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Daramola O, Ali H, Mckenzie CA, Smith C, Benjamin LA, Solomon T. Pre-clinical atherosclerosis is found at post-mortem, in the brains of men with HIV. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:80-85. [PMID: 33405199 PMCID: PMC7921050 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to ascertain the burden of pre-clinical atherosclerotic changes in the brains of young adult males with HIV and explore the impact of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). The study design is case-control, cross-sectional. Histological sections from HIV-positive post-mortem brain samples, with no associated opportunistic infection, from the MRC Edinburgh brain bank were evaluated. These were age and sex matched with HIV-negative controls. Immunohistochemical stains were performed to evaluate characteristics of atherosclerosis. The pathological changes were graded blinded to the HIV status and a second histopathologist reassessed 15%. Univariable models were used for statistical analyses; p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Nineteen HIV-positive post-mortem cases fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Nineteen HIV-negative controls were selected. We assessed mostly small-medium-sized vessels. For inflammation (CD45), 7 (36%) of the HIV+ had moderate/severe changes compared with none for the HIV− group (p < 0.001). Moderate/severe increase in smooth muscle remodeling (SMA) was found in 8 (42%) HIV+ and 0 HIV− brains (p < 0.001). Moderate/severe lipoprotein deposition (LOX-1) was found in 3 (15%) and 0 HIV−brains (p < 0.001). ART was associated with less inflammation [5 (63%) no ART versus 2 (18%) on ART (p = 0.028)] but was not associated with reduced lipid deposition or smooth muscle damage. In HIV infection, there are pre-clinical small- to medium-sized vessel atherosclerotic changes and ART may have limited impact on these changes. This could have implications on the increasing burden of cerebrovascular disease in HIV populations and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Daramola
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE UK
- Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Arrowe Park Wirral, Birkenhead, CH49 5PE UK
| | - Hebah Ali
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service (HMDS, St James University Hospital Leeds, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, LS1 3EX UK
| | - Chris-Anne Mckenzie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Laura A. Benjamin
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE UK
- Stroke Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, First Floor Russell Square House 10-12 Russell Square, London, WC1B 5EH UK
| | - Tom Solomon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE UK
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L69 7LJ UK
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ElBini Dhouib I. Does coronaviruses induce neurodegenerative diseases? A systematic review on the neurotropism and neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 14:262-272. [PMID: 33390561 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clinically, respiratory tract symptoms as well as other organs disorders are observed in patients positively diagnosed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, neurological symptoms, mainly anosmia, ageusia and headache were observed in many patients. Once in the central nervous system (CNS), the SARS-CoV-2 can reside either in a quiescent latent state, or eventually in actively state leading to severe acute encephalitis, characterized by neuroinflammation and prolonged neuroimmune activation. SRAS-CoV-2 requires angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cell entry receptor. The expression of this receptor in endothelial cells of blood-brain barrier (BBB) shows that SRAS-CoV-2 may have higher neuroinvasive potential compared to known coronaviruses. This review summarizes available information regarding the impact of SRAS-CoV-2 in the brain and tended to identify its potential pathways of neuroinvasion. We offer also an understanding of the long-term impact of latently form of SARS-CoV-2 on the development of neurodegenerative disorders. As a conclusion, the persistent infection of SRAS-CoV-2 in the brain could be involved on human neurodegenerative diseases that evolve a gradual process, perhapes, over several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines ElBini Dhouib
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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3
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Thomas Broome S, Louangaphay K, Keay KA, Leggio GM, Musumeci G, Castorina A. Dopamine: an immune transmitter. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2173-2185. [PMID: 32594028 PMCID: PMC7749467 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system controls several vital central nervous system functions, including the control of movement, reward behaviors and cognition. Alterations of dopaminergic signaling are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, in particular Parkinson’s disease, which are associated with a subtle and chronic inflammatory response. A substantial body of evidence has demonstrated the non-neuronal expression of dopamine, its receptors and of the machinery that governs synthesis, secretion and storage of dopamine across several immune cell types. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the role and expression of dopamine in immune cells. One of the goals is to decipher the complex mechanisms through which these cell types respond to dopamine, in order to address the impact this has on neurodegenerative and psychiatric pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease. A further aim is to illustrate the gaps in our understanding of the physiological roles of dopamine to encourage more targeted research focused on understanding the consequences of aberrant dopamine production on immune regulation. These highlights may prompt scientists in the field to consider alternative functions of this important neurotransmitter when targeting neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Thomas Broome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Krystal Louangaphay
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin A Keay
- Laboratory of Neural Structure and Function (LNSF), School of Medical Sciences, (Anatomy and Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gian Marco Leggio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney; Laboratory of Neural Structure and Function (LNSF), School of Medical Sciences, (Anatomy and Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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4
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CCR2 on Peripheral Blood CD14 +CD16 + Monocytes Correlates with Neuronal Damage, HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders, and Peripheral HIV DNA: reseeding of CNS reservoirs? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:120-133. [PMID: 29981000 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) occur in ~50% of HIV infected individuals despite combined antiretroviral therapy. Transmigration into the CNS of CD14+CD16+ monocytes, particularly those that are HIV infected and express increased surface chemokine receptor CCR2, contributes to neuroinflammation and HAND. To examine whether in HIV infected individuals CCR2 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes serves as a potential peripheral blood biomarker of HAND, we examined a cohort of 45 HIV infected people. We correlated CCR2 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes with cognitive status, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measured neurometabolite levels, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) HIV DNA copies. We determined that CCR2 was increased specifically on CD14+CD16+ monocytes from people with HAND (median [interquartile range (IQR)]) (63.3 [51.6, 79.0]), compared to those who were not cognitively impaired (38.8 [26.7, 56.4]) or those with neuropsychological impairment due to causes other than HIV (39.8 [30.2, 46.5]). CCR2 was associated with neuronal damage, based on the inverse correlation of CCR2 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes with total N-Acetyl Aspartate (tNAA)/total Creatine (tCr) (r2 = 0.348, p = 0.01) and Glutamine-Glutamate (Glx)/tCr (r2 = 0.356, p = 0.01) in the right and left caudate nucleus, respectively. CCR2 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes also correlated with PBMC HIV DNA copies (ρ = 0.618, p = 0.02) that has previously been associated with HAND. These findings suggest that CCR2 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes may be a peripheral blood biomarker of HAND, indicative of increased HIV infected CD14+CD16+ monocyte entry into the CNS that possibly increases the macrophage viral reservoir and contributes to HAND.
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Cherry CL, Wadley AL, Kamerman PR. Diagnosing and treating HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a global perspective. Pain Manag 2016; 6:191-9. [PMID: 26988147 DOI: 10.2217/pmt.15.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) is a common complication of HIV and remains highly prevalent even with modern HIV management strategies, causing debilitating pain in millions globally. We review HIV-SN diagnosis and management. We suggest most HIV-SN cases are easily recognized using clinical screening tools, with physician assessment and/or specialized testing prioritized for atypical cases. Management aims to prevent further nerve damage and optimize symptom control. Symptom relief is difficult and rarely complete, with a lack of proven pharmacological strategies. Work is needed to clarify optimal use of available medications. This includes understanding the marked placebo effect in HIV-SN analgesic trials and exploring 'responder phenotypes'. Limited data support nondrug strategies including hypnosis, meditation, psychology, physical activity and a positive therapeutic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Cherry
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital & Burnet Institute, Monash University, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Antonia L Wadley
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter R Kamerman
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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The impact of human immune deficiency virus and hepatitis C coinfection on white matter microstructural integrity. J Neurovirol 2015; 22:389-99. [PMID: 26689572 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to examine the integrity of white matter microstructure among individuals coinfected with HIV and HCV using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Twenty-five HIV+ patients, 21 HIV+/HCV+ patients, and 25 HIV- controls were included in this study. All HIV+ individuals were stable on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART; ≥3 months). All participants completed MRI and neuropsychological measures. Clinical variables including liver function, HIV-viral load, and CD4 count were collected from the patient groups. DTI metrics including mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and fractional anisotropy (FA) from five subregions of the corpus callosum were compared across groups. The HIV+/HCV+ group and HIV+ group were similar in terms of HIV clinical variables. None of the participants met criteria for cirrhosis or fibrosis. Within the anterior corpus callosum, significant differences were observed between both HIV+ groups compared to HIV- controls on DTI measures. HIV+ and HIV+/HCV+ groups had significantly lower FA values and higher MD and RD values compared to HIV- controls; however, no differences were present between the HIV+ and HIV+/HCV+ groups. Duration of HIV infection was significantly related to DTI metrics in total corpus callosum FA only, but not other markers of HIV disease burden or neurocognitive function. Both HIV+ and HIV+/HCV+ individuals had significant alterations in white matter integrity within the corpus callosum; however, there was no evidence for an additive effect of HCV coinfection. The association between DTI metrics and duration of HIV infection suggests that HIV may continue to negatively impact white matter integrity even in well-controlled disease.
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Campbell JH, Ratai EM, Autissier P, Nolan DJ, Tse S, Miller AD, González RG, Salemi M, Burdo TH, Williams KC. Anti-α4 antibody treatment blocks virus traffic to the brain and gut early, and stabilizes CNS injury late in infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004533. [PMID: 25502752 PMCID: PMC4263764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Four SIV-infected monkeys with high plasma virus and CNS injury were treated with an anti-α4 blocking antibody (natalizumab) once a week for three weeks beginning on 28 days post-infection (late). Infection in the brain and gut were quantified, and neuronal injury in the CNS was assessed by MR spectroscopy, and compared to controls with AIDS and SIV encephalitis. Treatment resulted in stabilization of ongoing neuronal injury (NAA/Cr by 1H MRS), and decreased numbers of monocytes/macrophages and productive infection (SIV p28+, RNA+) in brain and gut. Antibody treatment of six SIV infected monkeys at the time of infection (early) for 3 weeks blocked monocyte/macrophage traffic and infection in the CNS, and significantly decreased leukocyte traffic and infection in the gut. SIV – RNA and p28 was absent in the CNS and the gut. SIV DNA was undetectable in brains of five of six early treated macaques, but proviral DNA in guts of treated and control animals was equivalent. Early treated animals had low-to-no plasma LPS and sCD163. These results support the notion that monocyte/macrophage traffic late in infection drives neuronal injury and maintains CNS viral reservoirs and lesions. Leukocyte traffic early in infection seeds the CNS with virus and contributes to productive infection in the gut. Leukocyte traffic early contributes to gut pathology, bacterial translocation, and activation of innate immunity. To determine whether ongoing cell traffic is required for SIV-associated tissue damage, we blocked monocyte and T lymphocyte traffic to the brain and gut during a) ongoing infection or, b) at the time of infection. When animals were treated at four weeks post infection (late), once significant neuronal injury and accumulation of infected macrophages had already occurred, neuronal injury was stabilized, and CNS infection and the number of CNS lesions decreased. In the gut, there were significantly fewer productively infected cells and decreased inflammatory macrophages post treatment. Treatment at the time of infection (early) blocked infection of the CNS (SIV –DNA, RNA, or protein) and macrophage accumulation. In the gut, treatment at the time of infection blocked productive infection (SIV –RNA and protein) but not SIV –DNA. Interestingly, with treatment at the time of infection, there was no evidence of microbial translocation or elevated sCD163 in plasma, demonstrating that leukocyte traffic early plays a role in damage to gut tissues. Overall, these data point to the role of monocyte traffic and possibly lymphocytes to the CNS and leukocyte traffic to the gut to establish and maintain viral reservoirs. They underscore the role of monocyte/macrophage traffic and accumulation in the CNS for neuronal injury and maintenance of CNS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Campbell
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eva-Maria Ratai
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick Autissier
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samantha Tse
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - R. Gilberto González
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tricia H. Burdo
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth C. Williams
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Williams DW, Byrd D, Rubin LH, Anastos K, Morgello S, Berman JW. CCR2 on CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes is a biomarker of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2014; 1:e36. [PMID: 25340088 PMCID: PMC4204222 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) on monocyte subsets as a prognostic peripheral blood biomarker of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Methods: We characterized monocyte populations in HIV-infected individuals with and without HAND from 2 cohorts and assessed their transmigration across an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB). We examined CCR2 expression among the monocyte populations as a prognostic/predictive biomarker of HAND and its functional consequences in facilitating monocyte diapedesis. Results: We determined that CCR2 was significantly increased on CD14+CD16+ monocytes in individuals with HAND compared to infected people with normal cognition. CCR2 remained elevated irrespective of the severity of cognitive impairment, combined antiretroviral therapy status, viral load, and current or nadir CD4 T-cell count. There was no association between CCR2 on other monocyte populations and HAND. There was a functional consequence to the increase in CCR2, as CD14+CD16+ monocytes from individuals with HAND transmigrated across our model of the human BBB in significantly higher numbers in response to its ligand chemokine (C-C) motif ligand 2 (CCL2) compared to the cell migration that occurred in people with no cognitive deficits. It should be noted that our study had the limitation of a smaller sample size of unimpaired individuals. In contrast, there was no difference in the transmigration of other monocyte subsets across the BBB in response to CCL2 in seropositive individuals with or without HAND. Conclusions: Our findings indicate CCR2 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes is a novel peripheral blood biomarker of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionna W Williams
- Departments of Pathology (D.W.W., J.W.B.), Medicine and Epidemiology & Population Health (K.A.), and Microbiology and Immunology (J.W.B.), The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Departments of Neurology (D.B., S.M.), Neuroscience (S.M.), and Pathology (S.M.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; and Department of Psychiatry (L.H.R.), University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Desiree Byrd
- Departments of Pathology (D.W.W., J.W.B.), Medicine and Epidemiology & Population Health (K.A.), and Microbiology and Immunology (J.W.B.), The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Departments of Neurology (D.B., S.M.), Neuroscience (S.M.), and Pathology (S.M.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; and Department of Psychiatry (L.H.R.), University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Departments of Pathology (D.W.W., J.W.B.), Medicine and Epidemiology & Population Health (K.A.), and Microbiology and Immunology (J.W.B.), The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Departments of Neurology (D.B., S.M.), Neuroscience (S.M.), and Pathology (S.M.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; and Department of Psychiatry (L.H.R.), University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Departments of Pathology (D.W.W., J.W.B.), Medicine and Epidemiology & Population Health (K.A.), and Microbiology and Immunology (J.W.B.), The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Departments of Neurology (D.B., S.M.), Neuroscience (S.M.), and Pathology (S.M.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; and Department of Psychiatry (L.H.R.), University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Susan Morgello
- Departments of Pathology (D.W.W., J.W.B.), Medicine and Epidemiology & Population Health (K.A.), and Microbiology and Immunology (J.W.B.), The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Departments of Neurology (D.B., S.M.), Neuroscience (S.M.), and Pathology (S.M.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; and Department of Psychiatry (L.H.R.), University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Joan W Berman
- Departments of Pathology (D.W.W., J.W.B.), Medicine and Epidemiology & Population Health (K.A.), and Microbiology and Immunology (J.W.B.), The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Departments of Neurology (D.B., S.M.), Neuroscience (S.M.), and Pathology (S.M.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; and Department of Psychiatry (L.H.R.), University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
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Torres L, Noel RJ. Astrocytic expression of HIV-1 viral protein R in the hippocampus causes chromatolysis, synaptic loss and memory impairment. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:53. [PMID: 24655810 PMCID: PMC3994341 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected individuals are at an increased risk of developing neurological abnormalities. HIV induces neurotoxicity by host cellular factors and individual viral proteins. Some of these proteins including viral protein R (Vpr) promote immune activation and neuronal damage. Vpr is known to contribute to cell death of cultured rat hippocampal neurons and suppresses axonal growth. Behavioral studies are limited and suggest hyperactivity in the presence of Vpr. Thus Vpr may play a role in hippocampal loss of function. The purpose of this study is to determine the ability of HIV-1 Vpr production by astrocytes in the hippocampus to cause neurological deficits and memory impairments. METHODS We tested the performance of rats in novel object and novel location tasks after hippocampal infusion with astrocytes expressing HIV-1 Vpr. Synaptic injury and morphological changes were measured by synaptophysin immunoreactivity and Nissl staining. RESULTS Vpr-infused rats showed impaired novel location and novel object recognition compared with control rats expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). This impairment was correlated with a significant decrease in synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA3 region, suggesting synaptic injury in HIV-1 Vpr-treated animals. In addition, Nissl staining showed morphological changes indicative of neuronal chromatolysis in the Vpr group. The Vpr-induced neuronal damage and synaptic loss suggest that neuronal dysfunction caused the spatial and recognition memory deficits found in the Vpr-infused animals. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that HIV-1 Vpr produced by astrocytes in the hippocampus impairs hippocampal-dependent learning. The data suggest Vpr is a neurotoxin with the potential to cause learning impairment in HIV-1 infected individuals even under conditions of limited viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard J Noel
- Department of Biochemistry, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, P,O Box 7004, 00731 Ponce, PR, USA.
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Marcotte TD, Deutsch R, Michael BD, Franklin D, Cookson DR, Bharti AR, Grant I, Letendre SL. A concise panel of biomarkers identifies neurocognitive functioning changes in HIV-infected individuals. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:1123-35. [PMID: 24101401 PMCID: PMC3874146 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurocognitive (NC) impairment (NCI) occurs commonly in people living with HIV. Despite substantial effort, no biomarkers have been sufficiently validated for diagnosis and prognosis of NCI in the clinic. The goal of this project was to identify diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for NCI in a comprehensively characterized HIV cohort. Multidisciplinary case review selected 98 HIV-infected individuals and categorized them into four NC groups using normative data: stably normal (SN), stably impaired (SI), worsening (Wo), or improving (Im). All subjects underwent comprehensive NC testing, phlebotomy, and lumbar puncture at two timepoints separated by a median of 6.2 months. Eight biomarkers were measured in CSF and blood by immunoassay. Results were analyzed using mixed model linear regression and staged recursive partitioning. At the first visit, subjects were mostly middle-aged (median 45) white (58 %) men (84 %) who had AIDS (70 %). Of the 73 % who took antiretroviral therapy (ART), 54 % had HIV RNA levels below 50 c/mL in plasma. Mixed model linear regression identified that only MCP-1 in CSF was associated with neurocognitive change group. Recursive partitioning models aimed at diagnosis (i.e., correctly classifying neurocognitive status at the first visit) were complex and required most biomarkers to achieve misclassification limits. In contrast, prognostic models were more efficient. A combination of three biomarkers (sCD14, MCP-1, SDF-1α) correctly classified 82 % of Wo and SN subjects, including 88 % of SN subjects. A combination of two biomarkers (MCP-1, TNF-α) correctly classified 81 % of Im and SI subjects, including 100 % of SI subjects. This analysis of well-characterized individuals identified concise panels of biomarkers associated with NC change. Across all analyses, the two most frequently identified biomarkers were sCD14 and MCP-1, indicators of monocyte/macrophage activation. While the panels differed depending on the outcome and on the degree of misclassification, nearly all stable patients were correctly classified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reena Deutsch
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Benedict Daniel Michael
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Donald Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | | | - Ajay R. Bharti
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Scott L. Letendre
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 USA, Fax: 619-543-5066, Telephone: 619-543-8080,
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Liu H, Liu J, Liang S, Xiong H. Plasma gelsolin protects HIV-1 gp120-induced neuronal injury via voltage-gated K+ channel Kv2.1. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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12
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Liu H, Liu J, Liang S, Xiong H. Plasma gelsolin protects HIV-1 gp120-induced neuronal injury via voltage-gated K+ channel Kv2.1. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 57:73-82. [PMID: 24416794 PMCID: PMC3904794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma gelsolin (pGSN), a secreted form of gelsolin, is constitutively expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS). The neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are the major sources of pGSN in the CNS. It has been shown that levels of pGSN in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are decreased in several neurological conditions including HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Although there is no direct evidence that a decreased level of pGSN in CSF is causally related to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, neural cells, if lacking pGSN, are more vulnerable to cell death. To understand how GSN levels relate to neuronal injury in HAND, we studied the effects of pGSN on HIV-1 gp120-activated outward K+ currents in primary rat cortical neuronal cultures. Incubation of rat cortical neurons with gp120 enhanced the outward K+ currents induced by voltage steps and resulted in neuronal apoptosis. Treatment with pGSN suppressed the gp120-induced increase of delayed rectifier current (IK) and reduced vulnerability to gp120-induced neuronal apoptosis. Application of Guangxitoxin-1E (GxTx), a Kv2.1 specific channel inhibitor, inhibited gp120 enhancement of IK and associated neuronal apoptosis, similar effects to pGSN. Western blot and PCR analysis revealed gp120 exposure to up-regulate Kv2.1 channel expression, which was also inhibited by treatment with pGSN. Taken together, these results indicate pGSN protects neurons by suppressing gp120 enhancement of IK through Kv2.1 channels and reduction of pGSN in HIV-1-infected brain may contribute to HIV-1-associated neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880
| | - Jianuo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People Republic of China
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880
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Yang J, Hu D, Xia J, Liu J, Zhang G, Gendelman HE, Boukli NM, Xiong H. Enhancement of NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents by gp120-treated macrophages: implications for HIV-1-associated neuropathology. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:921-33. [PMID: 23660833 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of prior studies has linked HIV-1-infected and immune activated brain mononuclear phagocytes (MP; blood borne macrophages and microglia) to neuronal dysfunction. These are modulated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists and supporting their relevance for HIV-1-associated nervous system disease. The role of NMDAR subsets in HIV-1-induced neuronal injury, nonetheless, is poorly understood. To this end, we investigated conditioned media from HIV-1gp120-treated human monocyte-derived-macrophages (MDM) for its abilities to affect NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC(NMDAR)) in rat hippocampal slices. Bath application of gp120-treated MDM-conditioned media (MCM) produced an increase of EPSC(NMDAR). In contrast, control (untreated) MCM had limited effects on EPSC(NMDAR). Testing NR2A NMDAR (NR2AR)-mediated EPSC (EPSC(NR2AR)) and NR2B NMDAR (NR2BR)-mediated EPSC (EPSC(NR2BR)) for MCM showed significant increased EPSC(NR2BR) when compared to EPSC(NR2AR) enhancement. When synaptic NR2AR-mediated EPSC was blocked by bath application of MK801 combined with low frequency stimulations, MCM retained its ability to enhance EPSC(NMDAR) evoked by stronger stimulations. This suggested that increase in EPSC(NMDAR) was mediated, in part, through extra-synaptic NR2BR. Further analyses revealed that the soluble factors with low (<3 kD) to medium (3-10 kD) molecular weight mediated the observed increases in EPSC(NMDAR). The link between activation of NR2BRs and HIV-1gp120 MCM for neuronal injury was demonstrated by NR2BR but not NR2AR blockers. Taken together, these results indicate that macrophage secretory products induce neuronal injury through extra-synaptic NR2BRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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