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Tugizov SM. Molecular Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Disease of Oropharyngeal Mucosal Epithelium. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1444. [PMID: 37239115 PMCID: PMC10216750 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The oropharyngeal mucosal epithelia have a polarized organization, which is critical for maintaining a highly efficient barrier as well as innate immune functions. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease, the barrier and innate immune functions of the oral mucosa are impaired via a number of mechanisms. The goal of this review was to discuss the molecular mechanisms of HIV/AIDS-associated changes in the oropharyngeal mucosa and their role in promoting HIV transmission and disease pathogenesis, notably the development of opportunistic infections, including human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. In addition, the significance of adult and newborn/infant oral mucosa in HIV resistance and transmission was analyzed. HIV/AIDS-associated changes in the oropharyngeal mucosal epithelium and their role in promoting human papillomavirus-positive and negative neoplastic malignancy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof M Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Evaluation of infants with HIV-infected mothers and perinatal transmission in Turkey: A single-center experience. North Clin Istanb 2021; 8:243-248. [PMID: 34222804 PMCID: PMC8240230 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2021.59013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The most common route of HIV infection in children is through perinatal transmission. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the characteristics of infants with HIV-infected mothers and perinatal HIV transmission. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, single-center study of HIV-exposed infants in between December 2017 and October 2019 in a Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital. RESULTS: A total of 18 infants were examined. All babies were born by cesarean section, and none of them were breastfed. Seventeen mothers were diagnosed with HIV before pregnancy. These mothers had received antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy, and their viral loads before delivery were negative. An antiretroviral prophylaxis with oral zidovudine was started in all infants within their 1st day of birth and continued for at least 6 weeks. All infants were tested for their HIV viral load within the first 48 h of birth, with negative results, and 12 infants were tested for anti-HIV antibodies at the 18th month, again with negative results. In this study, we determined that none of the infants had been infected with HIV. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of initiating ART for all HIV-infected pregnant women and the importance of protection modalities during pregnancy, delivery, and the postnatal period for the prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV.
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Celerino da Silva R, Segat L, Kuhn L, Chies JAB, Crovella S. Association of SNPs in HLA-C and ZNRD1 Genes With HIV-1 Mother-to-Child Transmission in Zambia Population. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:509-515. [PMID: 33252547 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human leukocyte antigen C (HLA-C) and Zinc ribbon domain containing 1 (ZNRD1) are considered HIV-1 restriction factors and are expressed in the placenta. Variations in HLA-C and ZNRD1 genes are known to influence HIV-1 infection, including viral replication and progression to AIDS. Little is known about the role of variants in these genes in HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission. METHODS We evaluated the distribution of HLA-C (rs10484554, rs9264942) and ZNRD1 (rs8321, rs3869068) variants in a Zambian population composed of 333 children born to HIV-1+ mothers (248 HIV-1 noninfected/85 HIV-1 infected) and 97 HIV-1+ mothers. RESULTS Genotypic distribution of HLA-C and ZNRD1 were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except for HLA-C rs10484554 in both groups. In mothers, no significant differences were observed in their allele and genotypic distributions for both genes. The T and TT variants (rs10484554-HLA-C) were significantly more frequent among HIV-1+ children, specifically those who acquired the infection in utero (IU) and intrapartum (IP). For ZNRD1, the T allele (rs3869068) was more frequent in HIV-1- children, showing significant differences in relation to those infected via IP and postpartum (PP). The CT and TT genotypes were significantly more frequent in HIV-1- children. CONCLUSIONS Variations in HLA-C (T and TT-rs10484554) and ZNRD1 (T and CT/TT-rs3869068) can increase and decrease the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection via mother-to-child transmission, respectively. Further studies are encouraged focusing on a greater number of variants and sample size, with functional validation and in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Celerino da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) Recife, Brazil
| | - Ludovica Segat
- Department of Surgical and Health Medical Sciences, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), UCO Hygiene and Public Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; and
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) Recife, Brazil
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Abstract
The innate immune system is comprised of both cellular and humoral players that recognise and eradicate invading pathogens. Therefore, the interplay between retroviruses and innate immunity has emerged as an important component of viral pathogenesis. HIV-1 infection in humans that results in hematologic abnormalities and immune suppression is well represented by changes in the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and consequent cell death causing CD4 lymphopenia. The innate immune responses by mucosal barriers such as complement, DCs, macrophages, and NK cells as well as cytokine/chemokine profiles attain great importance in acute HIV-1 infection, and thus, prevent mucosal capture and transmission of HIV-1. Conversely, HIV-1 has evolved to overcome innate immune responses through RNA-mediated rapid mutations, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) modification, down-regulation of NK cell activity and complement receptors, resulting in increased secretion of inflammatory factors. Consequently, epithelial tissues lining up female reproductive tract express innate immune sensors including anti-microbial peptides responsible for forming primary barriers and have displayed an effective potent anti-HIV activity during phase I/II clinical trials.
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Campos Coelho AV, Campos Coelho HF, Arraes LC, Crovella S. HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission in Brazil (1994-2016): a time series modeling. Braz J Infect Dis 2019; 23:218-223. [PMID: 31344355 PMCID: PMC9427819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (HIV-1 MTCT), is an important cause of children mortality worldwide. Brazil has been traditionally praised by its HIV/Aids program, which provides free-of-charge care for people living with HIV-1. Using public epidemiology and demographic databases, we aimed at modeling HIV-1 MTCT prevalence in Brazil through the years (1994-2016) and elaborate a statistical model for forecasting, contributing to HIV-1 epidemiologic surveillance and healthcare decision-making. We downloaded sets of live births and mothers' data alongside HIV-1 cases notification in children one year old or less. Through time series modeling, we estimated prevalence along the years in Brazil, and observed a remarkable decrease of HIV-1 MTCT between 1994 (10 cases per 100,000 live births) and 2016 (five cases per 100,000 live births), a reduction of 50%. Using our model, we elaborated a prognosis for each Brazilian state to help HIV-1 surveillance decision making, indicating which states are in theory in risk of experiencing a rise in HIV-1 MTCT prevalence. Ten states had good (37%), nine had mild (33%), and eight had poor prognostics (30%). Stratifying the prognostics by Brazilian region, we observed that the Northeast region had more states with poor prognosis, followed by North and Midwest, Southeast and South with one state of poor prognosis each. Brazil undoubtedly advanced in the fight against HIV-1 MTCT in the past two decades. We hope our model will help indicating where HIV-1 MTCT prevalence may rise in the future and support government decision makers regarding HIV-1 surveillance and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Victor Campos Coelho
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Departamento de Biologia Molecular, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Genética, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | | | - Luiz Cláudio Arraes
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Recife, PE, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Genética, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Jiménez de Ory S, González-Tomé MI, Fortuny C, Mellado MJ, Soler-Palacin P, Bustillo M, Ramos JT, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Navarro ML. New diagnoses of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the Spanish pediatric HIV Cohort (CoRISpe) from 2004 to 2013. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7858. [PMID: 28953612 PMCID: PMC5626255 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has decreased in industrialized countries in recent decades, but there are no studies on the mechanisms of HIV transmission among infected children in Spain. Our aim was to study the characteristics and trends of diagnoses of vertically HIV-infected children in Spain from 2004 to 2013.Vertically HIV-infected children were selected if they were diagnosed from 2004 to 2013, were aged 0 to 18 years old, and were included in the Cohort of the Spanish Pediatric HIV Network (CoRISpe). Demographic, clinical, immunological, and virological data at diagnosis were obtained. The rate of diagnoses of vertically HIV-infected children was calculated as the number of cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Obstetric data of mothers of Spanish children and prophylaxis at childbirth and postpartum were obtained.A total of 218 HIV-infected children were included in the study. Of this sample, 182 children (83.5%) were perinatally HIV infected, and 125 out of those 182 children (68.7%) were born in Spain. The vertically HIV-infected Spanish children were diagnosed earlier and were in better clinical and immunological condition at diagnosis than were foreign children. The rate of vertically HIV-infected children declined from 0.09 in 2004 to 0.03 in 2013 due to the decrease in the rate of children born in Spain (0.08 in 2004 vs 0.01 in 2013). A total of 60 out of 107 mothers (56.1%) of Spanish children were diagnosed at or after childbirth. However, this number declined between 2004 and 2013.The rate of new HIV diagnoses of vertically HIV-infected children decreased significantly between 2004 and 2013 from 0.09 to 0.03 per 100,000 inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Jiménez de Ory
- Sección Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón
- Spanish Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hospital Gregorio Marañón BioBank (Spanish HIV HGM BioBank)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico San Carlos
| | - María Isabel González-Tomé
- Servicio de Infecciosas Pediátricas, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre
| | - Claudia Fortuny
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues del Llobregat, Barcelona
| | - Maria Jose Mellado
- Servicio de Pediatría Hospitalaria y Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales Pediátricas, Hospital Universitario Infantil La Paz and Hospital Carlos III
| | - Pere Soler-Palacin
- Unitat de Patologia Infecciosa i Immunodeficiències de Pediatria, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona
| | - Matilde Bustillo
- Servicio de Pediatría, Unidad Infectología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza
| | | | - Maria Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Sección Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón
- Spanish Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hospital Gregorio Marañón BioBank (Spanish HIV HGM BioBank)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Maria Luisa Navarro
- Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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The Role of Defensins in HIV Pathogenesis. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5186904. [PMID: 28839349 PMCID: PMC5559915 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5186904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Profound loss of CD4+ T cells, progressive impairment of the immune system, inflammation, and sustained immune activation are the characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Innate immune responses respond immediately from the day of HIV infection, and a thorough understanding of the interaction between several innate immune cells and HIV-1 is essential to determine to what extent those cells play a crucial role in controlling HIV-1 in vivo. Defensins, divided into the three subfamilies α-, β-, and θ-defensins based on structure and disulfide linkages, comprise a critical component of the innate immune response and exhibit anti-HIV-1 activities and immunomodulatory capabilities. In humans, only α- and β-defensins are expressed in various tissues and have broad impacts on HIV-1 transmission, replication, and disease progression. θ-defensins have been identified as functional peptides in Old World monkeys, but not in humans. Instead, θ-defensins exist only as pseudogenes in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. The use of the synthetic θ-defensin peptide “retrocyclin” as an antiviral therapy was shown to be promising, and further research into the development of defensin-based HIV-1 therapeutics is needed. This review focuses on the role of defensins in HIV-1 pathogenesis and highlights future research efforts that warrant investigation.
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Comparison of auditory brainstem response in HIV-1 exposed and unexposed newborns and correlation with the maternal viral load and CD4+ cell counts. AIDS 2014; 28:2223-30. [PMID: 25313584 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of maternal HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy on hearing of HIV-exposed newborns in sub-Saharan Africa have not been investigated. We determined the prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss among HIV-exposed newborns and the association between the hearing threshold and maternal and newborn parameters. DESIGN A cohort audiometric study of newborns between October 2012 and April 2013. SETTINGS A secondary and tertiary hospital-based study. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive 126 HIV-exposed and 121 HIV-unexposed newborns. INTERVENTION Hearing screening of the newborns was done with Auditory Brainstem Response and compared with maternal HAART, CD4 cell counts, RNA viral loads and newborn CD4 cell count percentage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Hearing threshold levels of both groups were measured and analysed. RESULTS Around 11.1% of HIV-exposed and 6.6% of unexposed newborns had hearing impairment (P = 0.2214). About 6.4% of HIV-exposed and 2.5% HIV-unexposed newborns had hearing threshold of more than 20 dBHL (P = 0.1578). There was no significant association between the hearing thresholds of HIV-exposed newborns and maternal CD4 cell counts (P = 0.059) but there was with maternal viral load (P = 0.034). There was significant difference between the hearing thresholds of HIV-exposed newborns with CD4% of 25 or less and more than 25. This study showed significant difference in the hearing of the 119 HAART-exposed newborns and seven unexposed newborns [P = 0.002; risk ratio, 0.13 (0.05-0.32)]. CONCLUSION There was a trend towards more hearing loss in HIV-exposed newborns. However, hearing thresholds increase with increasing mothers' viral load. The background information supports the need for further studies on the role of in-utero exposure to HIV and HAART in newborn hearing loss.
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Guo H, Liu C, Liu B, Wood C, Kong X. Analysis of primary resistance mutations to HIV-1 entry inhibitors in therapy naive subtype C HIV-1 infected mother-infant pairs from Zambia. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:233-9. [PMID: 23809473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small molecular CCR5 inhibitors represent a new class of drugs for treating HIV-1 infection. The evaluation of the primary resistance mutations associated with entry inhibitors during HIV-1 perinatal transmission is required because they may have a profound impact on the clinical management in MTCT. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the primary resistance mutations to maraviroc and vicriviroc during perinatal transmission and analyze the sensitivity of Env derived from mother-infant pairs to maraviroc. STUDY DESIGN Nine MIPs infected by subtype C HIV-1 were recruited to analyze the prevalence and transmission of primary resistance mutations to maraviroc and vicriviroc. Moreover, Env derived from six MIPs were employed to construct provirus clones and to analyze the sensitivity to maraviroc. RESULTS Mutations A316T, conferring partial resistance to maraviroc, T307I and R315Q, both conferring partial resistance to vicriviroc are prevalent in mother and infant cohorts, indicating the transmission of primary resistance mutations during HIV-1 perinatal transmission. However, the mutations of acutely infected mothers seem to directly transmit to their corresponding infants, while some mutations at low frequency of chronically infected mothers would be lost during transmission. Moreover, provirus clones derived from acutely infected MIPs are less susceptible to maraviroc than those from chronically infected MIPs. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the transmission mode of primary resistance mutations and the sensitivity to maraviroc are dependent on infection status of MIPs either acutely or chronically infected. These results may indicate that higher dose of maraviroc could be needed for treatment of acutely infected MIPs compared to chronically infected MIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Guo
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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da Silva RC, Segat L, Zanin V, Arraes LC, Crovella S. Polymorphisms in DC-SIGN and L-SIGN genes are associated with HIV-1 vertical transmission in a Northeastern Brazilian population. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1159-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.07.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Guo H, Abrahamyan LG, Liu C, Waltke M, Geng Y, Chen Q, Wood C, Kong X. Comparative analysis of the fusion efficiency elicited by the envelope glycoprotein V1-V5 regions derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmitted perinatally. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2635-2645. [PMID: 22956734 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the properties of viruses preferentially establishing infection during perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is critical for the development of effective measures to prevent transmission. A previous study demonstrated that the newly transmitted viruses (in infants) of chronically infected mother-infant pairs (MIPs) were fitter in terms of growth, which was imparted by their envelope (Env) glycoprotein V1-V5 regions, than those in the corresponding chronically infected mothers. In order to investigate whether the higher fitness of transmitted viruses was conferred by their higher entry efficiency directed by the V1-V5 regions during perinatal transmission, the fusogenicity of Env containing V1-V5 regions derived from transmitted and non-tranmsmitted viruses of five chronically infected MIPs and two acutely infected MIPs was analysed using two different cell-cell fusion assays. The results showed that, in one chronically infected MIP, a higher fusion efficiency was induced by the infant Env V1-V5 compared with that of the corresponding mother. Moreover, the V4-V5 regions played an important role in discriminating the transmitted and non-transmitted viruses in this pair. However, neither a consistent pattern nor significant differences in fusogenicity mediated by the V1-V5 regions between maternal and infant variants was observed in the other MIPs. This study suggests that there is no consistent and significant correlation between viral fitness selection and entry efficiency directed by the V1-V5 regions during perinatal transmission. Other factors such as the route and timing of transmission may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Levon G Abrahamyan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mackenzie Waltke
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Yunqi Geng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
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Differential transmission of HIV traversing fetal oral/intestinal epithelia and adult oral epithelia. J Virol 2011; 86:2556-70. [PMID: 22205732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06578-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through the adult oral route is rare, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) through the neonatal/infant oral and/or gastrointestinal route is common. To study the mechanisms of cell-free and cell-associated HIV transmission across adult oral and neonatal/infant oral/intestinal epithelia, we established ex vivo organ tissue model systems of adult and fetal origin. Given the similarity of neonatal and fetal oral epithelia with respect to epithelial stratification and density of HIV-susceptible immune cells, we used fetal oral the epithelium as a model for neonatal/infant oral epithelium. We found that cell-free HIV traversed fetal oral and intestinal epithelia and infected HIV-susceptible CD4(+) T lymphocytes, Langerhans/dendritic cells, and macrophages. To study the penetration of cell-associated virus into fetal oral and intestinal epithelia, HIV-infected macrophages and lymphocytes were added to the surfaces of fetal oral and intestinal epithelia. HIV-infected macrophages, but not lymphocytes, transmigrated across fetal oral epithelia. HIV-infected macrophages and, to a lesser extent, lymphocytes transmigrated across fetal intestinal epithelia. In contrast to the fetal oral/intestinal epithelia, cell-free HIV transmigration through adult oral epithelia was inefficient and virions did not infect intraepithelial and subepithelial HIV-susceptible cells. In addition, HIV-infected macrophages and lymphocytes did not transmigrate through intact adult oral epithelia. Transmigration of cell-free and cell-associated HIV across the fetal oral/intestinal mucosal epithelium may serve as an initial mechanism for HIV MTCT.
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Kishko M, Somasundaran M, Brewster F, Sullivan JL, Clapham PR, Luzuriaga K. Genotypic and functional properties of early infant HIV-1 envelopes. Retrovirology 2011; 8:67. [PMID: 21843318 PMCID: PMC3189118 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the properties of HIV-1 variants that are transmitted from women to their infants is crucial to improving strategies to prevent transmission. In this study, 162 full-length envelope (env) clones were generated from plasma RNA obtained from 5 HIV-1 Clade B infected mother-infant pairs. Following extensive genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, 35 representative clones were selected for functional studies. RESULTS Infant quasispecies were highly homogeneous and generally represented minor maternal variants, consistent with transmission across a selective bottleneck. Infant clones did not differ from the maternal in env length, or glycosylation. All infant variants utilized the CCR5 co-receptor, but were not macrophage tropic. Relatively high levels (IC₅₀ ≥ 100 μg/ml) of autologous maternal plasma IgG were required to neutralize maternal and infant viruses; however, all infant viruses were neutralized by pooled sera from HIV-1 infected individuals, implying that they were not inherently neutralization-resistant. All infant viruses were sensitive to the HIV-1 entry inhibitors Enfuvirtide and soluble CD4; none were resistant to Maraviroc. Sensitivity to human monoclonal antibodies 4E10, 2F5, b12 and 2G12 varied. CONCLUSIONS This study provides extensive characterization of the genotypic and functional properties of HIV-1 env shortly after transmission. We present the first detailed comparisons of the macrophage tropism of infant and maternal env variants and their sensitivity to Maraviroc, the only CCR5 antagonist approved for therapeutic use. These findings may have implications for improving approaches to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kishko
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Frank Brewster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - John L Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul R Clapham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Partial efficacy of a VSV-SIV/MVA-SIV vaccine regimen against oral SIV challenge in infant macaques. Vaccine 2011; 29:3124-37. [PMID: 21377510 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral medications, the rate of pediatric HIV-1 infections through breast-milk transmission has been staggering in developing countries. Therefore, the development of a vaccine to protect vulnerable infant populations should be actively pursued. We previously demonstrated that oral immunization of newborn macaques with vesicular stomatitis virus expressing simian immunodeficiency virus genes (VSV-SIV) followed 2 weeks later by an intramuscular boost with modified vaccinia ankara virus expressing SIV (MVA-SIV) successfully induced SIV-specific T and B cell responses in multiple lymphoid tissues, including the tonsil and intestine [13]. In the current study, we tested the oral VSV-SIV prime/systemic MVA-SIV boost vaccine for efficacy against multiple oral SIVmac251 challenges starting two weeks after the booster vaccination. The vaccine did not prevent SIV infection. However, in vaccinated infants, the level of SIV-specific plasma IgA (but not IgG) at the time of challenge was inversely correlated with peak viremia. In addition, the levels of SIV-specific IgA in saliva and plasma were inversely correlated with viral load at euthanasia. Animals with tonsils that contained higher frequencies of SIV-specific TNF-α- or IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells and central memory T cells at euthanasia also had lower viremia. Interestingly, a marked depletion of CD25(+)FoxP3(+)CD4(+) T cells was observed in the tonsils as well as the intestine of these animals, implying that T regulatory cells may be a major target of SIV infection in infant macaques. Overall, the data suggest that, in infant macaques orally infected with SIV, the co-induction of local antiviral cytotoxic T cells and T regulatory cells that promote the development of IgA responses may result in better control of viral replication. Thus, future vaccination efforts should be directed towards induction of IgA and mucosal T cell responses to prevent or reduce virus replication in infants.
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Role of DC-SIGN and L-SIGN receptors in HIV-1 vertical transmission. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:305-11. [PMID: 21277928 PMCID: PMC7115691 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system acts in the first line of host defense against pathogens. One of the mechanisms used involves the early recognition and uptake of microbes by host professional phagocytes, through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). These PRRs bind to conserved microbial ligands expressed by pathogens and initiate both innate and adaptative immune responses. Some PRRs located on the surface of dendritic cells (DCs) and other cells seem to play an important role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin, CD209 (DC-SIGN) and its homolog, DC-SIGN-related (DC-SIGNR or L-SIGN) receptors are PPRs able to bind the HIV-1 gp120 envelope protein and, because alterations in their expression patterns also occur, they might play a role in both horizontal and vertical transmission as well as in disseminating the virus within the host. This review aims to explore the involvement of the DC-SIGN and L-SIGN receptors in HIV-1 transmission from mother to child.
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HIV is inactivated after transepithelial migration via adult oral epithelial cells but not fetal epithelial cells. Virology 2010; 409:211-22. [PMID: 21056450 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oral transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in adult populations is rare. However, HIV spread across fetal/neonatal oropharyngeal epithelia could be important in mother-to-child transmission. Analysis of HIV transmission across polarized adult and fetal oral epithelial cells revealed that HIV transmigrates through both adult and fetal cells. However, only virions that passed through the fetal cells - and not those that passed through the adult cells - remained infectious. Analysis of expression of anti-HIV innate proteins beta-defensins 2 and 3, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in adult, fetal, and infant oral epithelia showed that their expression is predominantly in the adult oral epithelium. Retention of HIV infectivity after transmigration correlated inversely with the expression of these innate proteins. Inactivation of innate proteins in adult oral keratinocytes restored HIV infectivity. These data suggest that high-level innate protein expression may contribute to the resistance of the adult oral epithelium to HIV transmission.
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Functional genetic variants in DC-SIGNR are associated with mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7211. [PMID: 19809496 PMCID: PMC2752805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can interact with pathogens including HIV-1 and is expressed at the maternal-fetal interface, we hypothesized that it could influence MTCT of HIV-1. Methods and Findings To investigate the potential role of DC-SIGNR in MTCT of HIV-1, we carried out a genetic association study of DC-SIGNR in a well-characterized cohort of 197 HIV-infected mothers and their infants recruited in Harare, Zimbabwe. Infants harbouring two copies of DC-SIGNR H1 and/or H3 haplotypes (H1-H1, H1-H3, H3-H3) had a 3.6-fold increased risk of in utero (IU) (P = 0.013) HIV-1 infection and a 5.7-fold increased risk of intrapartum (IP) (P = 0.025) HIV-1 infection after adjusting for a number of maternal factors. The implicated H1 and H3 haplotypes share two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in promoter region (p-198A) and intron 2 (int2-180A) that were associated with increased risk of both IU (P = 0.045 and P = 0.003, respectively) and IP (P = 0.025, for int2-180A) HIV-1 infection. The promoter variant reduced transcriptional activity in vitro. In homozygous H1 infants bearing both the p-198A and int2-180A mutations, we observed a 4-fold decrease in the level of placental DC-SIGNR transcripts, disproportionately affecting the expression of membrane-bound isoforms compared to infant noncarriers (P = 0.011). Conclusion These results suggest that DC-SIGNR plays a crucial role in MTCT of HIV-1 and that impaired placental DC-SIGNR expression increases risk of transmission.
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Abel K. The rhesus macaque pediatric SIV infection model - a valuable tool in understanding infant HIV-1 pathogenesis and for designing pediatric HIV-1 prevention strategies. Curr HIV Res 2009; 7:2-11. [PMID: 19149549 DOI: 10.2174/157016209787048528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the AIDS pandemic continues almost relentlessly. Women are now representing the fastest growing group of newly infected HIV-1 infected patients. The risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 increases proportionally as many of these women are of childbearing age. The screening of pregnant women, the early diagnosis of HIV-1 infection, and the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have helped to reduce MTCT significantly. However, this holds true only for developed countries. In many resource-poor countries, access to ART is limited, and breastfeeding, a major route of HIV-1 transmission, is essential to protect the infant from other infectious diseases preponderant in those geographic regions. HIV-1 infected children, in contrast to adult patients, have higher levels of virus replication that decline only slowly, and a subset progresses to AIDS within the first two years. Thus, it is imperative to understand pediatric HIV-1 pathogenesis to design effective prevention strategies and/or a successful pediatric HIV-1 vaccine. The review summarizes how MTCT of HIV-1 in humans can be modeled in the infant macaque model of SIV infection. Importantly, the infant macaque model of SIV infection provides the opportunity to study early virus-host interactions in multiple anatomic compartments. Furthermore, the review underlines the importance of evaluating SIV/HIV immune responses in the context of the normal developmental changes the immune system undergoes in the newborn. Thus, the pediatric SIV infection model provides a unique resource for preclinical studies of novel intervention therapies and vaccine strategies to stop MTCT of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Abel
- California National Primate Research Center, and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA.
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Ceballos A, Andreani G, Ripamonti C, Dilernia D, Mendez R, Rabinovich RD, Cárdenas PC, Zala C, Cahn P, Scarlatti G, Peralta LM. Lack of viral selection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mother-to-child transmission with primary infection during late pregnancy and/or breastfeeding. J Gen Virol 2009; 89:2773-2782. [PMID: 18931075 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) as described for women with an established infection is, in most cases, associated with the transmission of few maternal variants. This study analysed virus variability in four cases of maternal primary infection occurring during pregnancy and/or breastfeeding. Estimated time of seroconversion was at 4 months of pregnancy for one woman (early seroconversion) and during the last months of pregnancy and/or breastfeeding for the remaining three (late seroconversion). The C2V3 envelope region was analysed in samples of mother-child pairs by molecular cloning and sequencing. Comparisons of nucleotide and amino acid sequences as well as phylogenetic analysis were performed. The results showed low variability in the virus population of both mother and child. Maximum-likelihood analysis showed that, in the early pregnancy seroconversion case, a minor viral variant with further evolution in the child was transmitted, which could indicate a selection event in MTCT or a stochastic event, whereas in the late seroconversion cases, the mother's and child's sequences were intermingled, which is compatible with the transmission of multiple viral variants from the mother's major population. These results could be explained by the less pronounced selective pressure exerted by the immune system in the early stages of the mother's infection, which could play a role in MTCT of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ceballos
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Andreani
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Chiara Ripamonti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, DIBIT - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Dilernia
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Mendez
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto D Rabinovich
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Zala
- Hospital Juan Fernández, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Cahn
- Hospital Juan Fernández, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, DIBIT - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Liliana Martínez Peralta
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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