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Esmaili-Shahzade-Ali-Akbari P, Ghaderi A, Sadeghi A, Nejat F, Mehramiz A. The Role of Orexin Receptor Antagonists in Inhibiting Drug Addiction: A Review Article. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2024; 16:130-139. [PMID: 39051042 PMCID: PMC11264478 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2024.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The orexinergic system and its receptors are involved in many physiological processes. Their functions in energy homeostasis, arousal, cognition, stress processing, endocrine functions, and pain modulation have been investigated. Many studies have shown that the orexinergic system cooperates with the dopaminergic system in the addiction process. Emerging evidence suggests that the orexinergic system can be effective in the induction of drug dependence and tolerance. Therefore, several researches have been conducted on the effect of orexin receptor (OXR) antagonists on reducing tolerance and dependence caused by drug abuse. Due to the significant growth of the studies on the orexinergic system, the current literature was conducted to collect the findings of previous studies on orexin and its receptors in the induction of drug addiction. In addition, cellular and molecular mechanisms of the possible role of orexin in drug tolerance and dependence are discussed. The findings indicate that the administration of OXR antagonists reduces drug dependence. OXR blockers seem to counteract the addictive effects of drugs through multiple mechanisms, such as preventing neuronal adaptation. This review proposes the potential clinical use of OXR antagonists in the treatment of drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Esmaili-Shahzade-Ali-Akbari
- Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaderi
- Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Atena Sadeghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nejat
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences, Meredith College, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alireza Mehramiz
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Paramedical and Rehabilitation Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Shankar A, Williams CT. The darkness and the light: diurnal rodent models for seasonal affective disorder. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm047217. [PMID: 33735098 PMCID: PMC7859703 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of animal models is a critical step for exploring the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of major affective disorders and for evaluating potential therapeutic approaches. Although most neuropsychiatric research is performed on nocturnal rodents, differences in how diurnal and nocturnal animals respond to changing photoperiods, combined with a possible link between circadian rhythm disruption and affective disorders, has led to a call for the development of diurnal animal models. The need for diurnal models is most clear for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a widespread recurrent depressive disorder that is linked to exposure to short photoperiods. Here, we briefly review what is known regarding the etiology of SAD and then examine progress in developing appropriate diurnal rodent models. Although circadian disruption is often invoked as a key contributor to SAD, a mechanistic understanding of how misalignment between endogenous circadian physiology and daily environmental rhythms affects mood is lacking. Diurnal rodents show promise as models of SAD, as changes in affective-like behaviors are induced in response to short photoperiods or dim-light conditions, and symptoms can be ameliorated by brief exposure to intervals of bright light coincident with activity onset. One exciting avenue of research involves the orexinergic system, which regulates functions that are disturbed in SAD, including sleep cycles, the reward system, feeding behavior, monoaminergic neurotransmission and hippocampal neurogenesis. However, although diurnal models make intuitive sense for the study of SAD and are more likely to mimic circadian disruption, their utility is currently hampered by a lack of genomic resources needed for the molecular interrogation of potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Shankar
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Cory T Williams
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Mahoney CE, Mochizuki T, Scammell TE. Dual orexin receptor antagonists increase sleep and cataplexy in wild type mice. Sleep 2020; 43:zsz302. [PMID: 31830270 PMCID: PMC7294412 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin receptor antagonists are clinically useful for treating insomnia, but thorough blockade of orexin signaling could cause narcolepsy-like symptoms. Specifically, while sleepiness is a desirable effect, an orexin antagonist could also produce cataplexy, sudden episodes of muscle weakness often triggered by strong, positive emotions. In this study, we examined the effects of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), lemborexant (E2006) and almorexant, on sleep-wake behavior and cataplexy during the dark period in wild-type (WT) mice and prepro-orexin knockout (OXKO) mice. In WT mice, lemborexant at 10 and 30 mg/kg quickly induced NREM sleep in a dose-dependent fashion. In contrast, lemborexant did not alter sleep-wake behavior in OXKO mice. Under the baseline condition, cataplexy was rare in lemborexant-treated WT mice, but when mice were given chocolate as a rewarding stimulus, lemborexant dose-dependently increased cataplexy. Almorexant produced similar results. Collectively, these results demonstrate that DORAs potently increase NREM and REM sleep in mice via blockade of orexin signaling, and higher doses can cause cataplexy when co-administered with a likely rewarding stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Mahoney
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Takatoshi Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Japan
| | - Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Thomasy HE, Opp MR. Hypocretin Mediates Sleep and Wake Disturbances in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:802-814. [PMID: 30136622 PMCID: PMC6387567 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability worldwide. Post-TBI sleep and wake disturbances are extremely common and difficult for patients to manage. Sleep and wake disturbances contribute to poor functional and emotional outcomes from TBI, yet effective therapies remain elusive. A more comprehensive understanding of mechanisms underlying post-TBI sleep and wake disturbance will facilitate development of effective pharmacotherapies. Previous research in human patients and animal models indicates that altered hypocretinergic function may be a major contributor to sleep-wake disturbance after TBI. In this study, we further elucidate the role of hypocretin by determining the impact of TBI on sleep-wake behavior of hypocretin knockout (HCRT KO) mice. Adult male C57BL/6J and HCRT KO mice were implanted with electroencephalography recording electrodes, and pre-injury baseline recordings were obtained. Mice were then subjected to either moderate TBI or sham surgery. Additional recordings were obtained and sleep-wake behavior determined at 3, 7, 15, and 30 days after TBI or sham procedures. At baseline, HCRT KO mice had a significantly different sleep-wake phenotype than control C57BL/6J mice. Post-TBI sleep-wake behavior was altered in a genotype-dependent manner: sleep of HCRT KO mice was not altered by TBI, whereas C57BL/6J mice had more non-rapid eye movement sleep, less wakefulness, and more short wake bouts and fewer long wake bouts. Numbers of hypocretin-positive cells were reduced in C57BL/6J mice by TBI. Collectively, these data indicate that the hypocretinergic system is involved in the alterations in sleep-wake behavior that develop after TBI in this model, and suggest potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Thomasy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark R. Opp
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Abstract
The functions of sleep remain a mystery. Yet they must be important since sleep is highly conserved, and its chronic disruption is associated with various metabolic, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review will cover our evolving understanding of the mechanisms by which sleep is controlled and the complex relationship between sleep and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Joiner
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Neurosciences Graduate Program, and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
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Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Bergman JM, Gilbert KF, Kuduk SD, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Fox SV, Gotter AL, Tannenbaum PL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Lemaire W, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of diazepane amide DORAs and 2-SORAs enabled by exploration of isosteric quinazoline replacements. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4992-4999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Tanaka S, Toyoda H, Honda Y, Seki Y, Sakurai T, Honda K, Kodama T. Hypocretin/orexin prevents recovery from sickness. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:648-650. [PMID: 26405539 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickness behavior is defined as states of lethargy, depression, anxiety, loss of appetite, hypersomnia, hyperalgesia, reduction of grooming and failure to concentrate that can be induced by inflammatory diseases, such as infections and cancer. Recent findings revealed that the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection causes lethargy as a consequence of the inhibition of hypocretin signaling. The hypocretin system maintains the vigilance state in various physiological processes. In order to investigate the sleep arousal system against sickness behavior, LPS-induced sickness behavior was examined in hypocretin-ataxin-3 transgenic mice, whose hypocretin neurons were postnatally ablated. Sleep-wake activity was determined following the administration of LPS at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 8.0 in ataxin-3 transgenic mice, and the age-, gender-matched wild-type littermates. LPS injection induced increases in non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the matched wild-type littermates. In addition, a further increase in periods of sleep according to the loss of hypocretin neurons was identified in the ataxin-3 transgenic mice. A marked reduction of awakening during ZT12-ZT18 was observed as expected following LPS injection in the mouse lines. The increase in the period of non-REM sleep was not observed on the next day following LPS administration in either of the mouse lines. Complete recovery of physical activity was not observed in the matched wild-type littermates. Ataxin-3 transgenic mice recovered their physical activity to the same level as that on the first day before LPS administration. These results suggest the possibility that a faster recovery is the result of deeper resting according to the absence of hypocretin neurons, as ataxin-3 transgenic mice demonstrated more non-REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Tanaka
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hiromi Toyoda
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan ; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Honda
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Seki
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan ; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuki Honda
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tohru Kodama
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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Nixon JP, Mavanji V, Butterick TA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM, Teske JA. Sleep disorders, obesity, and aging: the role of orexin. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 20:63-73. [PMID: 25462194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic neuropeptides orexin A and B (hypocretin 1 and 2) are important homeostatic mediators of central control of energy metabolism and maintenance of sleep/wake states. Dysregulation or loss of orexin signaling has been linked to narcolepsy, obesity, and age-related disorders. In this review, we present an overview of our current understanding of orexin function, focusing on sleep disorders, energy balance, and aging, in both rodents and humans. We first discuss animal models used in studies of obesity and sleep, including loss of function using transgenic or viral-mediated approaches, gain of function models using exogenous delivery of orexin receptor agonist, and naturally-occurring models in which orexin responsiveness varies by individual. We next explore rodent models of orexin in aging, presenting evidence that orexin loss contributes to age-related changes in sleep and energy balance. In the next section, we focus on clinical importance of orexin in human obesity, sleep, and aging. We include discussion of orexin loss in narcolepsy and potential importance of orexin in insomnia, correlations between animal and human studies of age-related decline, and evidence for orexin involvement in age-related changes in cognitive performance. Finally, we present a summary of recent studies of orexin in neurodegenerative disease. We conclude that orexin acts as an integrative homeostatic signal influencing numerous brain regions, and that this pivotal role results in potential dysregulation of multiple physiological processes when orexin signaling is disrupted or lost.
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Dingemanse J, Hoever P. Absence of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between almorexant and warfarin in healthy subjects. Drugs R D 2014; 13:145-51. [PMID: 23737453 PMCID: PMC3689907 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-013-0017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Almorexant is the first representative of the new class of orexin receptor antagonists, which could become a new treatment option for insomnia. The present study investigated the potential interaction between almorexant and warfarin. Methods In this open-label, two-way crossover, drug–drug interaction study, healthy male subjects received, in a randomized fashion, almorexant 200 mg once daily for 10 days and a single dose of 25 mg warfarin co-administered on day 5 (treatment A) and a single dose of 25 mg warfarin on day 1 (treatment B). Serial blood samples for warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were drawn during both treatments. Results Of the 14 enrolled subjects, one withdrew due to an adverse event and 13 completed the study. Almorexant had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin. The geometric mean ratios (90 % confidence interval) for the area under the plasma concentration–time curve to infinity (AUC0–∞) of S- and R-warfarin were 0.99 (0.89, 1.09) and 1.05 (0.95, 1.16), respectively, and for the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) and 1.00 (0.88, 1.13), respectively. The main pharmacodynamic variable was the AUC for the international normalized ratio (AUCINR). Almorexant had no effect on this variable as demonstrated by a geometric mean ratio of 0.99 (0.82, 1.19). Secondary pharmacodynamic variables including maximum effect (Emax), the time to the maximum INR, and factor VII plasma concentrations were also not affected by almorexant. Conclusion No dose adjustment of warfarin is necessary when concomitantly administered with almorexant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
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10
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Roecker AJ, Reger TS, Mattern MC, Mercer SP, Bergman JM, Schreier JD, Cube RV, Cox CD, Li D, Lemaire W, Bruno JG, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Stellabott J, Hartman GD, Young SD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of MK-3697: a selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA) for the treatment of insomnia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4884-90. [PMID: 25248679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Orexin receptor antagonists have demonstrated clinical utility for the treatment of insomnia. The majority of clinical efforts to date have focused on the development of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), small molecules that antagonize both the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors. Our group has recently disclosed medicinal chemistry efforts to identify highly potent, orally bioavailable selective orexin 2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs) that possess acceptable profiles for clinical development. Herein we report additional SAR studies within the 'triaryl' amide 2-SORA series focused on improvements in compound stability in acidic media and time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4. These studies resulted in the discovery of 2,5-disubstituted isonicotinamide 2-SORAs such as compound 24 that demonstrated improved stability and TDI profiles as well as excellent sleep efficacy across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States.
| | - Thomas S Reger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States.
| | - M Christa Mattern
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Swati P Mercer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Bergman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - John D Schreier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Rowena V Cube
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Dansu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Wei Lemaire
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Joseph G Bruno
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - C Meacham Harrell
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Susan L Garson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Thomayant Prueksaritanont
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Tamara D Cabalu
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Donghui Cui
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Joyce Stellabott
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - George D Hartman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Steven D Young
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
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Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Fox SV, Gotter AL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Lemaire W, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of dual orexin receptor antagonists with rat sleep efficacy enabled by expansion of the acetonitrile-assisted/diphosgene-mediated 2,4-dichloropyrimidine synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2079-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wagner-Redeker W, Finsterwald I, Dingemanse J. Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of the orexin receptor antagonist almorexant and its four primary metabolites in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 951-952:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Portelius E, Soininen H, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Persson R, Karlsson G, Blennow K, Herukka SK, Mattsson N. Exploring Alzheimer Molecular Pathology in Down's Syndrome Cerebrospinal Fluid. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014; 14:98-106. [PMID: 24992945 DOI: 10.1159/000358800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Schreier JD, Cox CD, Fraley ME, Steen JT, Lemaire W, Bruno JG, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Stellabott J, Hartman GD, Young SD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of 5''-chloro-N-[(5,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,2':5',3''-terpyridine-3'-carboxamide (MK-1064): a selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA) for the treatment of insomnia. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:311-22. [PMID: 24376006 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of small-molecule orexin antagonist research has evolved rapidly in the last 15 years from the discovery of the orexin peptides to clinical proof-of-concept for the treatment of insomnia. Clinical programs have focused on the development of antagonists that reversibly block the action of endogenous peptides at both the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors (OX1 R and OX2 R), termed dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), affording late-stage development candidates including Merck's suvorexant (new drug application filed 2012). Full characterization of the pharmacology associated with antagonism of either OX1 R or OX2 R alone has been hampered by the dearth of suitable subtype-selective, orally bioavailable ligands. Herein, we report the development of a selective orexin 2 antagonist (2-SORA) series to afford a potent, orally bioavailable 2-SORA ligand. Several challenging medicinal chemistry issues were identified and overcome during the development of these 2,5-disubstituted nicotinamides, including reversible CYP inhibition, physiochemical properties, P-glycoprotein efflux and bioactivation. This article highlights structural modifications the team utilized to drive compound design, as well as in vivo characterization of our 2-SORA clinical candidate, 5''-chloro-N-[(5,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,2':5',3''-terpyridine-3'-carboxamide (MK-1064), in mouse, rat, dog, and rhesus sleep models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 (USA).
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Valiante S, Liguori G, Tafuri S, Campese R, Monaco R, Paino S, Laforgia V, Staiano N, Vittoria A. Expression of orexin A and its receptor 1 in the human prostate. J Anat 2013; 222:473-80. [PMID: 23425077 PMCID: PMC3610039 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptides orexin A (OXA) and orexin B, deriving from the cleavage of the precursor molecule prepro-orexin, bind two G-coupled transmembrane receptors, named as receptor 1 (OX1R) and receptor 2 for orexin, showing different affinity-binding properties. First discovered in the rat hypothalamus, orexins and their receptors have been also found in many peripheral tissues where they exert neuroendocrine, autocrine and paracrine functions. Because inconclusive data on their localization in the mammalian prostate are reported, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of prepro-orexin, OXA and OX1R in the human normal and hyperplastic gland. Immunohistochemistry revealed the localization of both OXA and OX1R in the cytoplasm of the follicular exocrine epithelium of all tested normal and hyperplastic prostates. Positive immunostaining was mainly observed in the basal cells of the stratified epithelium, and only rarely in the apical cells. The expression of mRNAs coding for prepro-orexin and OX1R and of proteins in the tissues was also ascertained by polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis, respectively. In order to gain insights into the functional activity of OXA in the prostate, we administered different concentrations of OXA to cultured prostatic epithelial cells PNT1A. We first demonstrated that PNT1A cells express OX1R. The addition of OXA did not affect PNT1A cell proliferation, while it enhanced cAMP synthesis and Ca(2+) release from intracellular storage. Overall, our results definitely demonstrate the expression of OXA and OX1R in the human prostate, and suggest an active role for them in the metabolism of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanna Liguori
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Simona Tafuri
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Monaco
- Department of Pathology, Cardarelli HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Paino
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Norma Staiano
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Vittoria
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
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Black SW, Morairty SR, Fisher SP, Chen TM, Warrier DR, Kilduff TS. Almorexant promotes sleep and exacerbates cataplexy in a murine model of narcolepsy. Sleep 2013; 36:325-36. [PMID: 23449602 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Humans with narcolepsy and orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic (TG) mice exhibit extensive, but incomplete, degeneration of hypo-cretin (Hcrt) neurons. Partial Hcrt cell loss also occurs in Parkinson disease and other neurologic conditions. Whether Hcrt antagonists such as almorexant (ALM) can exert an effect on the Hcrt that remains after Hcrt neurodegeneration has not yet been determined. The current study was designed to evaluate the hypnotic and cataplexy-inducing efficacy of a Hcrt antagonist in an animal model with low Hcrt tone and compare the ALM efficacy profile in the disease model to that produced in wild-type (WT) control animals. DESIGN Counterbalanced crossover study. SETTING Home cage. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Nine TG mice and 10 WT mice. INTERVENTIONS ALM (30, 100, 300 mg/kg), vehicle and positive control injections, dark/active phase onset. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS During the 12-h dark period after dosing, ALM exacerbated cataplexy in TG mice and increased nonrapid eye movement sleep with heightened sleep/wake fragmentation in both genotypes. ALM showed greater hypnotic potency in WT mice than in TG mice. The 100 mg/kg dose conferred maximal promotion of cataplexy in TG mice and maximal promotion of REM sleep in WT mice. In TG mice, ALM (30 mg/ kg) paradoxically induced a transient increase in active wakefulness. Core body temperature (Tb) decreased after acute Hcrt receptor blockade, but the reduction in Tb that normally accompanies the wake-to-sleep transition was blunted in TG mice. CONCLUSIONS These complex dose- and genotype-dependent interactions underscore the importance of effector mechanisms downstream from Hcrt receptors that regulate arousal state. Cataplexy promotion by ALM warrants cautious use of Hcrt antagonists in patient populations with Hcrt neurodegeneration, but may also facilitate the discovery of anticataplectic medications. CITATION Black SW; Morairty SR; Fisher SP; Chen TM; Warrier DR; Kilduff TS. Almorexant promotes sleep and exacerbates cataplexy in a murine model of narcolepsy. SLEEP 2013;36(3):325-336.
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Black SW, Morairty SR, Fisher SP, Chen TM, Warrier DR, Kilduff TS. Almorexant promotes sleep and exacerbates cataplexy in a murine model of narcolepsy. Sleep 2013. [PMID: 23449602 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2442.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Humans with narcolepsy and orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic (TG) mice exhibit extensive, but incomplete, degeneration of hypo-cretin (Hcrt) neurons. Partial Hcrt cell loss also occurs in Parkinson disease and other neurologic conditions. Whether Hcrt antagonists such as almorexant (ALM) can exert an effect on the Hcrt that remains after Hcrt neurodegeneration has not yet been determined. The current study was designed to evaluate the hypnotic and cataplexy-inducing efficacy of a Hcrt antagonist in an animal model with low Hcrt tone and compare the ALM efficacy profile in the disease model to that produced in wild-type (WT) control animals. DESIGN Counterbalanced crossover study. SETTING Home cage. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Nine TG mice and 10 WT mice. INTERVENTIONS ALM (30, 100, 300 mg/kg), vehicle and positive control injections, dark/active phase onset. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS During the 12-h dark period after dosing, ALM exacerbated cataplexy in TG mice and increased nonrapid eye movement sleep with heightened sleep/wake fragmentation in both genotypes. ALM showed greater hypnotic potency in WT mice than in TG mice. The 100 mg/kg dose conferred maximal promotion of cataplexy in TG mice and maximal promotion of REM sleep in WT mice. In TG mice, ALM (30 mg/ kg) paradoxically induced a transient increase in active wakefulness. Core body temperature (Tb) decreased after acute Hcrt receptor blockade, but the reduction in Tb that normally accompanies the wake-to-sleep transition was blunted in TG mice. CONCLUSIONS These complex dose- and genotype-dependent interactions underscore the importance of effector mechanisms downstream from Hcrt receptors that regulate arousal state. Cataplexy promotion by ALM warrants cautious use of Hcrt antagonists in patient populations with Hcrt neurodegeneration, but may also facilitate the discovery of anticataplectic medications. CITATION Black SW; Morairty SR; Fisher SP; Chen TM; Warrier DR; Kilduff TS. Almorexant promotes sleep and exacerbates cataplexy in a murine model of narcolepsy. SLEEP 2013;36(3):325-336.
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Nollet M, Gaillard P, Tanti A, Girault V, Belzung C, Leman S. Neurogenesis-independent antidepressant-like effects on behavior and stress axis response of a dual orexin receptor antagonist in a rodent model of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2210-21. [PMID: 22713907 PMCID: PMC3422486 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that an increase of orexin (or hypocretin) signaling is involved in the pathophysiology of major depression, but little is known regarding the causal link between the orexinergic system and depressive-like states. Here we blocked orexin receptors in mice subjected to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) to investigate putative antidepressant-like effects of this treatment, as well as the underlying mechanisms. BALB/c mice were exposed to 9 weeks of UCMS and from the third week onward treated daily with fluoxetine (20 mg/kg per day, per os) or with the dual orexin receptor antagonist almorexant (100 mg/kg per day, per os). The effects of UCMS regimen and pharmacological treatments were assessed by physical measures and behavioral testing. The dexamethasone suppression test was performed to examine the integrity of the negative feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and immunohistochemical markers were used to assess cell proliferation (Ki-67), immature newborn neurons (doublecortin), and mature newborn neurons (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine/NeuN) in the dorsal and ventral parts of the hippocampus. Our results show that 7 weeks of fluoxetine or almorexant treatments counteract the UCMS-induced physical and behavioral alterations. Both treatments prevented the HPA axis dysregulation caused by UCMS, but only fluoxetine reversed the UCMS-induced decrease of hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis, while chronic almorexant treatment decreased cell proliferation and neurogenesis specifically in the ventral hippocampus. Taken together, this is the first evidence that pharmacological blockade of the orexinergic system induces a robust antidepressant-like effect and the restoration of stress-related HPA axis defect independently from a neurogenic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nollet
- Inserm U930—Imaging and Brain, Université François Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gaillard
- Inserm U930—Imaging and Brain, Université François Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France,Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Arnaud Tanti
- Inserm U930—Imaging and Brain, Université François Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France
| | - Virginie Girault
- Inserm U930—Imaging and Brain, Université François Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France
| | - Catherine Belzung
- Inserm U930—Imaging and Brain, Université François Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France
| | - Samuel Leman
- Inserm U930—Imaging and Brain, Université François Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France,UMR Inserm 930—Imaging and Brain, Team 4: Affective Disorders, Université François Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France, Tel: +33 02 47 36 69 97, Fax: +33 02 47 36 72 85, E-mail:
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Leak RK, Moore RY. Innervation of ventricular and periventricular brain compartments. Brain Res 2012; 1463:51-62. [PMID: 22575559 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic transmission is divided into two broad categories on the basis of the distance over which neurotransmitters travel. Wiring transmission is the release of transmitter into synaptic clefts in close apposition to receptors. Volume transmission is the release of transmitters or modulators over varying distances before interacting with receptors. One case of volume transmission over potentially long distances involves release into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF contains neuroactive substances that affect brain function and range in size from small molecule transmitters to peptides and large proteins. CSF-contacting neurons are a well-known and universal feature of non-mammalian vertebrates, but only supra- and subependymal serotonergic plexuses are a commonly studied feature in mammals. The origin of most other neuroactive substances in CSF is unknown. In order to determine which brain regions communicate with CSF, we describe the distribution of retrograde neuronal labeling in the rat brain following ventricular injection of Cholera toxin, ß subunit (CTß), a tracer frequently used in brain circuit analysis. Within 15 to 30 min following intraventricular injection, there is only diffuse, non-specific staining adjacent to the ventricular surface. Within 2 to 10 days, however, there is extensive labeling of neuronal perikarya in specific nuclear groups in the telencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus and brainstem, many at a considerable distance from the ventricles. These observations support the view that ventricular CSF is a significant channel for volume transmission and identifies those brain regions most likely to be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Kis GK, Molnár AH, Daruka L, Gardi J, Rákosi K, László F, László FA, Varga C. The osmotically and histamine-induced enhancement of the plasma vasopressin level is diminished by intracerebroventricularly administered orexin in rats. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463:531-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Narcolepsy with hypocretin/orexin deficiency, infections and autoimmunity of the brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011; 21:897-903. [PMID: 21963829 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The loss of hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (hcrt) producing neurons causes narcolepsy with cataplexy. An autoimmune basis for the disease has long been suspected and recent results have greatly strengthened this hypothesis. Narcolepsy with hcrt deficiency is now known to be associated with a Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) and T-cell receptor (TCR) polymorphisms, suggesting that an autoimmune process targets a single peptide unique to hcrt-cells via specific HLA-peptide-TCR interactions. Recent data have shown a robust seasonality of disease onset in children and associations with Streptococcus Pyogenes, and influenza A H1N1-infection and H1N1-vaccination, pointing towards processes such as molecular mimicry or bystander activation as crucial for disease development. We speculate that upper airway infections may be common precipitants of a whole host of CNS autoimmune complications including narcolepsy.
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