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Kumar S, Goddu Govindappa SK, Bolar AR, Adiga CP, Basrur RMR, Pramod MNB, Pendyala SK, Agadi JB, Shetty R. Recurrent Third Nerve Paresis with Migraine: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Neuroophthalmology 2024; 48:60-64. [PMID: 38357620 PMCID: PMC10863380 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2023.2276191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM), first described by Charcot in 1870, is a disorder characterised by recurrent episodes of migraine associated with ophthalmoplegia. It has been extensively described in children and is rarer in adults. Commonly, the third nerve is affected with pupillary involvement and, more rarely, the fourth or the sixth nerve. OM is now believed to be an inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. However, in the largest series of OM so far, by Lal et al. it most commonly involved the sixth nerve, started with a crescendo migraine and was accompanied by no enhancement of the cranial nerves. This has led to a rethink about the role of migraine, in the pathogenesis of OM. We describe a 14-year-old boy, with a 10-year history of intermittent headache followed by drooping of right eyelid and diplopia. The current episode started with a migrainous headache, which increased in severity over 3 days, followed by right third nerve paresis with pupillary involvement. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with contrast showed nodular thickening at the root entry zone of the right oculomotor nerve with bright enhancement. The child responded to oral prednisolone, which was tapered over a month. Migraine prophylaxis with propranolol was concurrently added. His repeat MRI brain showed complete disappearance of enhancement of the lesion at 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Kumar
- Consultant Neurologist, Apollo Hospitals, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Abdul Rawoof Bolar
- Consultant, Comprehensive and Neuroopthalmology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rohit Shetty
- Chairman and Senior Consultant Neuroopthalmology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
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Takkar A, Kumar KVA, Katoch D, Singh P, Minz R, Anand S, Kathirvel S, Ravishankar K, Lal V, Caplan LR. Serum Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Is Elevated in Patients With Migraine and Ophthalmoplegia. J Neuroophthalmol 2023; 43:399-405. [PMID: 36255114 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is ongoing debate about whether the oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), or abducens (VI) nerve paresis in patients with migraine is directly attributable to migraine (ophthalmoplegic migraine [OM]) or is due to an inflammatory neuropathy (recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy [RPON]). As migraine is associated with elevated serum calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels, we studied serum CGRP levels among patients with OM/RPON to determine whether they are elevated during and between attacks. This is the first study assessing CGRP levels in the serum of patients with OM/RPON. METHODS The aim of this case-control study was to assess serum CGRP levels in patients with ophthalmoplegia and a headache consistent with migraine according to ICHD-3 criteria. Serum CGRP levels were measured during the ictal and interictal phases in 15 patients with OM/RPON and compared with age-matched and sex-matched controls without migraine (12 patients). RESULTS The median serum CGRP levels were significantly elevated ( P = 0.021) during the ictal phase (37.2 [36.4, 43.6] ng/L) compared with controls (32.5 [30.1, 37.3] ng/L). Serum CGRP levels during the attack correlated with the total duration of ophthalmoplegia. A CGRP level of 35.5 ng/L in the ictal phase of the attack had a sensitivity of 86.7% and specificity of 75.0% in diagnosing a patient with OM/RPON. CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum CGRP levels during the ictal phase of OM/RPON favor migraine as the underlying cause of episodic headache with ophthalmoplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Takkar
- Departments of Neurology (AT, VL), Internal Medicine (KVAK), Ophthalmology (DK), Radiodiagnosis (PS), Immunopathology (RM, SA), and Community Medicine and School of Public Health (SK), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India ; The Headache and Migraine Clinics (KR), Jaslok and Lilavati Hospitals, Mumbai, India; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (LC) (LRC), and Department of Neurology (LC), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Liu Y, Wang M, Bian X, Qiu E, Han X, Dong Z, Yu S. Proposed modified diagnostic criteria for recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: Five case reports and literature review. Cephalalgia 2020; 40:1657-1670. [PMID: 32722935 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420944872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON) is an uncommon disorder characterized by recurrent unilateral headache attacks associated with ipsilateral ophthalmoplegia. We intend to study the clinical picture in our case series along with the published literature to discuss the pathogenesis and propose modified diagnostic criteria for recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy. Methods We reported five cases diagnosed as ophthalmoplegic migraine/RPON in our medical centers and reviewed the published literature related to RPON from the Pubmed database between 2000 and 2020. In one of these cases, a multiplanar reformation was performed to look at the aberrant cranial nerve. Results The mean onset age for RPON was 22.1 years, and the oculomotor nerve was the most commonly involved cranial nerve (53.9%) in 165 reviewed patients. In most patients, ophthalmoplegia started within 1 week of the headache attack (95.7%, 67/70). Additionally, 27.6% (40/145) of patients presented enhancement of the involved nerve(s) from MRI tests. Finally, 78 patients received corticosteroids, out of which 96.2% benefited from them. Conclusion This is the first time multiplanar reformation has been performed to reveal the distortion of the oculomotor nerve. Modified diagnostic criteria are proposed. We hope to expand the current knowledge and increase the detection of recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA and Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Geriatric Neurological Department of the Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiangbing Bian
- Department of Radiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Enchao Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xun Han
- Medical School of Chinese PLA and Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhao Dong
- Medical School of Chinese PLA and Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA and Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Lal V, Caplan L. Are some ophthalmoplegias migrainous in origin? Neurol Clin Pract 2019; 9:256-262. [PMID: 31341714 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The 3rd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders replaced the term ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) with Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy (RPON) based on the presence of contrast enhancement of the involved cranial nerves on Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. We review our experience and publications concerning ophthalmoplegia, migraine, and RPON. Majority of cases of acute ophthalmoplegia are associated with severe migrainous headaches. A positive history of migraine, increased severity of migraine headaches before the onset of ophthalmoplegia, and the close temporal association between migraine attacks and ophthalmoplegia all suggest an important role played by migraine in the causation of ophthalmoplegia. Enhancement of the involved cranial nerves may be due to the neuro-inflammatory cascade associated with migraine. OM should be considered along with RPON in differential diagnoses of painful ophthalmoplegic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Lal
- Department of Neurology (VL), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (LC); and Department of Neurology (LC), Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Louis Caplan
- Department of Neurology (VL), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (LC); and Department of Neurology (LC), Harvard University, Boston, MA
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Sharma B, Sannegowda RB, Kumar S, Dubey P. Ophthalmoplegic migraine with trigeminal nerve involvement. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr2013009630. [PMID: 23715838 PMCID: PMC3669997 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-009630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 25-year-old man with a history of uncontrolled migrainous headaches who developed third nerve palsy and sensory loss over V1 distribution of trigeminal nerve, during an attack of severe migraine. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain and cavernous sinus was normal and did not disclose nerve enhancement. CT angiogram was also normal. The patient recovered uneventfully in 2 weeks on oral steroids. The commonest cranial nerve implicated in ophthalmoplegic migraine is the occulomotor nerve. Involvement of the fifth nerve has never been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Sharma
- Department of Neurology, SMS Medical College Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
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Maggioni F, Briani C, Margoni M, Zanchin G. Ophthalmoplegic migraine: could electroencephalogram still be a useful tool to better understand the pathogenetic mechanism? Cephalalgia 2012; 32:1227-9. [PMID: 23053303 DOI: 10.1177/0333102412462641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chakravarty A, Mukherjee A. Ophthalmoplegic migraine: A critical analysis and a new proposal. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2012; 15:S2-6. [PMID: 23024560 PMCID: PMC3444213 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.99985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The nosology, classification and pathophysiology of ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) remains complex and debatable. A recently proposed classification of OM leaves several caveats. A critical analysis of all reported cases of OM (1993-2010) has been made incorporating the authors' own experience to arrive at a simple, unambiguous and easy to use diagnostic criteria and classification of OM. Between 2005 and 2010, 18 adult cases of OM had been seen whose clinical details are summarized. Most had sixth nerve palsies associated with migraine-like headaches lasting more than 4 days. Other possibilities were carefully excluded. All subjects responded to corticosteroids favorably. We prefer using the term ophthalmoplegia with migraine-like headache (OMLH) rather than OM. We classify OMLH as a migraine subtype (1.7) and into two groups-childhood-onset type (where third nerve palsies and nerve enhancement are common) and adult-onset type (where sixth nerve palsies are more common and nerve enhancement unusual). This clinico-radiological classification does not in any way hint at any difference in pathophysiology between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambar Chakravarty
- Department of Neurology, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Science, Kolkatta, West Bengal, India
| | - Angshuman Mukherjee
- Department of Neurology, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Science, Kolkatta, West Bengal, India
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Albayram S, Asik M, Hasiloglu ZI, Dikici AS, Erdemli HE, Altintas A. Pathological contrast enhancement of the oculomotor and trigeminal nerves caused by intracranial hypotension syndrome. Headache 2011; 51:804-8. [PMID: 21521210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The typical symptom of intracranial hypotension syndrome is orthostatic headache. The headache may also be accompanied by neck pain and stiffness, low backache, radicular symptoms, quadriplegia, interscapular pain, nausea/vomiting, and cranial nerve involvement symptoms (hearing and visual problems, face pain and numbness, hypogeusia). Radiologically, on cranial magnetic resonance imaging, intracranial hypotension syndrome is characterized by dural thickening and contrast enhancement, subdural effusion, engorgement of the venous structures, sagging or downward displacement of the brain, and pituitary hyperemia. Although clinical findings related to cranial nerves 3 and 5 have been described in intracranial hypotension, pathological contrast enhancement of these nerves has not. We present a 32-year-old patient whose cranial magnetic resonance imaging shows bilateral pathological contrast enhancement of cranial nerves 3 and 5 and describe a new imaging finding in intracranial hypotension syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sait Albayram
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical School-Radiology Department, Neuroradiology Division, Istanbul, Turkey
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Özge A, Termine C, Antonaci F, Natriashvili S, Guidetti V, Wöber-Bingöl Ç. Overview of diagnosis and management of paediatric headache. Part I: diagnosis. J Headache Pain 2011; 12:13-23. [PMID: 21359874 PMCID: PMC3056001 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-011-0297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Headache is the most common somatic complaint in children and adolescents. The evaluation should include detailed history of children and adolescents completed by detailed general and neurological examinations. Moreover, the possible role of psychological factors, life events and excessively stressful lifestyle in influencing recurrent headache need to be checked. The choice of laboratory tests rests on the differential diagnosis suggested by the history, the character and temporal pattern of the headache, and the physical and neurological examinations. Subjects who have any signs or symptoms of focal/progressive neurological disturbances should be investigated by neuroimaging techniques. The electroencephalogram and other neurophysiological examinations are of limited value in the routine evaluation of headaches. In a primary headache disorder, headache itself is the illness and headache is not attributed to any other disorder (e.g. migraine, tension-type headache, cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic cephalgias). In secondary headache disorders, headache is the symptom of identifiable structural, metabolic or other abnormality. Red flags include the first or worst headache ever in the life, recent headache onset, increasing severity or frequency, occipital location, awakening from sleep because of headache, headache occurring exclusively in the morning associated with severe vomiting and headache associated with straining. Thus, the differential diagnosis between primary and secondary headaches rests mainly on clinical criteria. A thorough evaluation of headache in children and adolescents is necessary to make the correct diagnosis and initiate treatment, bearing in mind that children with headache are more likely to experience psychosocial adversity and to grow up with an excess of both headache and other physical and psychiatric symptoms and this creates an important healthcare problem for their future life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Özge
- Department of Neurology, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Cristiano Termine
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabio Antonaci
- University Center for Adaptive Disorders and Headache (UCADH), Unit of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sophia Natriashvili
- Department of Psychiatry of Childhood and Adolescence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincenzo Guidetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Çiçek Wöber-Bingöl
- Department of Psychiatry of Childhood and Adolescence, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) is characterized by recurrent attacks of headache with paresis of ocular cranial nerves. Previously, it was classified as a variant of migraine, but recently, International Headache Classification (IHCD-II) has reclassified OM to the category of neuralgia. Presently, OM is considered a type of recurrent demyelinating cranial neuropathy. We report an adolescent girl with OM, who had been treated with steroid and showed dramatic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahua Roy
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Darjeeling, India
| | - Jagabandhu Ghosh
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, SSKM and IPGMER, Kolkata, India
| | - Sujit Deb
- Department of Neuro-Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Darjeeling, India
| | - Narayan Pandit
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Darjeeling, India
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Barriga FJ, López de Silanes C, Gili P, Pareja JA. Ciliary ganglioplegic migraine: migraine-related prolonged mydriasis. Cephalalgia 2010; 31:291-5. [PMID: 20847085 DOI: 10.1177/0333102410381144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient, unilateral mydriasis has been reported in migraine patients, and this has been regarded as a possible co-morbidity between migraine and Adie's tonic pupil. Mydriasis that outlasts the duration of migraine attacks is rare. METHODS Through an eight-year period we have studied all patients referred to our neurological clinic because of migraine attack with mydriasis. All the patients underwent thorough neurologic and ophthalmologic examinations including MRI of the brain and testing of the pupil response to ocular instillation of dilute pilocarpine (0.125%). RESULTS Seven women and two men, with a mean age of 33.8 ± 12.3 years (range: 19-52) were included. The patients presented during one hemicranial migraine attack with an ipsilateral mydriasis that persisted for a mean of three months, while migraine headaches remained with their typical episodic course. In all the patients a cholinergic supersensitivity in the symptomatic pupil was demonstrated, thus pointing to a dysfunction of the ipsilateral ganglionic parasympathetic fibers. CONCLUSIONS Synchronous co-localization of the features suggests a pathogenic link between the pupil dysfunction and migraine, rather than a simultaneous coexistence of two independent disorders. Likely explanations include a latent Adie's pupil that could have been triggered during a particular migraine attack; a ciliar ganglionic lesion/dysfunction produced by the migrainous process; an ophthalmoplegic migraine with selective parasympathycoparesis; or an episodic ciliar ganglionitis with migrainous features. Ciliary ganglioplegic migraine is proposed as a nominal term pointing to the possible anatomic source of the migrainous-related pupil dysfunction; the pathogenesis remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Barriga
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Fundación Hospital Alcorcón, Avda. Budapest 1, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Pareja JA, Churruca J, de la Casa Fages B, de Silanes CL, Sánchez C, Barriga FJ. Ophthalmoplegic migraine. Two patients with an absolute response to indomethacin. Cephalalgia 2010; 30:757-60. [PMID: 19732068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.02003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two patients suffering from ophthalmoplegic migraine had a strictly unilateral headache absolutely responsive to indomethacin, but not to other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics or corticosteroids. Such observations raise a therapeutic alternative and suggest that ophthalmoplegic migraine may present with different headache phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pareja
- Department of Neurology, Madrid Quirón Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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