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Ye L, Huang Y, Yang X, Zhang B, Li X, Zhang X, Tan W, Song C, Ao Z, Shen C, Li X. Metabolic profiles and biomarkers of Auricularia cornea based on de-oiled camphor leaf substrate. Food Res Int 2024; 191:114704. [PMID: 39059912 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the metabolic responses of Auricularia cornea when cultured on de-oiled leaves of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (DeCL), an underutilized waste product. The metabolic profiles of A. cornea cultured with four different quality ratios of DeCL substrate (0 %, 14 %, 28 % and 42 %) were analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics. A total of 516 metabolites were identified and classified into 78 categories, with phenols, alkaloids and flavonoids accounting for 26.7 % of the total. In addition, 32 metabolite biomarkers associated with eight major metabolic pathways were identified. This pioneering research provides valuable insights into the utilization of DeCL, and expands our knowledge of the metabolic dynamics underlying the growth of A. cornea on alternative substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ye
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China; College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611134, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xuezhen Yang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611134, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611134, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Chuan Song
- Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Zonghua Ao
- Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China
| | | | - Xiaolin Li
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China; Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China.
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Sun Z, Shen H, Chen Z, Ma N, Yang Y, Liu H, Li J. Physiological responses and transcriptome analysis of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni exposed to Thrips palmi feeding stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1361276. [PMID: 38807785 PMCID: PMC11130412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1361276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Thrips are serious pests of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (daylily), affecting crop yield and quality. To defend against pests, daylily has evolved a set of sophisticated defense mechanisms. In the present study, induction of systemic resistance in Hemerocallis citrina 'Datong Huanghua' by Thrips palmi feeding was investigated at both biochemical and molecular levels. The soluble sugar content of daylily leaves was significantly lower than that in control check (CK) at all time points of feeding by T. palmi, whereas the amino acid and free fatty acid contents started to be significantly lower than those in CK after 7 days. Secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, and total phenols, which are harmful to the growth and reproduction of T. palmi, were increased significantly. The activities of defense enzymes such as peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were significantly increased, and the degree of damage to plants was reduced. The significant increase in protease inhibitor (PI) activity may lead to disrupted digestion and slower growth in T. palmi. Using RNA sequencing, 1,894 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between control and treatment groups at five timepoints. DEGs were mainly enriched in secondary metabolite synthesis, jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and other defense hormone signal transduction pathways, defense enzyme synthesis, MAPK signaling, cell wall thickening, carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and other insect resistance pathways. Subsequently, 698 DEGs were predicted to be transcription factors, including bHLH and WRKY members related to biotic stress. WGCNA identified 18 hub genes in four key modules (Purple, Midnight blue, Blue, and Red) including MYB-like DNA-binding domain (TRINITY_DN2391_c0_g1, TRINITY_DN3285_c0_g1), zinc-finger of the FCS-type, C2-C2 (TRINITY_DN21050_c0_g2), and NPR1 (TRINITY_DN13045_c0_g1, TRINITY_DN855_c0_g2). The results indicate that biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylalanine metabolism, PIs, and defense hormones pathways are involved in the induced resistance to T. palmi in daylily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuonan Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Hui Shen
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Zhongtao Chen
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Ye Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
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Fu H, Fu J, Zhou B, Wu H, Liao D, Liu Z. Biochemical mechanisms preventing wilting under grafting: a case study on pumpkin rootstock grafting to wax gourd. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1331698. [PMID: 38756963 PMCID: PMC11096461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1331698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Wax gourd wilt is a devastating fungal disease caused by a specialized form of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. benincasae (FOB), which severely restricts the development of the wax gourd industry. Resistant rootstock pumpkin grafting is often used to prevent and control wax gourd wilt. The "Haizhan 1" pumpkin has the characteristic of high resistance to wilt, but the mechanism through which grafted pumpkin rootstock plants acquire resistance to wax gourd wilt is still poorly understood. In this study, grafted wax gourd (GW) and self-grafted wax gourd (SW) were cultured at three concentrations [2.8 × 106 Colony Forming Units (CFU)·g-1, 8.0 × 105 CFU·g-1, and 4.0 × 105 CFU·g-1, expressed by H, M, and L]. Three culture times (6 dpi, 10 dpi, and 13 dpi) were used to observe the incidence of wilt disease in the wax gourd and the number of F. oxysporum spores in different parts of the soil and plants. Moreover, the physiological indices of the roots of plants at 5 dpi, 9 dpi, and 12 dpi in soil supplemented with M (8.0 × 105 CFU·g-1) were determined. No wilt symptoms in GW. Wilt symptoms in SW were exacerbated by the amount of FOB in the inoculated soil and culture time. At any culture time, the amount of FOB in the GW soil under the three treatments was greater than that in the roots. However, for the SW treatments, at 10 dpi and 13 dpi, the amount of FOB in the soil was lower than that in the roots. The total phenol (TP) and lignin (LIG) contents and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chitinase (CHI) activities were significantly increased in the GWM roots. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) initially decreased but then increased in the GWM roots. When the TP content decreased significantly, the LIG content and PAL and CHI activities increased initially but then decreased, whereas the PPO and POD activities did not change significantly in the SWM roots. The results indicated that the roots of the "Haizhan 1" pumpkin stock plants initiated a self-defense response after being infected with FOB, and the activities of PPO, POD, PAL, and CHI increased, and additional LIG and TP accumulated, which could effectively prevent FOB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houlong Fu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Junyu Fu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Haolong Wu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Daolong Liao
- Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Zifan Liu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Xu J, Zhou T, Wang Y, Yang Y, Pu Y, Chen Q, Zheng K, Sun G. Functional Analysis of the GhIQD1 Gene in Cotton Resistance to Verticillium Wilt. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1005. [PMID: 38611533 PMCID: PMC11013105 DOI: 10.3390/plants13071005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Cotton is a critical crop with massive economic implications worldwide. Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne ailment caused by Verticillium dahliae, which harms the growth and development of cotton. Therefore, investigating the genes associated with resistance to verticillium wilt is of particular significance. In this study, we identified the GhIQD1 gene through transcriptome analysis and experimentally characterized the role of the GhIQD1 gene in cotton against V. dahliae. The findings indicated that GhIQD1 acts as a calmodulin-binding protein. The expression of GhIQD1 was the highest in stems, and the expression level increased significantly following infection with V. dahliae. The expression in resistant cotton varieties was higher than in susceptible cotton varieties. Through overexpression of the GhIQD1 gene in tobacco, these transgenic plants exhibited improved resistance to V. dahliae. In contrast, by silencing the GhIQD1 gene in cotton through VIGS, the resistance to V. dahliae was reduced. Following inoculation, the leaves yellowed, and the disease index was higher. Transcriptome analysis of transgenic tobacco 72 h after inoculation indicated that overexpression of GhIQD1 increased the enrichment of the calmodulin pathway and stimulated the production of plant hormones alongside secondary metabolites. Consequently, we investigated the relationship between the GhIQD1 gene and plant disease-resistant hormones SA, JA, and ABA. In summary, this study uncovered the mechanism by which GhIQD1 conferred resistance to V. dahliae in cotton through positive regulation of JA and ABA, providing crucial information for further research on the adaptation of plants to pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Xu
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (J.X.); (Y.W.); (Q.C.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ting Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (J.X.); (Y.W.); (Q.C.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yejun Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China
| | - Yuanchun Pu
- Institute of Western Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China;
| | - Quanjia Chen
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (J.X.); (Y.W.); (Q.C.)
| | - Kai Zheng
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (J.X.); (Y.W.); (Q.C.)
| | - Guoqing Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.)
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Yu Y, Liu J, Zhu J, Lei M, Huang C, Xu H, Liu Z, Wang P. The interfacial interaction between typical microplastics and Pb 2+ and their combined toxicity to Chlorella pyrenoidosa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170591. [PMID: 38309345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), a new type of pollutant, have attracted much attention worldwide. MPs are often complexed with other pollutants such as heavy metals, resulting in combined toxicity to organisms in the environment. Studies on the combined toxicity of MPs and heavy metals have usually focused on the marine, while on the freshwater are lacking. In order to understand the combined toxic effects of MPs and heavy metals in the freshwater, five typical MPs (PVC, PE, PP, PS, PET) were selected to investigate the adsorption characteristics of MPs to Pb2+ before and after the MPs aging by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation through static adsorption tests. The results showed that UV aging enhanced adsorption of Pb2+ by MPs. It is noteworthy that MPs-PET had the highest adsorption capacity for Pb2+, and the interaction between MPs-PET and Pb2+ was the strongest. We specifically selected MPs-PET to study its combined toxicity with Pb2+ to Chlorella pyrenoidosa. In the combined toxicity test, MPs-PET and Pb2+ had significant toxic effects on Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the individual exposure, and the toxicity of individual Pb2+ exposure was greater than that of individual MPs-PET exposure. In the combined exposure, when MPs-PET and Pb2+ without adsorption (MPs-PET/Pb2+), MPs-PET and Pb2+ had a synergistic effect, which would produce strong physical and chemical stress on Chlorella pyrenoidosa simultaneously, and the toxic effect was the most significant. After the adsorption of MPs-PET and Pb2+ (MPs-PET@Pb2+), the concentration and activity of Pb2+ decreased due to the adsorption and fixation of MPs-PET, and the chemical stress on Chlorella pyrenoidosa was reduced, but the physical stress of MPs-PET still existed and posed a serious threat to the survival of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. This study has provided a theoretical basis for further assessment of the potential environmental risks of MPs in combination with other pollutants such as heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Mingjing Lei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Chao Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Haiyin Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, NM 88130, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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Yang X, Li T, Liu Y, Gu Y, Li J, Wang C, Zhao L, Wang X, Li W, Sun Y, Cheng F, Zhu D. Bacillus sp. alone or combined with salicylic acid inhibited Trichoderma spp. infection on harvested white Hypsizygus marmoreus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1324833. [PMID: 38562481 PMCID: PMC10982393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1324833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction White Hypsizygus marmoreus is a popular edible mushroom. It is rich in nutrition and flavor but vulnerable to fungal disease, resulting in nutrient loss and aging. Methods In this study, the pathogenic fungus Trichoderma spp. BBP-6 and its antagonist Bacillus sp. 1-23 were isolated and identified. The negative effects caused by this pathogen were judged by detecting a series of changes in the infected white H. marmoreus. The effects of Bacillus sp. 1-23 on Trichoderma spp. BBP-6 and the infected white H. marmoreus were detected. The effect of Bacillus sp. 1-23 treatment combined with salicylic acid (SA) was also considered. Results The results showed that Trichoderma spp. BBP-6 could affect the activities of antioxidant enzymes PAL, POD, CAT, SOD, GR, PPO, and APX to interfere with the stability of the white H. marmoreus antioxidant enzyme system and cause the mushroom severe browning and nutrition loss, as well as general quality deterioration. Bacillus sp. 1-23 could produce chitinase and chitosanase enzymes to inhibit Trichoderma spp. BBP-6 directly. SA reinforced this inhibitory. Bacillus sp. 1-23 alone or combined with SA could help white H. marmoreus from the Trichoderma spp. BBP-6 infection to effectively maintain nutrients, restore and stabilize the antioxidant system, and reduce the production of malondialdehyde, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Discussion Thus, such treatments could be considered potential methods to alleviate damage from disease and extend the shelf life of white H. marmoreus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Yang
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianhao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuyi Gu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaoping Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao, China
| | - Longgang Zhao
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fansheng Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Jinan, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Sun D, Li F, Wang L, Chen R, Liu F, Guo L, Li N, Zhang F, Lei L. Identification and application of an endophytic fungus Arcopilus aureus from Panax notoginseng against crop fungal disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1305376. [PMID: 38384765 PMCID: PMC10880449 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1305376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are important microbial resources for developing novel antibacterial and antifungal drugs to prevent and control crop diseases. Panax notoginseng has been used as a Chinese medicinal herb for a long time, as it has various bioactivities. However, information on endophytic fungi isolated from Panax notoginseng is rare. In this study, an endophytic fungus known as SQGX-6, which was later identified as the golden hair fungus Arcopilus aureus, was isolated from Panax notoginseng. SQGX-6 was extracted using ethyl acetate, and the active components of the fungus were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The antifungal and antioxidant activities of the extract were determined and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. SQGX-6 and its extract inhibited the growth of Corn stalk rot (Fusarium graminearum), Corn southern leaf blight (Helminthosporium maydis), and Tomato gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) in vitro. The free radical scavenging rates for 2,2-Diphenyl-1-pyridinyl hydrazide (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid Radical scavenging (ABTS) activity were also downregulated by the SQGX-6 extract. In vivo, the SQGX-6 extract inhibited the mycelial growth rates of the three aforementioned fungi and downregulated malondialdehyde (MDA) content and upregulated peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) content in fruits, leading to significant reduction in damage to cherry tomatoes caused by Botrytis cinerea. UHPLC-MS was performed to identify various active substances, including Alkaloids, Azoles, Benzofurans, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Organic acids, Phenols, and plant growth regulators contained in the extract. These results suggested that the endophytic fungus SQGX-6 of Panax notoginseng and its extract have excellent antifungal and antioxidant activities, and thus, it is an important microbial resource for the developing novel drugs against plant fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diangang Sun
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Ruige Chen
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fuxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
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Xia R, Hou Z, Xu H, Li Y, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Wang Z, Pan S, Xin G. Emerging technologies for preservation and quality evaluation of postharvest edible mushrooms: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:8445-8463. [PMID: 37083462 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms are the highly demanded foods of which production and consumption have been steadily increasing globally. Owing to the quality loss and short shelf-life in harvested mushrooms, it is necessary for the implementation of effective preservation and intelligent evaluation technologies to alleviate this issue. The aim of this review was to analyze the development and innovation thematic lines, topics, and trends by bibliometric analysis and review of the literature methods. The challenges faced in researching these topics were proposed and the mechanisms of quality loss in mushrooms during storage were updated. This review summarized the effects of chemical processing (antioxidants, ozone, and coatings), physical treatments (non-thermal plasma, packaging and latent thermal storage) and other emerging application on the quality of fresh mushrooms while discussing the efficiency in extending the shelf-life. It also discussed the emerging evaluation techniques based on the various chemometric methods and computer vision system in monitoring the freshness and predicting the shelf-life of mushrooms which have been developed. Preservation technology optimization and dynamic quality evaluation are vital for achieving mushroom quality control. This review can provide a comprehensive research reference for reducing mushroom quality loss and extending shelf-life, along with optimizing efficiency of storage and transportation operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Xia
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenshan Hou
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Heran Xu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunting Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Song Pan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Xin
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Dai Y, Zhao X, Zuo J, Zheng Y. Effect of 100% Oxygen-Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Maintaining the Quality of Fresh-Cut Broccoli during Refrigerated Storage. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071524. [PMID: 37048346 PMCID: PMC10094251 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of 100% oxygen (O2)-modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the quality improvement of fresh-cut broccoli stored at 4 °C for 15 days was investigated in this study. The results indicated that, compared to the control group conditions, 100% O2 MAP treatment effectively maintained broccoli sensory evaluation scores, green color, and texture; reduced respiration and chlorophyll degradation; and reduced total bacterial count (TBC), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide (O2-) contents. Furthermore, 100% O2 MAP led to a smaller loss of nutrients and increased antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, the use of 100% O2 MAP is an effective approach for maintaining high-quality fresh-cut broccoli during refrigerated storage at 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukexin Dai
- Institute of Agri-Food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products of Fruits and Vegetables Preservation and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Institute of Agri-Food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products of Fruits and Vegetables Preservation and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jinhua Zuo
- Institute of Agri-Food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products of Fruits and Vegetables Preservation and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Institute of Agri-Food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products of Fruits and Vegetables Preservation and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
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Wang LY, Peng HH, Liu CY, Li CC, Qu JM, Geng XQ, Zhu ZY. Effect of chitosan-ascorbic acid composite coating on postharvest quality of Custard apple (Annona squamosa). Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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L-Arginine Alleviates the Reduction in Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Activity Induced by Drought Stress in Maize Seedlings. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020482. [PMID: 36830040 PMCID: PMC9952503 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. Drought is currently the most important abiotic factor affecting maize yield. L-arginine has emerged as a nontoxic plant growth regulator that enhances the tolerance of plants to drought. An experiment was conducted to examine the role of L-arginine in alleviating the inhibitory effects of drought on the photosynthetic capacity and activities of antioxidant enzymes when the plants were subjected to drought stress. The results showed that the biomass of maize seedlings decreased significantly under a 20% polyethylene glycol-simulated water deficit compared with the control treatment. However, the exogenous application of L-arginine alleviated the inhibition of maize growth induced by drought stress. Further analysis of the photosynthetic parameters showed that L-arginine partially restored the chloroplasts' structure under drought stress and increased the contents of chlorophyll, the performance index on an adsorption basis, and Fv/Fm by 151.3%, 105.5%, and 37.1%, respectively. Supplementation with L-arginine also reduced the oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and superoxide ions by 27.2%, 10.0%, and 31.9%, respectively. Accordingly, the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase increased by 11.6%, 108.5%, 104.4%, 181.1%, 18.3%, and 46.1%, respectively, under drought. Thus, these findings suggest that L-arginine can improve the drought resistance of maize seedlings by upregulating their rate of photosynthesis and their antioxidant capacity.
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12
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Improvement of physicochemicals, antioxidant system and softening enzymes by postharvest L-arginine application leads to maintain persimmon fruit quality under low temperature storage. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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13
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Effect of Ascosphaera apis Infestation on the Activities of Four Antioxidant Enzymes in Asian Honey Bee Larval Guts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010206. [PMID: 36671067 PMCID: PMC9854781 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascosphaera apis infects exclusively bee larvae and causes chalkbrood, a lethal fungal disease that results in a sharp reduction in adult bees and colony productivity. However, little is known about the effect of A. apis infestation on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in bee larvae. Here, A. apis spores were purified and used to inoculate Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) larvae, followed by the detection of the host survival rate and an evaluation of the activities of four major antioxidant enzymes. At 6 days after inoculation (dpi) with A. apis spores, obvious symptoms of chalkbrood disease similar to what occurs in Apis mellifera larvae were observed. PCR identification verified the A. apis infection of A. cerana larvae. Additionally, the survival rate of larvae inoculated with A. apis was high at 1−2 dpi, which sharply decreased to 4.16% at 4 dpi and which reached 0% at 5 dpi, whereas that of uninoculated larvae was always high at 1~8 dpi, with an average survival rate of 95.37%, indicating the negative impact of A. apis infection on larval survival. As compared with those in the corresponding uninoculated groups, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the 5- and 6-day-old larval guts in the A. apis−inoculated groups were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the 4- and 5-day-old larval guts was significantly increased (p < 0.05), which suggests that the inhibition of SOD and CAT activities and the activation of GST activity in the larval guts was caused by A. apis infestation. In comparison with that in the corresponding uninoculated groups, the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the 5-day-old larval gut but significantly reduced (p < 0.01) in the 6-day-old larval gut, indicating that the PPO activity in the larval guts was first enhanced and then suppressed. Our findings not only unravel the response of A. cerana larvae to A. apis infestation from a biochemical perspective but also offer a valuable insight into the interaction between Asian honey bee larvae and A. apis.
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Dai Y, Xie H, Zhao X, Zheng Y. The Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside Treatment on Storage Ability of Fresh-Cut Potato. Foods 2023; 12:221. [PMID: 36613434 PMCID: PMC9818613 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quality deterioration is a major problem restricting the fresh-cut potato industry. The present study investigated the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatment on the quality of fresh-cut potatoes during short-term storage. The treatment was carried out immediately either before or after cutting, using an SNP concentration of 200 μmol/L. The results showed that SNP treatment inhibited the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total soluble solids (TSSs). SNP treatment also decreased the firmness, chewing properties, and ascorbic acid (AsA) content in potatoes, maintaining high levels of total phenols (TPs), total flavonoids (TFs), nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, SNP treatment restrained the rise of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), as well as the electrolyte leakage (EL) rate. After SNP treatment, the nitrite content in the potatoes was within security scope. Comparing potatoes treated before and after cutting, the best result was noted in the potatoes soaked in SNP before cutting, which displayed the smallest losses in firmness (11.24%), chewing properties (34.30%), and AsA (40.35%), and maximum increases in TPs (32.84%), TFs (2.83-time), NO (76.11%), and SOD activity (93.15%). Moreover, this group presented the minimum MDA content, EL rate, and TSS values and the lowest PAL, POD, and PPO activities. These results indicated that 200 μmol/L SNP applied for 20 min, particularly before cutting, is an efficient alternative technology that can be used in the fresh-cut potato industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukexin Dai
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products of Fruits and Vegetables Preservation and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Institute of Agri-Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hong Xie
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products of Fruits and Vegetables Preservation and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Institute of Agri-Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products of Fruits and Vegetables Preservation and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Institute of Agri-Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
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15
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Mahmoudi R, Razavi F, Rabiei V, Palou L, Gohari G. Postharvest chitosan-arginine nanoparticles application ameliorates chilling injury in plum fruit during cold storage by enhancing ROS scavenging system activity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:555. [PMID: 36456938 PMCID: PMC9716680 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plum (Prunus domestica L.) has a short shelf-life period due to its high respiration rate and is sensitive to low storage temperatures, which can lead to the appearance of chilling injury symptoms. In this investigation, we applied new coating treatments based on chitosan (CTS) and arginine (Arg) to plum fruit (cv. 'Stanley'). RESULTS Fruit were treated with distilled water (control), Arg at 0.25 and 0.5 mM, CTS at 1% (w/v) or Arg-coated CTS nanoparticles (CTS-Arg NPs) at 0.5 and 1% (w/v), and then stored at 1 °C for days. The application of CTS-Arg NPs at 0.5% attenuated chilling injury, which was accompanied by accumulation of proline, reduced levels of electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde, as well as suppressed the activity of polyphenol oxidase. Plums coated with CTS-Arg NPs (0.5%) showed higher accumulation of phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins, due to the higher activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, which in turn resulted in higher DPPH scavenging capacity. In addition, CTS-Arg NPs (0.5%) treatment delayed plum weight loss and retained fruit firmness and ascorbic acid content in comparison to control fruit. Furthermore, plums treated with CTS-Arg NPs exhibited lower H2O2 accumulation than control fruit due to higher activity of antioxidant enzymes, including CAT, POD, APX and SOD. CONCLUSIONS The present findings show that CTS-Arg NPs (0.5%) were the most effective treatment in delaying chilling injury and prolonging the shelf life of plum fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mahmoudi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Farhang Razavi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Vali Rabiei
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Lluís Palou
- Postharvest Technology Center (CTP), Valencian Institute of Agrarian Research (IVIA), 46113, Montcada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gholamreza Gohari
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
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16
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Zhang W, Guo S, Wang Y, Tu H, Yu L, Zhao Z, Wang Z, Wu J. Novel trifluoromethylpyridine piperazine derivatives as potential plant activators. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1086057. [PMID: 36518503 PMCID: PMC9742420 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1086057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus diseases seriously affect crop yield, especially tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The development of plant immune activators has been an important direction in the innovation of new pesticides. Therefore, we designed and synthesized a series of trifluoromethyl pyridine piperazine derivatives (A1-A27), and explored the action mechanism of active compound. The antiviral activity test showed that compounds A1, A2, A3, A9, A10, A16, A17 and A21 possessed higher activities than commercialized ningnanmycin. Particularly, the in vivo antiviral activity indicated that compound A16 showed the most potent protective activity toward TMV (EC50 = 18.4 μg/mL) and CMV (EC50 = 347.8 μg/mL), compared to ningnanmycin (50.2 μg /mL for TMV, 359.6 μg/mL for CMV). The activities of defense enzyme, label -free proteomic and qRT-PCR analysis showed that compound A16 could enhance the defensive enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), and activate the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway to strenthen the antiviral activities of tobacco. This study provides reliable support for the development of new antiviral pesticides and potential antiviral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shengxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Tu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lijiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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17
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The Effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Gas and Plasma-Activated Water on the Physicochemical Changes in Button Mushrooms ( Agaricus bisporus). Foods 2022; 11:foods11213504. [PMID: 36360116 PMCID: PMC9654461 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) are highly popular worldwide due to their rich nutritional value and health benefits. However, the rapid water loss rate and browning restrict their economic value. The atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) generated by the plasma equipment used by dielectric barrier discharge preservation technology is widely used for food preservation since it is cost-efficient and environmentally friendly, generating no chemical residues. This study established four treatment groups, namely the direct ACP treatment group (DBD), plasma-activated water immersion group (PAW), pure water immersion group (PW), and control group (control), to explore the effect that ACP preservation technology has on button mushrooms. The results indicated that ACP treatment decreased the pH of pure water from 5.90 ± 0.03 to 5.16 ± 0.03, while significantly increasing the temperature (p < 0.05). During the storage period, the browning index (BI) and E value were the lowest in the PAW group, which exhibited the best hardness and sensory properties. Neither the pH nor water activity changed significantly during the storage period in any of the groups. The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in the button mushroom decreased significantly compared with the control after plasma-activated water treatment. In summary, plasma-activated water significantly reduced the BI and E value of button mushrooms, inhibited PPO activity, and yielded the most stable sensory properties for the optimal preservation of button mushrooms.
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18
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Delaying fruit softening of ‘France’ prune (Prunus domestica L.) using near-freezing temperature storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Zhou Y, Wu W, Wang L, Goksen G, Shao P. Multifunctional pectin films based on mussel-inspired modified 2D Ag nanosheets for long-lasting antibacterial and enhanced barrier properties. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Nasri E, Khademi O, Saba MK, Ebrahimi R. Extension of button mushroom storability by ultrasound treatment in combination with calcium lactate. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Lin T, Zhou Z, Xing C, Zhou J, Fan G, Xie C. Effect of color protection treatment on the browning and enzyme activity of Lentinus edodes during processing. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:2989-2998. [PMID: 36171772 PMCID: PMC9469847 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh Lentinus edodes (L. edodes) are prone to browning (including enzymatic and nonenzymatic browning), which affects their quality and leads to economic losses during later processing. This study explored various effective color protection methods (color protection reagent and/or blanching) for inhibiting the browning of L. edodes. First, a single-factor experiment and a response surface method were used to optimize the concentration of the color retention reagent. The compound color retention reagent (comprising 0.1% phytic acid, 0.8% sodium citrate, and 0.5% d-sodium erythorbate) had the smallest total color difference (ΔE) value, suggesting that the compound color reagent had a better inhibiting effect than the single agent. Following this, the blanching conditions were studied; the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was the lowest when the blanching temperature was 90°C and blanching time 180 s, indicating that browning is likely to be minimal. Finally, comparing the oxidase activity and total color difference (ΔE) revealed that combining the two color protection methods inhibits browning better than using a single method (color protection reagent or blanching). In addition, the polysaccharide and vitamin C (VC) contents of L. edodes under optimal color protection conditions were determined, which were 0.96 and 2.54 g/100 g fresh weight (FW), respectively. The results demonstrated that this color protection method effectively inhibits browning, reduces the nutritional loss, and improves the quality of L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lin
- College of Life ScienceLangfang Normal UniversityLangfangChina
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Fungi in Hebei ProvinceLangfangChina
- Edible and Medicinal Fungi Research and Development Center of Hebei UniversitiesLangfangChina
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- College of Life ScienceLangfang Normal UniversityLangfangChina
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Fungi in Hebei ProvinceLangfangChina
- Edible and Medicinal Fungi Research and Development Center of Hebei UniversitiesLangfangChina
| | - Chunmiao Xing
- College of Life ScienceLangfang Normal UniversityLangfangChina
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- College of Life ScienceLangfang Normal UniversityLangfangChina
| | - Gongjian Fan
- College of Light Industry and Food EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chunyan Xie
- College of Life ScienceLangfang Normal UniversityLangfangChina
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Fungi in Hebei ProvinceLangfangChina
- Edible and Medicinal Fungi Research and Development Center of Hebei UniversitiesLangfangChina
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22
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Ren Y, Huang J, Wang X, Wang Y, Li H, Yue T, Gao Z. Effects of sulfite treatment on the quality of black fungus. Food Chem 2022; 385:132685. [PMID: 35290951 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the color, total sugar, contents of soluble protein, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and soluble vitamins, and other indicators of black fungus treated with sodium metabisulfite under different conditions were measured to evaluate the sensory and nutritional changes in black fungus after sulfite treatment. The results showed that use of sodium metabisulfite increased the lightness of black fungus, significantly increased the contents of total polyphenols and reducing sugars in the fungus (p < 0.05), increased the content of soluble protein, and decreased the content of total flavonoids. In addition, sodium metabisulfite destroyed vitamin C and B1 in black fungus. When the concentration of sodium metabisulfite was 0.5% and the soaking time 20 or 30 min, the color of black fungus improved markedly, and nutrients were not negatively affected. Therefore, the use of sodium metabisulfite improved the quality of fungus to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintao Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingnan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenpeng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Attenuation of Chilling Injury and Improving Antioxidant Capacity of Persimmon Fruit by Arginine Application. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162419. [PMID: 36010419 PMCID: PMC9407207 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persimmon is a climacteric perishable fruit with a short storage life. In recent years, using natural compounds that are safe for human health and environment have obtained more attention in postharvest investigations. The current research was conducted to study efficacy of postharvest L-arginine treatment at 0, 0.3, and 0.6 mM in improving chilling tolerance and maintaining the nutritional quality of persimmon fruit during low-temperature storage. According to the results, the highest weight loss (4.3%), malondialdehyde (MDA (5.8 nmol g−1 FW)), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 (22.33 nmol g−1 FW)) was detected in control fruit. Fruit firmness was gradually decreased during storage, but it was slower in L-arginine-treated fruit. The highest tissue firmness (3.8 kg cm−2) was noted in fruit treated with 0.6 mM L-arginine. The chilling was gradually increased during storage. Fruits treated with L-arginine showed a lower chilling injury than the control fruit. Total soluble tannin compound and antioxidant enzymes activities in persimmons declined during cold storage. L-arginine treatment significantly maintained antioxidant enzymes activity, antioxidant capacity, and total soluble tannin compounds, while L-arginine had no significant impact on titratable acidity and total soluble solids. It seems that a reduction in oxidative damage and an increase in quality of persimmon during low-temperature storage manifested several defense mechanisms induced by exogenous application of L-arginine. These findings indicated that the application of L-arginine to maintain the quality and increase postharvest life of persimmon is very useful and can be applied during cold storage.
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24
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Scavenging of ROS After Eugenol Treatment as Mechanism of Slowing Down Membrane Lipid Metabolism to Maintain the Surface Color of Fresh-Cut Yam. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Zhang W, Yu L, Han B, Liu K, Shao X. Mycorrhizal Inoculation Enhances Nutrient Absorption and Induces Insect-Resistant Defense of Elymus nutans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:898969. [PMID: 35712553 PMCID: PMC9194685 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The majority of terrestrial plants can form symbiotic associations on their roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil to stimulate the growth and nutrient uptake of the host plant and to improve plant resistance to insects and disease. However, the use of AMF for insect control on gramineous forages requires further study. Here, we evaluated the effects of AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) inoculation on the defense against Locusta migratoria attack in Elymus nutans. Inoculation assays showed that mycorrhizal plants had a higher resistance than non-inoculated plants, as evidenced by plants having more plant biomass, a higher nitrogen and phosphorus content, and greater lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. The results of insect damage showed that in addition to a decrease in the enzyme phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase, the activities of other plant defense-related enzymes (including polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanase) were increased. A key enzyme, LOX, belonging to the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway was notably increased in mycorrhizal treatment. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and the results showed that several metabolites with insect-resistant properties, including D-Limonene, p-Xylene, 1,3-Diethylbenzene were detected in mycorrhizal plants. These findings suggest that mycorrhizal inoculation has potential applications in insect management on forage grasses and demonstrates that the JA signaling pathway is essential for insect resistance in Elymus nutans.
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26
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Shi J, Gao H, Wang S, Wu W, Tong R, Wang S, Li M, Jian Z, Wan R, Hu Q, Zheng X, Chen Y. Exogenous Arginine Treatment Maintains the Appearance and Nutraceutical Properties of Hard- and Soft-Seed Pomegranates in Cold Storage. Front Nutr 2022; 9:828946. [PMID: 35662933 PMCID: PMC9160964 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.828946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine is a natural preservative; however, its effects on the storage of different cultivars of pomegranates have not been investigated extensively. Therefore, the fruit quality of soft-seed Tunisia and hard-seed Yudazi pomegranates was investigated after treatment with arginine at four concentrations during cold storage for 80 days. Pomegranates treated with 1.0 mM arginine exhibited a relatively lower loss of vitamin C, soluble solid, total phenol, and anthocyanin contents in arils, together with a better fruit appearance. Combined with principal component analysis (PCA), the storage life of fruits treated with 1.0 mM arginine showed a higher correlation with antioxidant enzyme activity (e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT)) during the first 40 days of cold storage, whereas after 40 days of cold storage, storage life was more dependent on the integrity of the cell membrane affected by malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage (EL), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. Arginine treatment contributed significantly to the appearance and inner quality of the hard-seed pomegranate cv. Yudazi fruit during cold storage compared to those of soft-seed Tunisia. Taken together, arginine application combined with cold storage enhanced the nutraceutical properties and marketability of pomegranate fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangli Shi
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huifang Gao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sa Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenjiang Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiran Tong
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zaihai Jian
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ran Wan
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingxia Hu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianbo Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
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27
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Zhao L, Hu D, Wu Z, Wei C, Wu S, Song B. Coumarin Derivatives Containing Sulfonamide and Dithioacetal Moieties: Design, Synthesis, Antiviral Activity, and Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5773-5783. [PMID: 35532345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is currently a known plant virus with the most hosts, broadest distribution, and economic hazard. To develop new antiviral drugs against this serious virus, a new range of coumarin derivatives containing sulfonamide and dithioacetal structures were designed and synthesized, and their anti-CMV activities were detected by the half-leaf dead spot method. The results of the biological activity assay showed that most of the compounds exhibited outstanding anti-CMV activity. Especially, compound C23 displayed the optimal in vivo anti-CMV activity, with an EC50 value of 128 μg/mL, which was remarkably better than that of COS (781 μg/mL) and ningnanmycin (436 μg/mL). Excitingly, we found that compound C23 could be a promising plant activator that significantly increased defense-related enzyme activities and the tobacco chlorophyll content. Furthermore, compound C23 enhanced defense responses against viral infection by inducing the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway in tobacco. This work established a basis for multifunction pesticide discovery involving mechanism of action study and structure optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zengxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chunle Wei
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shang Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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28
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Cheng Y, Wei Y, Zhang M, Wang H. Effect of micro‐perforated film packing on physicochemical quality and volatile profile of button mushroom (
Agaricus bisporus
) during postharvest shelf‐life. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Cheng
- Citrus Research Institute Southwest University Chongqing China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Yaqing Wei
- College of Food Science Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Food Science Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Hua Wang
- Citrus Research Institute Southwest University Chongqing China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chongqing China
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29
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Chen C, Chen W, Dai F, Yang F, Xie J. Development of Packaging Films With Gas Selective Permeability Based On Poly(butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate)/Poly(butylene Succinate) and Its Application in the Storage of White Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus). FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Wang G, Wang X, Ma H, Fan H, Lin F, Chen J, Chai T, Wang H. PcWRKY11, an II-d WRKY Transcription Factor from Polygonum cuspidatum, Enhances Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084357. [PMID: 35457178 PMCID: PMC9025145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Being an invasive plant, Polygonum cuspidatum is highly resilient and can survive in unfavorable environments for long periods; however, its molecular mechanisms associated with such environmental resistance are largely unknown. In this study, a WRKY transcription factor (TF) gene, PcWRKY11, was identified from P. cuspidatum by analyzing methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-treated transcriptome data. It showed a high degree of homology with WRKY11 from Arabidopsis thaliana, containing a WRKY domain and a zinc finger structure and II-d WRKY characteristic domains of HARF, a calmodulin-binding domain (C-motif), and a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) through sequence alignment and functional element mining. qPCR analysis showed that the expression of PcWRKY11 can be induced by NaCl, osmotic stress, and UV-C. In this study, we also found that overexpression of PcWRKY11 in A. thaliana could significantly increase salt tolerance. To explore its possible molecular mechanism, further investigations showed that compared with the wild type (WT), under salt stress, the transgenic plants showed a lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content, higher expression of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and higher enzyme activity of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Moreover, the transgenic plants also showed higher expression of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (AtP5CS), and higher contents of proline and soluble sugar. Taken together, these results indicate that PcWRKY11 may have a positive role in plants’ adaptation to salinity conditions by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increasing osmosis substance synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; (G.W.); (X.W.); (H.M.); (H.F.); (F.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; (G.W.); (X.W.); (H.M.); (H.F.); (F.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Hongping Ma
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; (G.W.); (X.W.); (H.M.); (H.F.); (F.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Haili Fan
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; (G.W.); (X.W.); (H.M.); (H.F.); (F.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Fan Lin
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; (G.W.); (X.W.); (H.M.); (H.F.); (F.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianhui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; (G.W.); (X.W.); (H.M.); (H.F.); (F.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Tuanyao Chai
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; (G.W.); (X.W.); (H.M.); (H.F.); (F.L.); (J.C.)
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-1069672628 (H.W.)
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; (G.W.); (X.W.); (H.M.); (H.F.); (F.L.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-1069672628 (H.W.)
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31
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Yang X, Yang K, Wang X, Shi Y, Chen L, Meng D. Postharvest treatment of arginine maintains the storage quality of fresh‐cut button mushrooms (
Agaricus bisporus
). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke‐Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu‐Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Chen
- Tianjin Shengtianli Material Technology Co Ltd, Tianjin 300454 People’s Republic of China
| | - De‐Mei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Gasin‐DH Preservation Technology Co Ltd, Tianjin 300300 People’s Republic of China
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32
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Chang L, Yu Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang S. Arginine induces the resistance of postharvest jujube fruit against Alternaria rot. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In order to explore the effects of arginine (Arg) treatment on postharvest Alternaria rot of jujube caused by Alternaria alternata, winter jujube was treated with different concentrations of Arg (0, 20, 200, and 1000 μmol L −1). Results showed that Arg treatment substantially inhibited the expansion of lesion diameter, and jujubes treated with 200 μmol L −1 Arg had the smallest lesion diameter. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Arg could not inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth of A. alternata. Further experimental results showed that Arg treatment reduced the production rate of O2-. and H2O2 content and improved the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase in comparison with the control; Arg treatment enhanced the activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. Furthermore, Arg treatment significantly increased the activity of phenylalamine ammonia lyase and the contents of flavonoids, phenolics, and lignin. Results indicated that, although Arg could not directly inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi as a fungicide, it can induce resistance to Alternaria rot by maintaining the balance of reactive oxygen species, increasing the activities of pathogenesis-related protein, and promoting the phenylpropane metabolism in jujube fruit tissue. Therefore, Arg treatment can be a novel measure for inducing the resistance of jujube to postharvest Alternaria rot.
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33
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Ali MH, Khan AS, Jaskani MJ, Anwar R, Ali S, Malik AU, Hasan MU, Rehman RNU, Ayyub S. Pre‐storage application of L‐arginine mitigates chilling injury and maintains quality of Sandhuri guava fruit. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Haider Ali
- Postharvest Research and Training Center Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
| | - Ahmad Sattar Khan
- Postharvest Research and Training Center Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
| | - Muhammad Jafar Jaskani
- Plant Tissue Culture Cell Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
| | - Raheel Anwar
- Postharvest Research and Training Center Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
| | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah Malik
- Postharvest Research and Training Center Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
| | - Mahmood Ul Hasan
- Postharvest Research and Training Center Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
| | - Rana Naveed Ur Rehman
- Postharvest Research and Training Center Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
| | - Saqib Ayyub
- Postharvest Research and Training Center Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
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34
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Lv YM, Elnur E, Wang W, Thakur K, Du J, Li HN, Ma WP, Liu YQ, Ni ZJ, Wei ZJ. Hydrogen sulfide treatment increases the antioxidant capacity of fresh Lingwu Long Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba cv. Mill) fruit during storage. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:949-957. [PMID: 35677650 PMCID: PMC9168060 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been identified as an important gaseous signal molecule in plants. Here, we investigated the effects of H2S on postharvest senescence and antioxidant metabolism of Lingwu Long Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba cv. Mill) fruits (LLJF). Fumigation of Jujube fruits with H2S released from 0.4 mm NaHS could significantly prolong the postharvest shelf life of jujube fruits, reduce the decay rate of fruit, the weight loss of fruit, and inhibit the fruit loss, hardness, color, soluble solids, and titratable acidity. Compared with the control group, exogenous H2S fumigation significantly decreased the loss of chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble protein, ascorbic acid, phenols, and flavonoids in jujube fruits during post-harvest storage. At the same time, H2S could significantly delay the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2∙−) and promote catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD) activity, and inhibit polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. To summarize, H2S can effectively alleviate postharvest senescence and decay of jujube fruits by regulating the ROS accumulation and antioxidant enzymes, and prolong the storage period of postharvest. H2S treatment could significantly prolong the postharvest shelf life of jujube fruits. H2S could significantly delay the accumulation of MDA, H2O2 and O2∙− during storage of jujube fruits. H2S treatment promote CAT, SOD, APX, POD activity, and inhibit PPO activity during storage of jujube fruits. Provides a new method for storage of post-harvest jujube fruits.
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35
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Liang Z, Luo Z, Li W, Yang M, Wang L, Lin X, Li L. Elevated CO 2 Enhanced the Antioxidant Activity and Downregulated Cell Wall Metabolism of Wolfberry ( Lycium barbarum L.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010016. [PMID: 35052519 PMCID: PMC8773196 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has been widely known to delay the postharvest fruit senescence; nevertheless, its effect on antioxidant activity and cell wall metabolism of wolfberry fruit is largely unknown. The present study investigated the impact of elevated CO2 on the quality attributes and cell wall degradation of wolfberry fruit during storage. The results showed that 10% CO2 better maintained the physiological quality and conferred the reduction in weight loss, decay index, and color change. Higher 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, total phenol and flavonoid content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of wolfberry were detected at elevated CO2 concentrations. Elevated CO2 atmosphere contributed to the maintenance of the cell integrity, the decrease of cell wall degradation (polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, cellulase, and β-glucosidase), and the increase of cellulose and proto pectin content. Overall, we revealed the potential mechanism of elevated CO2 on the antioxidant activity enhancement and cell wall homeostasis of fresh berry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Mingyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-571-8898-1885
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36
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Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Quality Deterioration of Button Mushrooms and the Interaction with Ethylene. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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37
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Lin Y, Lai D, Wang D, Zhou F, Tan BK, Zhang Z, Hu J, Lin S. Application of curcumin-mediated antibacterial photodynamic technology for preservation of fresh Tremella Fuciformis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Zheng B, Zhang X, Chen P, Du Q, Zhou Y, Yang H, Wang X, Yang F, Yong T, Yang W. Improving maize's N uptake and N use efficiency by strengthening roots' absorption capacity when intercropped with legumes. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11658. [PMID: 34221735 PMCID: PMC8234926 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize’s nitrogen (N) uptake can be improved through maize-legume intercropping. N uptake mechanisms require further study to better understand how legumes affect root growth and to determine maize’s absorptive capacity in maize-legume intercropping. We conducted a two-year field experiment with two N treatments (zero N (N0) and conventional N (N1)) and three planting patterns (monoculture maize (Zea mays L.) (MM), maize-soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) strip intercropping (IMS), and maize-peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) strip intercropping (IMP)). We sought to understand maize’s N uptake mechanisms by investigating root growth and distribution, root uptake capacity, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the antioxidant content in different maize-legume strip intercropping systems. Our results showed that on average, the N uptake of maize was significantly greater by 52.5% in IMS and by 62.4% in IMP than that in MM. The average agronomic efficiency (AE) of maize was increased by 110.5 % in IMS and by 163.4 % in IMP, compared to MM. The apparent recovery efficiency (RE) of maize was increased by 22.3% in IMS. The roots of intercropped maize were extended into soybean and peanut stands underneath the space and even between the inter-rows of legume, resulting in significantly increased root surface area density (RSAD) and total root biomass. The root-bleeding sap intensity of maize was significantly increased by 22.7–49.3% in IMS and 37.9–66.7% in IMP, compared with the MM. The nitrate-N content of maize bleeding sap was significantly greater in IMS and IMP than in MM during the 2018 crop season. The glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the root significantly increased in IMS and IMP compared to MM. Strip intercropping using legumes increases maize’s aboveground N uptake by promoting root growth and spatial distribution, delaying root senescence, and strengthening root uptake capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchuan Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
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39
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Sohail M, Wills RBH, Bowyer MC, Pristijono P. Beneficial impact of exogenous arginine, cysteine and methionine on postharvest senescence of broccoli. Food Chem 2020; 338:128055. [PMID: 32950008 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the ability of l-arginine, l-cysteine and l-methionine, to inhibit postharvest senescence of broccoli. Florets were dipped in aqueous solutions of the amino acids at concentrations from 1.0 to 100 mM and stored at 10 °C. A 5 mM dip was found to be optimal in delaying senescence as measured by retention of green colour, vitamin C and antioxidant activity, and a lower level of ethylene production, respiration, weight loss, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and ion leakage with the benefits being similar for all three amino acids. Arginine, cysteine and methionine have Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) status and should have few impediments in obtaining regulatory approval for commercial use if similar effects were found for other leafy vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia; PCSIR Labs Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - R B H Wills
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - M C Bowyer
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Penta Pristijono
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
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Peng Y, Li T, Jiang H, Gu Y, Chen Q, Yang C, Qi WL, Liu SQ, Zhang X. Postharvest biochemical characteristics and ultrastructure of Coprinus comatus. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8508. [PMID: 32071815 PMCID: PMC7007737 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coprinus comatus is a novel cultivated edible fungus, hailed as a new preeminent breed of mushroom. However, C. comatus is difficult to keep fresh at room temperature after harvest due to high respiration, browning, self-dissolve and lack of physical protection. METHODS In order to extend the shelf life of C. comatus and reduce its loss in storage, changes in quality, biochemical content, cell wall metabolism and ultrastructure of C. comatus (C.c77) under 4 °C and 90% RH storage regimes were investigated in this study. RESULTS The results showed that: (1) After 10 days of storage, mushrooms appeared acutely browning, cap opening and flowing black juice, rendering the mushrooms commercially unacceptable. (2) The activity of SOD, CAT, POD gradually increased, peaked at the day 10, up to 31.62 U g-1 FW, 16.51 U g-1 FW, 0.33 U g-1 FW, respectively. High SOD, CAT, POD activity could be beneficial in protecting cells from ROS-induced injuries, alleviating lipid peroxidation and stabilizing membrane integrity. (3) The activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase were significantly increased. Higher degrees of cell wall degradation observed during storage might be due to those enzymes' high activities. (4) The fresh C. comatus had dense tissue and every single cell had the number of intracellular organelles which structure can be observed clearly. After 10 d storage, the number of intracellular organelles was declined and the structure was fuzzy, the nucleus disappeared. After 20 d storage, C. comatus's organization was completely lost, many cells were stacked together and the cell wall was badly damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural Uniersity, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tongling Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaming Jiang
- Sichuan Vocational and Technical College, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural Uniersity, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural Uniersity, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cairong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei liang Qi
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Song-qing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural Uniersity, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Lin X, Sun DW. Research advances in browning of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): Affecting factors and controlling methods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Exogenous adenosine triphosphate application retards cap browning in Agaricus bisporus during low temperature storage. Food Chem 2019; 293:285-290. [PMID: 31151613 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) treatment at 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 µM retarded cap browning in mushrooms by 0, 34, 26, 51 and 32 %, respectively, during storage at 4 °C for 18 days. Triggering signaling H2O2 accumulation arising from elevating NADPH oxidase enzyme activity during 6 days of storage at 4 °C may be pivotal for promoting shikimate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in mushrooms treated with ATP during 18 days of storage at 4 °C. Promoting melatonin accumulation (390 µg kg-1 FW vs. 160 µg kg-1 FW) in mushrooms treated with ATP during cold storage may attribute to signaling H2O2 accumulation. Higher DPPH scavenging capacity (72 % vs. 65 %) in mushrooms treated with ATP may attribute to higher phenols accumulation arising from higher phenylalanine ammonialyase/polyphenol oxidase enzymes activity concomitant with higher alternative oxidase gene expression during 18 days of storage at 4 °C.
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