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Chandrabalan A, Firth A, Litchfield RB, Appleton CT, Getgood A, Ramachandran R. Human osteoarthritis knee joint synovial fluids cleave and activate Proteinase-Activated Receptor (PAR) mediated signaling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1124. [PMID: 36670151 PMCID: PMC9859807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disorder with increasing worldwide incidence. Mechanistic insights into OA pathophysiology are evolving and there are currently no disease-modifying OA drugs. An increase in protease activity is linked to progressive degradation of the cartilage in OA. Proteases also trigger inflammation through a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called the Proteinase-Activated Receptors (PARs). PAR signaling can trigger pro-inflammatory responses and targeting PARs is proposed as a therapeutic approach in OA. Several enzymes can cleave the PAR N-terminus, but the endogenous protease activators of PARs in OA remain unclear. Here we characterized PAR activating enzymes in knee joint synovial fluids from OA patients and healthy donors using genetically encoded PAR biosensor expressing cells. Calcium signaling assays were performed to examine receptor activation. The class and type of enzymes cleaving the PARs was further characterized using protease inhibitors and fluorogenic substrates. We find that PAR1, PAR2 and PAR4 activating enzymes are present in knee joint synovial fluids from healthy controls and OA patients. Compared to healthy controls, PAR1 activating enzymes are elevated in OA synovial fluids while PAR4 activating enzyme levels are decreased. Using enzyme class and type selective inhibitors and fluorogenic substrates we find that multiple PAR activating enzymes are present in OA joint fluids and identify serine proteinases (thrombin and trypsin-like) and matrix metalloproteinases as the major classes of PAR activating enzymes in the OA synovial fluids. Synovial fluid driven increase in calcium signaling was significantly reduced in cells treated with PAR1 and PAR2 antagonists, but not in PAR4 antagonist treated cells. OA associated elevation of PAR1 cleavage suggests that targeting this receptor may be beneficial in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bone and Joint Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Andrew Firth
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Bone and Joint Institute, Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert B Litchfield
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Bone and Joint Institute, Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - C Thomas Appleton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bone and Joint Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Bone and Joint Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Dr. Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alan Getgood
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Bone and Joint Institute, Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bone and Joint Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Dou H, Wang S, Hu J, Song J, Zhang C, Wang J, Xiao L. Osteoarthritis models: From animals to tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231172584. [PMID: 37223125 PMCID: PMC10201005 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231172584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative osteoarthropathy. Although it has been revealed that a variety of factors can cause or aggravate the symptoms of OA, the pathogenic mechanisms of OA remain unknown. Reliable OA models that accurately reflect human OA disease are crucial for studies on the pathogenic mechanism of OA and therapeutic drug evaluation. This review first demonstrated the importance of OA models by briefly introducing the OA pathological features and the current limitations in the pathogenesis and treatment of OA. Then, it mainly discusses the development of different OA models, including animal and engineered models, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages from the perspective of pathogenesis and pathology analysis. In particular, the state-of-the-art engineered models and their potential were emphasized, as they may represent the future direction in the development of OA models. Finally, the challenges in obtaining reliable OA models are also discussed, and possible future directions are outlined to shed some light on this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Dou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuhan Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen Testing Center of Medical Devices, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiawei Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Improved Joint Health Following Oral Administration of Glycosaminoglycans with Native Type II Collagen in a Rabbit Model of Osteoarthritis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111401. [PMID: 35681865 PMCID: PMC9179918 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Osteoarthritis is an incurable chronic disease. For this reason, new therapies are constantly emerging to improve clinical signs and the quality of life of our pets. Chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine and hyaluronic acid have been proven effective and are the most widely used in many formulations. In the present study, adding native type II collagen to the combination of chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine and hyaluronic acid showed improvements on osteoarthritis progression in an experimental model of osteoarthritis induced by transection of the cranial cruciate ligament of the knee in New Zealand white rabbits. Disease progression was monitored at different time points using magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers, measurement of hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid, and macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of cartilage, synovial membrane and subchondral bone. Overall, our results showed that adding native type II collagen to a combination of glycosaminoglycans allows a significantly slower osteoarthritis progression, compared to glycosaminoglycans alone. Abstract A prospective, experimental, randomized, double blinded study was designed to evaluate the effects of glycosaminoglycans, with or without native type II collagen (NC), in an osteoarthritis model induced by cranial cruciate ligament transection. The following compounds were tested: chondroitin sulfate (CS), glucosamine hydrochloride (GlHCl), hyaluronic acid (HA) and NC. Fifty-four female 12-week-old New Zealand rabbits were classified into three groups: CTR (control–no treatment), CGH (CS + GlHCl + HA) and CGH-NC (CS + GlHCl + HA + NC). Each group was subdivided into three subgroups according to survival times of 24, 56 and 84 days. Over time, all rabbits developed degenerative changes associated with osteoarthritis. CGH-NC showed significantly improved values on macroscopic evaluation, compared to CTR and CGH. Microscopically, significantly better results were seen with CGH and CGH-NC, compared to CTR, and synovial membrane values were significantly better with CGH-NC compared to CGH. A significant improvement in magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers was also observed with CGH-NC in cartilage transversal relaxation time (T2) and subchondral bone D2D fractal dimension in the lateral condyle. In conclusion, our results show beneficial effects on joint health of CGH and CGH-NC and also supports that adding NC to CGH results in even greater efficacy.
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Drevet S, Favier B, Brun E, Gavazzi G, Lardy B. Mouse Models of Osteoarthritis: A Summary of Models and Outcomes Assessment. Comp Med 2022; 72:3-13. [PMID: 34986927 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multidimensional health problem and a common chronic disease. It has a substantial impact onpatient quality of life and is a common cause of pain and mobility issues in older adults. The functional limitations, lack of curative treatments, and cost to society all demonstrate the need for translational and clinical research. The use of OA models in mice is important for achieving a better understanding of the disease. Models with clinical relevance are needed to achieve 2 main goals: to assess the impact of the OA disease (pain and function) and to study the efficacy of potential treatments. However, few OA models include practical strategies for functional assessment of the mice. OA signs in mice incorporate complex interrelations between pain and dysfunction. The current review provides a comprehensive compilation of mousemodels of OA and animal evaluations that include static and dynamic clinical assessment of the mice, merging evaluationof pain and function by using automatic and noninvasive techniques. These new techniques allow simultaneous recordingof spontaneous activity from thousands of home cages and also monitor environment conditions. Technologies such as videographyand computational approaches can also be used to improve pain assessment in rodents but these new tools must first be validated experimentally. An example of a new tool is the digital ventilated cage, which is an automated home-cage monitor that records spontaneous activity in the cages.
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Png G, Barysenka A, Repetto L, Navarro P, Shen X, Pietzner M, Wheeler E, Wareham NJ, Langenberg C, Tsafantakis E, Karaleftheri M, Dedoussis G, Mälarstig A, Wilson JF, Gilly A, Zeggini E. Mapping the serum proteome to neurological diseases using whole genome sequencing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7042. [PMID: 34857772 PMCID: PMC8640022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing global burden of neurological disorders, there is a lack of effective diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. Proteins are often dysregulated in disease and have a strong genetic component. Here, we carry out a protein quantitative trait locus analysis of 184 neurologically-relevant proteins, using whole genome sequencing data from two isolated population-based cohorts (N = 2893). In doing so, we elucidate the genetic landscape of the circulating proteome and its connection to neurological disorders. We detect 214 independently-associated variants for 107 proteins, the majority of which (76%) are cis-acting, including 114 variants that have not been previously identified. Using two-sample Mendelian randomisation, we identify causal associations between serum CD33 and Alzheimer's disease, GPNMB and Parkinson's disease, and MSR1 and schizophrenia, describing their clinical potential and highlighting drug repurposing opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Png
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. .,TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrei Barysenka
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Linda Repetto
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pau Navarro
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xia Shen
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Fudan University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maik Pietzner
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.484013.aComputational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - George Dedoussis
- grid.15823.3d0000 0004 0622 2843Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anders Mälarstig
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden ,Emerging Science & Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - James F. Wilson
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Arthur Gilly
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. .,TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
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6
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Lai YY, Li D, Chang SW. Computational insights into the substrate recognition mechanism of cartilage extracellular matrix degradation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5535-5545. [PMID: 34712398 PMCID: PMC8526910 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is connective tissue that forms a slippery load-bearing joint surface between bones. With outstanding mechanical properties, it plays an essential role in cushioning impact and protecting the ends of bones. Abnormal mechanical stimulation, such as repetitive overloading or chondral injury, induces excessive cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, leading to osteoarthritis and other joint disorders. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-5 (ADAMTS-5) is an aggrecanase that dominates the catalysis of aggrecan, the major proteoglycan in the cartilage ECM. Intriguingly, unlike its critical cleavage site Glu373-374Ala, another potential cleavage site, Glu419-420Ala, composed of the same amino acids in the aggrecan interglobular domain, is not a major cleavage site. It remains unclear how ADAMTS-5 distinguishes between them and hydrolyzes the correct scissile bonds. This research introduces a bottom-up in silico approach to reveal the molecular mechanism by which ADAMTS-5 recognizes the cleavage site on aggrecan. It is hypothesized that the sequence in the vicinity assists ADAMTS-5 in positioning the cleavage site. Specific residues were found to serve as binding sites, helping aggrecan bind more stably and fit into the enzyme better. The findings provide insight into the substrate binding and recognition mechanism for cartilage ECM degradation from a brand new atomic-scale perspective, laying the foundation for prophylaxis and treatment of related joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu Lai
- National Taiwan University, Department of Civil Engineering, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Deng Li
- National Taiwan University, Department of Civil Engineering, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- National Taiwan University, Department of Civil Engineering, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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7
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Zhang Z, Mei Y, Feng M, Wang C, Yang P, Tian R. The relationship between common variants in the DPEP1 gene and the susceptibility and clinical severity of osteoarthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:1192-1199. [PMID: 34291562 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Previous studies have provided evidence linking the DPEP1 gene to the risk of osteoarthritis (OA) in Europeans. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between DPEP1 gene and the susceptibility and clinical severity of OA in a Chinese Han population. METHODS This study comprised two independent samples. For the discovery stage, 1022 patients with knee OA and 1864 controls were recruited. Fourteen tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering the DPEP1 gene were selected and genotyped. Associated SNPs in the discovery data set were subsequently genotyped in the replication data set consisting of 826 hip OA cases and 1662 controls. Both genotypic and allelic genetic associations were tested. The relationship of significant SNPs to the expression of DPEP1 and its neighboring genes was examined using the GTEx database. RESULTS A nonsynonymous SNP, rs1126464, was determined to be associated with the disease status of OA in both the discovery and replication stages (odds ratio [OR] 0.75, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.68-0.82, P = 7.16 × 10-11 ). This SNP was further characterized as being significantly related to a higher Kellgren-Lawrence grade in OA patients (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.55-0.74, P = 2.53 × 10-9 ). According to the GTEx data, SNP rs1126464 was significantly related to the gene expression of 15 genes in multiple types of human tissues. CONCLUSION We reported a common DNA variant in the DPEP1 gene that contributes to the risk of OA, providing additional evidence that the DPEP1 gene plays a significant role in the pathological mechanisms of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yufeng Mei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immune Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Run Tian
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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8
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Warner SC, Nair A, Marpadga R, Chubinskaya S, Doherty M, Valdes AM, Scanzello CR. IL-15 and IL15RA in Osteoarthritis: Association With Symptoms and Protease Production, but Not Structural Severity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1385. [PMID: 32793194 PMCID: PMC7390829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is increased in joint fluids of early-stage osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and has been associated with expression of proteases that can damage cartilage, and the development of neuropathic pain-like symptoms (NP) after nerve injury. The objective of this study was to further explore the role of IL-15 in the pathogenesis of OA cartilage degeneration and test genetic variation in the IL-15 receptor α gene (IL15RA) for an association with OA with radiographic severity and symptoms. Methods: Cartilage samples from donors (n = 10) were analyzed for expression of the IL15 receptor α-chain using immunohistochemistry, and for responses to IL-15 in vitro using explant cultures. Data from two independent Nottinghamshire-based studies (n = 795 and n = 613) were used to test genetic variants in the IL15RA gene (rs2228059 and rs7097780) for an association with radiographic severity, symptomatic vs. asymptomatic OA and NP. Results: IL-15Rα was expressed in chondrocytes from cartilage obtained from normal and degenerative knees. IL-15 significantly increased the release of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3 (MMP-1 and -3), but did not affect loss of proteoglycan from the articular matrix. Genetic variants in the IL15RA gene are associated with risk of symptomatic vs. asymptomatic OA (rs7097780 OR = 1.48 95% 1.10-1.98 p < 0.01) and with the risk of NP post-total joint replacement (rs2228059 OR = 0.76 95% 0.63-0.92 p < 0.01) but not with radiographic severity. Conclusions: In two different cohorts of patients, we show an association between genetic variation at the IL15 receptor and pain. Although ex vivo cartilage explants could respond to IL-15 with increased protease production, we found no effect of IL-15 on cartilage matrix loss and no association between IL15RA variants and radiographic severity. Together, these results suggest that IL-15 signaling may be a target for pain, but may not impact structural progression, in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Warner
- Academic Rheumatology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anjali Nair
- Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rahul Marpadga
- Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Susan Chubinskaya
- Division of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael Doherty
- Academic Rheumatology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre and National Institutes for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M Valdes
- Academic Rheumatology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre and National Institutes for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carla R Scanzello
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center & Section of Rheumatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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9
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Masson AO, Krawetz RJ. Understanding cartilage protection in OA and injury: a spectrum of possibilities. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:432. [PMID: 32620156 PMCID: PMC7334861 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disease resulting in progressive degeneration of the hyaline articular cartilage within synovial joints. Current repair treatments for OA often result in poor quality tissue that is functionally ineffective compared to the hyaline cartilage and demonstrates increased failure rates post-treatment. Complicating efforts to improve clinical outcomes, animal models used in pre-clinical research show significant heterogeneity in their regenerative and degenerative responses associated with their species, age, genetic/epigenetic traits, and context of cartilage injury or disease. These can lead to variable outcomes when testing and validating novel therapeutic approaches for OA. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether protection against OA among different model systems is driven by inhibition of cartilage degeneration, enhancement of cartilage regeneration, or any combination thereof. MAIN TEXT Understanding the mechanistic basis underlying this context-dependent duality is essential for the rational design of targeted cartilage repair and OA therapies. Here, we discuss some of the critical variables related to the cross-species paradigm of degenerative and regenerative abilities found in pre-clinical animal models, to highlight that a gradient of regenerative competence within cartilage may exist across species and even in the greater human population, and likely influences clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS A more complete understanding of the endogenous regenerative potential of cartilage in a species specific context may facilitate the development of effective therapeutic approaches for cartilage injury and/or OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand O Masson
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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10
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects the synovial joint. Animal models commonly used to study the disease and its therapeutic treatment are generally spontaneous or induced. The lack of an animal model representing all types of existing OA requires knowledge about what can be expected from each species and their limitations. The choice of species is crucial, as the selection of the age of individuals at the start of a study, their sex, and nutritional and environmental conditions. A better understanding of the small mammal models used for the study of osteoarthritic pathology may benefit both researcher and clinician dealing with these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Iván Serra
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, UCV Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary and Experimental Sciences, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carme Soler
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, UCV Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary and Experimental Sciences, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Abstract
Osteochondral (OC) lesions are a major cause of chronic musculoskeletal pain and functional disability, which reduces the quality of life of the patients and entails high costs to the society. Currently, there are no effective treatments, so in vitro and in vivo disease models are critically important to obtain knowledge about the causes and to develop effective treatments for OC injuries. In vitro models are essential to clarify the causes of the disease and the subsequent design of the first barrier to test potential therapeutics. On the other hand, in vivo models are anatomically more similar to humans allowing to reproduce the pattern and progression of the lesion in a controlled scene and offering the opportunity to study the symptoms and responses to new treatments. Moreover, in vivo models are the most suitable preclinical model, being a fundamental and a mandatory step to ensure the successful transfer to clinical trials. Both in vitro and in vitro models have a number of advantages and limitation, and the choice of the most appropriate model for each study depends on many factors, such as the purpose of the study, handling or the ease to obtain, and cost, among others. In this chapter, we present the main in vitro and in vivo OC disease models that have been used over the years in the study of origin, progress, and treatment approaches of OC defects.
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12
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Cuéllar JM, Cuéllar VG, Scuderi GJ. α 2-Macroglobulin: Autologous Protease Inhibition Technology. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2018; 27:909-918. [PMID: 27788907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
α2-Macroglobulin (A2M) is a plasma glycoprotein best known for its ability to inhibit a broad spectrum of serine, threonine, and metalloproteases as well as inflammatory cytokines by a unique bait-and-trap method. A2M has emerged as a unique potential treatment of cartilage-based pathology and inflammatory arthritides. This article describes the unique method by which A2M not only inhibits the associated inflammatory cascade but also disrupts the catabolic process of cartilage degeneration. Autologous concentrated A2M from plasma is currently in use to successfully treat various painful arthritides. Future directions will focus on recombinant variants that enhance its anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Cuéllar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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13
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Abstract
Despite an increased understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and the availability of a number of drugs designed to ameliorate its symptoms, a successful disease-modifying therapy remains elusive. Recent lines of evidence suggest that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a 19-carbon steroid hormone classified as an adrenal androgen, exerts a chondroprotective effect in OA patients, and it has been proven to be an effective DMOAD candidate that slows OA progression. However, the exact mechanisms underlying its anti-OA effect is largely unknown. This review summarizes emerging observations from studies of cell biology, preclinical animal studies, and preliminary clinical trials and describes the findings of investigations on this topic to develop an initial blueprint of the mechanisms by which DHEA slows OA progression. Presently, studies on DMOADs are increasing in importance but have met limited success. Encouragingly, the current data on DHEA are promising and may prove that DHEA-based treatment is efficacious for preventing and slowing human OA progression.
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14
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Cucchiarini M, de Girolamo L, Filardo G, Oliveira JM, Orth P, Pape D, Reboul P. Basic science of osteoarthritis. J Exp Orthop 2016; 3:22. [PMID: 27624438 PMCID: PMC5021646 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-016-0060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, disabling disorder of the joints that affects a large population worldwide and for which there is no definitive cure. This review provides critical insights into the basic knowledge on OA that may lead to innovative end efficient new therapeutic regimens. While degradation of the articular cartilage is the hallmark of OA, with altered interactions between chondrocytes and compounds of the extracellular matrix, the subchondral bone has been also described as a key component of the disease, involving specific pathomechanisms controlling its initiation and progression. The identification of such events (and thus of possible targets for therapy) has been made possible by the availability of a number of animal models that aim at reproducing the human pathology, in particular large models of high tibial osteotomy (HTO). From a therapeutic point of view, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising option for the treatment of OA and may be used concomitantly with functional substitutes integrating scaffolds and drugs/growth factors in tissue engineering setups. Altogether, these advances in the fundamental and experimental knowledge on OA may allow for the generation of improved, adapted therapeutic regimens to treat human OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- Orthopaedic and Traumatologic I Clinic, Biomechanics Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - J Miguel Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Univ. Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco GMR, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrick Orth
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Dietrich Pape
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg ville, Luxembourg
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Centre for Health, Luxembourg, Centre Médical de la Fondation Norbert Metz, Luxembourg ville, Luxembourg
| | - Pascal Reboul
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, IMoPA, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie-Santé, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Veronesi F, Della Bella E, Cepollaro S, Brogini S, Martini L, Fini M. Novel therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis: Narrative review on knock-out genes involved in disease development in mouse animal models. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:593-612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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16
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Kuyinu EL, Narayanan G, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Animal models of osteoarthritis: classification, update, and measurement of outcomes. J Orthop Surg Res 2016; 11:19. [PMID: 26837951 PMCID: PMC4738796 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-016-0346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most commonly occurring forms of arthritis in the world today. It is a debilitating chronic illness causing pain and immense discomfort to the affected individual. Significant research is currently ongoing to understand its pathophysiology and develop successful treatment regimens based on this knowledge. Animal models have played a key role in achieving this goal. Animal models currently used to study osteoarthritis can be classified based on the etiology under investigation, primary osteoarthritis, and post-traumatic osteoarthritis, to better clarify the relationship between these models and the pathogenesis of the disease. Non-invasive animal models have shown significant promise in understanding early osteoarthritic changes. Imaging modalities play a pivotal role in understanding the pathogenesis of OA and the correlation with pain. These imaging studies would also allow in vivo surveillance of the disease as a function of time in the animal model. This review summarizes the current understanding of the disease pathogenesis, invasive and non-invasive animal models, imaging modalities, and pain assessment techniques in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L Kuyinu
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Ganesh Narayanan
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Lakshmi S Nair
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Miller RE, Tran PB, Ishihara S, Larkin J, Malfait AM. Therapeutic effects of an anti-ADAMTS-5 antibody on joint damage and mechanical allodynia in a murine model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:299-306. [PMID: 26410555 PMCID: PMC4743933 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary goal of this study was to test the disease-modifying effect of blocking a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-5 with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) starting 4 weeks after destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) in the mouse. We also investigated whether ADAMTS-5 blockade reversed mechanical allodynia and decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 production by dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells. METHODS Ten-week old male C57BL/6 mice underwent DMM surgery and were either left untreated or treated with anti-ADAMTS-5 mAb or IgG2c isotype control mAb starting 4 weeks after surgery. Knees were collected for histopathology 4 or 12 weeks later. Mechanical allodynia was monitored biweekly in the ipsilateral hind paw through 16 weeks. DRG were collected and cultured 8 weeks after DMM for analysis of MCP-1 production. RESULTS By 4 weeks after DMM, mild cartilage degeneration was evident in the medial compartment, small osteophytes were present, and subchondral bone sclerosis was established. By 16 weeks after surgery, significant cartilage deterioration was apparent on the medial tibial plateaux and medial femoral condyles, osteophyte size had increased, and subchondral bone sclerosis was maintained. Treatment with ADAMTS-5 mAb from week 4 to 16 after surgery slowed cartilage degeneration and osteophyte growth but did not affect subchondral bone sclerosis. Moreover, ADAMTS-5 blockade resulted in temporary reversal of mechanical allodynia, which correlated with decreased MCP-1 production by cultured DRG cells. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests therapeutic efficacy of an ADAMTS-5 mAb in the DMM model, when therapy starts early in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St, Suite 510, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St, Suite 510, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Phuong B. Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St, Suite 510, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Shingo Ishihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St, Suite 510, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jonathan Larkin
- Experimental Medicine Unit – Immunoinflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline; Upper Merion, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Malfait
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St, Suite 510, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St, Suite 510, Chicago, IL 60612
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18
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TenBroek EM, Yunker L, Nies MF, Bendele AM. Randomized controlled studies on the efficacy of antiarthritic agents in inhibiting cartilage degeneration and pain associated with progression of osteoarthritis in the rat. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:24. [PMID: 26794830 PMCID: PMC4721142 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-0921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As an initial step in the development of a local therapeutic to treat osteoarthritis (OA), a number of agents were tested for their ability to block activation of inflammation through nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), subchondral bone changes through receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclastogenesis, and proteolytic degradation through matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 activity. Candidates with low toxicity and predicted efficacy were further examined using either of two widely accepted models of OA joint degeneration in the rat: the monoiodoacetic acid (MIA) model or the medial meniscal tear/medial collateral ligament tear (MMT/MCLT) model. Methods Potential therapeutics were assessed for their effects on the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis, and MMP-13 activity in vitro using previously established assays. Toxicity was measured using HeLa cells, a synovial cell line, or primary human chondrocytes. Drugs predicted to perform well in vivo were tested either systemically or via intraarticular injection in the MIA or the MMT/MCLT model of OA. Pain behavior was measured by mechanical hyperalgesia using the digital Randall-Selitto test (dRS) or by incapacitance with weight bearing (WB). Joint degeneration was evaluated using micro computed tomography and a comprehensive semiquantitative scoring of cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovial histopathology. Results Several agents were effective both in vitro and in vivo. With regard to pain behavior, systemically delivered clonidine was superior in treating MIA-induced changes in WB or dRS, while systemic clonidine, curcumin, tacrolimus, and fluocinolone were all somewhat effective in modifying MMT/MCLT-induced changes in WB. Systemic tacrolimus was the most effective in slowing disease progression as measured by histopathology in the MMT/MCLT model. Conclusions All of the agents that demonstrated highest benefit in vivo, excepting clonidine, were found to inhibit MMP-13, NF-κB, and bone matrix remodeling in vitro. The MIA and MMT/MCLT models of OA, previously shown to possess inflammatory characteristics and to display associated pain behavior, were affected to different degrees by the same drugs. Although no therapeutic was remarkable across all measures, the several which showed the most promise in either model merit continued study with alternative dosing and therapeutic strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-0921-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M TenBroek
- Medtronic Inc., 710 Medtronic Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55432, USA.
| | - Laurie Yunker
- Medtronic Inc., 710 Medtronic Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55432, USA.
| | - Mae Foster Nies
- Medtronic Inc., 710 Medtronic Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55432, USA.
| | - Alison M Bendele
- Bolder BioPATH, Inc., 5541 Central Avenue, Suite 160, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA.
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19
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Inhibition of aggrecanases as a therapeutic strategy in osteoarthritis. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:1399-412. [PMID: 25329196 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been a large effort to target aggrecanases, which are responsible for the degradation of the aggrecan in the extracellular matrix of joints, in order to hopefully lead to new treatments for osteoarthritis. Only a few inhibitors have been effective in explants or rodent models and thus only a few have reached the clinic, none of which have proven to be effective. In this article, a survey of chemical series is described, covering historical and recent inhibitors and highlighting how some of their problems were resolved, with a critical overview of the challenges encountered. A large effort should be undertaken in designing smaller compounds with higher residence times, defining new interaction sites on the aggrecanases and exploiting target flexibility.
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20
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Emerging targets in osteoarthritis therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 22:51-63. [PMID: 25863583 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a destructive joint disease in which the initiation may be attributed to direct injury and mechanical disruption of joint tissues, but the progressive changes are dependent on active cell-mediated processes that can be observed or inferred during the generally long time-course of the disease. Based on clinical observations and experimental studies, it is now recognized a that it is possible for individual patients to exhibit common sets of symptoms and structural abnormalities due to distinct pathophysiological pathways that act independently or in combination. Recent research that has focused on the underlying mechanisms involving biochemical cross talk among the cartilage, synovium, bone, and other joint tissues within a background of poorly characterized genetic factors will be addressed in this review.
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21
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Xing EM, Wu S, Ponder KP. The effect of Tlr4 and/or C3 deficiency and of neonatal gene therapy on skeletal disease in mucopolysaccharidosis VII mice. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:209-16. [PMID: 25559179 PMCID: PMC4381425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.12.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VII is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficiency of the enzyme β-glucuronidase (Gusb(-/-)) and results in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation. Skeletal abnormalities include stunted long bones and bone degeneration. GAGs have been hypothesized to activate toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) signaling and the complement pathway, resulting in upregulation of inflammatory cytokines that suppress growth and cause degeneration of the bone. Gusb(-/-) mice were bred with Tlr4- and complement component 3 (C3)-deficient mice, and the skeletal manifestations of the doubly- and triply-deficient mice were compared to those of purebred Gusb(-/-) mice. Radiographs showed that purebred Gusb(-/-) mice had shorter tibias and femurs, and wider femurs, compared to normal mice. No improvement was seen in Tlr4, C3, or Tlr4/C3-deficient Gusb(-/-) mice. The glenoid cavity and humerus were scored on a scale from 0 (normal) to +3 (severely abnormal) for dysplasia and bone irregularities, and the joint space was measured. No improvement was seen in Tlr4, C3, or Tlr4/C3-deficient Gusb(-/-) mice, and their joint space remained abnormally wide. Gusb(-/-) mice treated neonatally with an intravenous retroviral vector (RV) had thinner femurs, longer legs, and a narrowed joint space compared with untreated purebred Gusb(-/-) mice, but no improvement in glenohumeral degeneration. We conclude that Tlr4- and/or C3-deficiency fail to ameliorate skeletal abnormalities, and other pathways may be involved. RV treatment improves some but not all aspects of bone disease. Radiographs may be an efficient method for future evaluation, as they readily show glenohumeral joint abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Xing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine P Ponder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dell'Accio
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Sherwood
- Institute for Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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23
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Martinez-Palacian A, Kanse SM, Weiskirchen R. Factor VII activating protease (FSAP): A novel protective factor in liver fibrosis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:438-46. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip M. Kanse
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Institute for Biochemistry; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry; RWTH University Hospital; Aachen Germany
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