30-65 years. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (Atorvastatin responders and tolerant), Group 2 (Atorvastatin non responder and intolerant). Blood samples collected from the patients for biochemical studies and analyzed statistically by Student T-test and Chi-square, and DNA extracted for polymerase chains reactions (PCR). RESULTS Results: The results showed insignificant association P≥0.05 between the demographic characteristics of the study population with different genotypes, and significant difference P<0.05 in the biochemical parameters regarding (T-cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, and Creatine kinase-MM) when comparing the two groups. Odds ratio (OR) with confidence intervals CI (95%) used to evaluate the risk association to develop myopathy and poor response to atorvastatin therapy show relevant association for CC and CT genotype of rs4149056, while rs2306283 GG genotype show low association, also rs55901008 show low association for CC genotype, and moderate association for rs72559745 genotypes GG, AG. CONCLUSION Conclusions: The mutant allele's genotypes of rs4149056, rs55901008, and rs72559745, and the wild allele genotype of rs2306283 show significant association with the development of poor response to atorvastatin and elevated the level of CK-MM plasma concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Dheyaa Aziz
- DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL PHARMACY, COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, UNIVERSITY OF KERBALA, KERBALA, IRAQ
| | - Sameer H Abbood
- DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS, SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, KUFA UNIVERSITY, KUFA, IRAQ
| | - Ahmed H Al-Mayali
- DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF KERBALA, KERBALA, IRAQ
| | - Najah Rayish Hadi
- DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF KUFA, KUFA, IRAQ
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9
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The effect of simvastatin-loaded methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-polylactic acid nanoparticles on osteoblasts. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Singh S, Zahoor I, Sharma N, Behl T, Kanojia N, Sehgal A, Mohan S, Almoshari Y, Salawi A, Aleya L, Bungau S. Insights into the pivotal role of statins and its nanoformulations in hyperlipidemia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76514-76531. [PMID: 36161571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is the primary cause of heart disorders and has been manifested as the condition with remarkable higher levels of very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, intermediate-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and cholesterol in blood circulation. Genetic causes or systemic metabolic illnesses like diabetes mellitus, increased alcohol consumption, hypothyroidism, and primary biliary cirrhosis are several reasons behind development of hyperlipidemia. Higher levels of lipids and lipoproteins in plasma are responsible for various health disorders in human body like occlusion of blood vessels, acute pancreatitis, and reduced artery lumen elasticity. Both primary and secondary prophylaxis of heart disease can be achieved through combination of pharmacologic therapy with therapeutic lifestyle adjustments. Statins which belongs to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are preferred for primary prevention of hyperlipidemia particularly for individuals at higher risk of development of heart disease. This review discusses the recent advancements and outcomes of nanoparticle drug carriers for statins in the therapy of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Ishrat Zahoor
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
| | - Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi-248007, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Yosif Almoshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Salawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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11
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Sun Y, Xu M, Wang C, Guan S, Wang L, Cong B, Zhu W, Xu Y. Low-molecular-weight fucoidan bidirectionally regulates lipid uptake and cholesterol efflux through the p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:371-384. [PMID: 35970372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the pathological basis of many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, in which macrophage-derived foam cells are the critical step and a typical pathological feature of early atherosclerosis. We previously confirmed that low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMWF) had a good anti-AS effect, but the mechanism is still unclear. Here with aim to investigate the inhibitory effect of LMWF on foam cells and its molecular mechanism. Oil red O staining showed that LMWF effectively alleviated lipid accumulation and the formation of foam cells. Flow cytometry detection showed that LMWF promoted foam cells apoptosis. In addition, immunofluorescence showed that LMWF inhibited macrophage scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1)-mediated lipid uptake and promoted ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-mediated cholesterol outflow. Western blot showed that LMWF downregulated SR-A1 protein expression and upregulated ABCA1 protein expression by inhibiting p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) phosphorylation. Moreover, the mRNA transcriptions of Stat1, Elk-1, and Myc were downregulated when treated with LMWF. It concluded that, LMWF achieved bidirectional regulation of SR-A1 and ABCA1, then prevented the formation of foam cells, finally ameliorated the development of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Changxin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shulong Guan
- Department of Surgery, Qingdao Shinan District People's Hospital, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shangdong University, Qingdao 266035, China
| | - Beibei Cong
- Central Laboratory, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital, Qingdao 266001, China.
| | - Wenlong Zhu
- Business School, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China.
| | - Yingjie Xu
- Central Laboratory, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital, Qingdao 266001, China.
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12
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Liou JW, Mani H, Yen JH. Viral Hepatitis, Cholesterol Metabolism, and Cholesterol-Lowering Natural Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073897. [PMID: 35409259 PMCID: PMC8999150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver; it can be acute or chronic. In chronic cases, the prolonged inflammation gradually damages the liver, resulting in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and sometimes liver failure or cancer. Hepatitis is often caused by viral infections. The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five hepatitis viruses—hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). While HAV and HEV rarely (or do not) cause chronic hepatitis, a considerable proportion of acute hepatitis cases caused by HBV (sometimes co-infected with HDV) and HCV infections become chronic. Thus, many medical researchers have focused on the treatment of HBV and HCV. It has been documented that host lipid metabolism, particularly cholesterol metabolism, is required for the hepatitis viral infection and life cycle. Thus, manipulating host cholesterol metabolism-related genes and proteins is a strategy used in fighting the viral infections. Efforts have been made to evaluate the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering drugs, particularly 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, in the treatment of hepatitis viral infections; promising results have been obtained. This review provides information on the relationships between hepatitis viruses and host cholesterol metabolism/homeostasis, as well as the discovery/development of cholesterol-lowering natural phytochemicals that could potentially be applied in the treatment of viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Wen Liou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Hemalatha Mani
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-3-856-5301 (ext. 2683)
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Tjandrawinata RR, Kartawijaya M, Hartanti AW. In vitro Evaluation of the Anti-hypercholesterolemic Effect of Lactobacillus Isolates From Various Sources. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:825251. [PMID: 35295304 PMCID: PMC8920493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.825251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of 11 Lactobacillus isolates was investigated in vitro by measuring remaining cholesterol in growth media, growth ability in media supplemented with cholesterol, and BSH activity. Among the selected isolates, DLBSH104, DLBSH122, and DLBSK207 have demonstrated outstanding potential as cholesterol-lowering cultures. The three isolates showed high cholesterol removal by growing cells, whereas resting and dead cells showed less cholesterol removal. Furthermore, visualization of those isolates in growing and non-growing states by SEM showed the ability of DLBSH104 to attach cholesterol to their cell surface. In contrast, alteration of DLBSH122 and DLBSK207 cells did not involve surface attachment of cholesterol. Thus, the isolates’ ability to remove cholesterol is mainly attributed to the cells’ metabolically active state that assimilates and incorporates cholesterol into the cell membrane as reflected by a significantly higher cholesterol removal in a growing state than a non-growing state. Only in DLBSH104 did cholesterol removal also involve attachment on the cell surface. Moreover, DLBSH104 has beneficially affected the host cell by a significant reduction of NPC1L1 mRNA levels that are responsible for intestinal cholesterol absorption. In hepatic cells, cell-free supernatant (CFS) from DLBSH104 and DLBSK207 were able to reduce LDLR and HMGCR mRNA at the transcription level. To sum up, L. helveticus DLBSH104 and L. plantarum DLBSK207 are confirmed as isolates with an anti-hypercholesterolemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, PT Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- *Correspondence: Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata,
| | - Medicia Kartawijaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, PT Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
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Musculoskeletal Adverse Events Associated with PCSK9 Inhibitors: Disproportionality Analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:9866486. [PMID: 35140810 PMCID: PMC8808238 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9866486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Some studies suggest that potential safety issues about PCSK9 inhibitors have not been sufficiently explored in clinical trials, including musculoskeletal adverse events (MAEs). Objective. To examine the association between use of PCSK9 inhibitors with and without concurrent statins and risk of MAEs. Patients and Methods. FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) dataset of PCSK9 inhibitors and statins from October 2015 to June 2021 was queried. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) with relevant 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated as the index of disproportionality. Outcome of MAEs of different PCSK9 inhibitors regimens was also investigated. Results. 3,185 cases of PCSK9 inhibitor-associated MAEs were recorded. PCSK9 inhibitor class alone demonstrated a strong link to MAEs (ROR 5.92; 95% CI 5.70-6.15), and evolocumab was associated with more reports of MAEs than alirocumab. Concomitant use with statins leaded to an increased occurrence of MAEs (ROR 32.15 (25.55-40.46)), and the risk differed among different statins. The PCSK9 inhibitors were safer than statins in terms of hospitalization rate and death rate (15.64% vs. 36.83%; 0.72% vs. 3.53%). Conclusions. This pharmacovigilance investigation suggests that PCSK9 inhibitors are associated with MAEs. The risk significantly increases when combined with statins. Increased laboratory and clinical monitoring are required to timely diagnose and manage MAEs.
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Yu Y, Wang L, Zhu X, Liu YF, Ma HY. Sodium ozagrel and atorvastatin for type 2 diabetes patients with lacunar cerebral infarction. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:2096-2106. [PMID: 35047123 PMCID: PMC8696649 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main pathological factor of cerebral infarction is atherosclerosis, which is the pathological process of chronic inflammatory diseases such as vascular smooth muscle hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, extracellular matrix increase, and thrombosis. At present, the focus of clinical treatment is anti-platelet aggregation and improving blood status, and current research is limited to improving symptoms only.
AIM To observe the effect of sodium ozagrel and atorvastatin on type 2 diabetes patients with lacunar cerebral infarction.
METHODS Eighty-two patients with type 2 diabetes and lacunar cerebral infarction admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to February 2020 were equally categorized into two groups according to their treatment method. The control group was administered atorvastatin, and the observation group was administered sodium ozagrel combined with atorvastatin. The National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score, activities of daily living (ADL) score, blood glucose, lipid levels, inflammatory factors, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels, paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) levels were recorded before and after treatment. The total effective rate and adverse reaction rate of the two groups were analyzed.
RESULTS The total effective rate of the observation group (94.00%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (80.00%) (χ2 = 3.998; P = 0.046). The blood glucose indexes, total cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, interleukin-1β levels, tumor necrosis factor-α levels, HMGB1 Levels, ESR, MIF levels, platelet aggregation rates, and plasma viscosity of the two groups decreased after treatment; however, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and PON-1 Levels increased after treatment. After treatment, the blood glucose indexes; blood lipid indexes; inflammatory factors; HMGB1, PON-1, and MIF levels; ESR; platelet aggregation rate; and plasma viscosity of the observation group were better than those of the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, all patients in the observation group had higher ADL scores and lower NIHSS scores than those in the control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION Sodium ozagrel with atorvastatin can reduce inflammatory reactions; regulate ESR and HMGB1, PON-1, and MIF levels; control blood glucose and lipid indexes; and alleviate nerve injury without increasing adverse effects of atorvastatin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ya-Fei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hai-Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
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Tsaban G. Statins and lipoprotein(a); facing the residual risk. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 29:777-778. [PMID: 34904162 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gal Tsaban
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Department of Cardiology, Heart Institute, Rager Av. 101, Beersheba, 84101, Israel
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Nabożny A, Balcerzak B, Wierzbicki A, Morzy M, Chlabicz M. Active Annotation in Evaluating the Credibility of Web-Based Medical Information: Guidelines for Creating Training Data Sets for Machine Learning. JMIR Med Inform 2021; 9:e26065. [PMID: 34842547 PMCID: PMC8665397 DOI: 10.2196/26065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The spread of false medical information on the web is rapidly accelerating. Establishing the credibility of web-based medical information has become a pressing necessity. Machine learning offers a solution that, when properly deployed, can be an effective tool in fighting medical misinformation on the web. Objective The aim of this study is to present a comprehensive framework for designing and curating machine learning training data sets for web-based medical information credibility assessment. We show how to construct the annotation process. Our main objective is to support researchers from the medical and computer science communities. We offer guidelines on the preparation of data sets for machine learning models that can fight medical misinformation. Methods We begin by providing the annotation protocol for medical experts involved in medical sentence credibility evaluation. The protocol is based on a qualitative study of our experimental data. To address the problem of insufficient initial labels, we propose a preprocessing pipeline for the batch of sentences to be assessed. It consists of representation learning, clustering, and reranking. We call this process active annotation. Results We collected more than 10,000 annotations of statements related to selected medical subjects (psychiatry, cholesterol, autism, antibiotics, vaccines, steroids, birth methods, and food allergy testing) for less than US $7000 by employing 9 highly qualified annotators (certified medical professionals), and we release this data set to the general public. We developed an active annotation framework for more efficient annotation of noncredible medical statements. The application of qualitative analysis resulted in a better annotation protocol for our future efforts in data set creation. Conclusions The results of the qualitative analysis support our claims of the efficacy of the presented method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nabożny
- Department of Software Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Adam Wierzbicki
- Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Morzy
- Faculty of Computing and Telecommunications, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chlabicz
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Inhibition of Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 (SR-B1) Expression and Activity as a Potential Novel Target to Disrupt Cholesterol Availability in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091509. [PMID: 34575583 PMCID: PMC8467449 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been several studies that have linked elevated scavenger receptor class b type 1 (SR-B1) expression and activity to the development and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). SR-B1 facilitates the influx of cholesterol to the cell from lipoproteins in systemic circulation. This influx of cholesterol may be important for many cellular functions, including the synthesis of androgens. Castration-resistant prostate cancer tumors can synthesize androgens de novo to supplement the loss of exogenous sources often induced by androgen deprivation therapy. Silencing of SR-B1 may impact the ability of prostate cancer cells, particularly those of the castration-resistant state, to maintain the intracellular supply of androgens by removing a supply of cholesterol. SR-B1 expression is elevated in CRPC models and has been linked to poor survival of patients. The overarching belief has been that cholesterol modulation, through either synthesis or uptake inhibition, will impact essential signaling processes, impeding the proliferation of prostate cancer. The reduction in cellular cholesterol availability can impede prostate cancer proliferation through both decreased steroid synthesis and steroid-independent mechanisms, providing a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer. In this article, we discuss and highlight the work on SR-B1 as a potential novel drug target for CRPC management.
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Navarrete-Villanueva D, Gesteiro E, Gómez-Cabello A, Mañas A, Olivares RP, Villa-Vicente JG, Gusi N, González-Gross M, Ara I, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Casajús JA. Fat-Fit Patterns, Drug Consumption, and Polypharmacy in Older Adults: The EXERNET Multi-Center Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082872. [PMID: 34445032 PMCID: PMC8400623 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Physical fitness levels and the amount of accumulated adipose tissue (fatness) relate to current and future individuals’ heath status. Nevertheless, the interrelationships of their combined patterns with polypharmacy and the types of medications consumed have not been sufficiently investigated. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in six Spanish regions between 2008 and 2009 with a sample of older community-dwelling adults (≥65 years old) without dementia or cancer. Fitness was measured with one-leg balance and senior fitness tests, as well as by measuring weight and fat mass with a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of five or more medications. An analysis of variance was performed for comparisons between the physical fitness and fatness patterns and the medication consumed. Results: A total of 1709 elders were included in the study (72.1 ± 5.2 years). The two unfit patterns were those with the highest drug consumption. The High-Fat–Unfit pattern was the one that had the most significant consumption and had the highest percentage of polymedicated subjects. The Low-Fat–Fit pattern had a significantly lower percentage of people that did not consume any medications. The highest percentages of drug consumption in 7 of the 10 groups that were included were concentrated in the two unfit patterns. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of fitness in older adults, as it is at least as important as the avoidance of accumulation of excess fat with respect to the consumption of a smaller number of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Navarrete-Villanueva
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.N.-V.); (A.G.-C.); (J.A.C.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.G.-G.); (I.A.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Eva Gesteiro
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Gómez-Cabello
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.N.-V.); (A.G.-C.); (J.A.C.)
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.G.-G.); (I.A.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, University of Zaragoza, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Asier Mañas
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.G.-G.); (I.A.)
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rufino Pedro Olivares
- Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Huelva, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - José-Gerardo Villa-Vicente
- Grupo de Investigación VALFIS, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Narcís Gusi
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.G.-G.); (I.A.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.G.-G.); (I.A.)
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.G.-G.); (I.A.)
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.N.-V.); (A.G.-C.); (J.A.C.)
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.G.-G.); (I.A.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - José Antonio Casajús
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.N.-V.); (A.G.-C.); (J.A.C.)
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.G.-G.); (I.A.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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McGraw-Senat CM, Dillard N, Guelda T, Samuel E, Ling H. Bempedoic Acid: A First-in-Class Agent for Lowering Cholesterol Levels. Sr Care Pharm 2021; 36:331-336. [PMID: 34144722 DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2021.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite statin therapy being the cornerstone for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, a significant number of patients do not tolerate statin therapy because of muscle-related adverse effects or cannot achieve their individual low-density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) goals with statin therapy alone. Several nonstatin agents have been evaluated for the management of LDL-C levels and reduction of cardiovascular (CV) risk in these patients, but there are some limitations with their use. Bempedoic acid is a novel nonstatin agent for the management of lipid disorders, via the inhibition of adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase (ACL). It was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration based on several phase III trials which showed promising results regarding safety and efficacy. Though CV outcome data are not available yet, bempedoic acid may be a useful adjunct therapy for select patients. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the major findings in these clinical trials and discuss the potential role of bempedoic acid in clinical practice and its use in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nakoasha Dillard
- 1Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, Georgia
| | - Taylor Guelda
- 1Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, Georgia
| | - Essie Samuel
- 1Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, Georgia
| | - Hua Ling
- 1Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, Georgia
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PCSK9 Induces Rat Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Counteracts the Pleiotropic Effects of Simvastatin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084114. [PMID: 33923431 PMCID: PMC8073479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human atherosclerotic plaque contains smooth muscle cells (SMCs) negative for the contractile phenotype (α-smooth muscle actin) but positive for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Thus, we generated rat SMCs which overexpressed human PCSK9 (SMCsPCSK9) with the aim of investigating the role of PCSK9 in the phenotype of SMCs. PCSK9 overexpression in SMCsPCSK9 led to a significant downregulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) as well as transgelin (Sm22α), a marker of the contractile phenotype. The cell proliferation rate of SMCsPCSK9 was significantly faster than that of the control SMCs (SMCspuro). Interestingly, overexpression of PCSK9 did not impact the migratory capacity of SMCs in response to 10% FCS, as determined by Boyden's chamber assay. Expression and activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) was significantly increased in the presence of PCSK9, both in SMCPCSK9 and after treatment with recombinant PCSK9. The transcriptional activity of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) was also increased in the presence of PSCK9, suggesting a direct role of PCSK9 in the control of SRE-responsive genes, like HMGCR. We also observed that cholesterol biosynthesis is elevated in SMCPCSK9, potentially explaining the increased proliferation observed in these cells. Finally, concentration-dependent experiments with simvastatin demonstrated that SMCsPCSK9 were partially resistant to the antiproliferative and antimigratory effect of this drug. Taken together, these data further support a direct role of PCSK9 in proliferation, migration, and phenotypic changes in SMCs-pivotal features of atherosclerotic plaque development. We also provide new evidence on the role of PCSK9 in the pharmacological response to statins-gold standard lipid-lowering drugs with pleiotropic action.
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Ferri N. Phage display for targeting PCSK9. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103267. [PMID: 33690097 PMCID: PMC7941146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Jiang T, Xu C, Liu H, Liu M, Wang M, Jiang J, Zhang G, Yang C, Huang J, Lou Z. Linderae Radix Ethanol Extract Alleviates Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia by Regulating Bile Acid Metabolism Through gut Microbiota. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:627920. [PMID: 33679408 PMCID: PMC7925880 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a common metabolic disorder and regarded as one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The gut microbiota has been identified as a potential contributor to hyperlipidemia as it can greatly regulate bile acid metabolism. Linderae radix is a natural medicine widely used in the treatment of a variety of diseases and is also a common drug for hyperlipidemia. Recently, the lipid-lowering effect of Linderae radix are receiving increasing attention but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The study aimed to investigate the effects of Linderae radix ethanol extract (LREE) on gut microbiota in rats with hyperlipidemia syndrome. We established a hyperlipidemia rat model using a high-fat diet and used LREE as the intervention. Blood lipid levels and pathological examination were measured to assess the effects of LREE on hyperlipidemia. The gut microbiota was determined by 16s rDNA sequencing and the bile acid metabolism-related proteins were detected by western blot to discover the underlying correlations. The results show that LREE lowered TC, TG, and LDL levels effectively, and it also alleviated liver injury by reducing ALT and AST activity. Meanwhile, LREE improved gut microbiota disturbance caused by HFD via increasing intestinal microbiota diversity and changing the abundance of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. In addition, LREE can increase bile acid reabsorption and promote fecal excretion through farnesoid X receptor (FXR), apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), organic solute transporter alpha (OST-α), and cytochrome P450 family 7 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP7A1) thus restoring abnormal bile acid metabolism caused by hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuyun Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muyi Liu
- Biological Sciences Department, Computer Science Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Minmin Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiarui Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangji Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuqi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Biological Sciences Department, Computer Science Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zhaohuan Lou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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