Optimization of Culture Conditions for Enhanced Decolorization of Cibacron Red FN-2BL by Schizophyllum commune IBL-6

Efficient detoxification of textile wastewater by applying Chenopodium album nanoparticles and its application in simulated metal-bearing effluents removal

Large-scale pollution of water and soils bodies is associated with the discharge of the untreated textile industry effluents. Halophytes grows on saline lands and accumulate secondary metabolites and other stress protective compounds. Utilization of Chenopodium album (halophytes) to synthesize zinc oxide (ZnO) and their efficiency to treat different concentrations of textile industry waste water is proposed in this study. Potential of nanoparticles textile industry waste water effluents was also analyzed by exposing different concentrations of nanoparticles (0 (control), 0.2, 0.5, 1 mg) and time intervals of 5, 10, and 15 days. The absorption peaks by UV region, FTIR and SEM analysis were used characterized on ZnO NPs for the first time. FTIR analysis showed the preens of various functional groups and vital phytochemicals that can play its role in the formation of nanoparticles that can be used for trace elements removal and bioremediation. SEM analysis indicated that the pure ZnO NPs synthesis ranged from 30 to 57 nm. Results shows that the green synthesis of halophytic nanoparticles presents maximum removal capacity after 15 days exposure to 1 mg of ZnO NPs. Hence, the prepared ZnO Nps from halophytes can be a viable solution for treating the textile industry effluents before they are discharged into water bodies for sustainable environmental growth and environmental safety.

Adsorption Potential of Schizophyllum commune White Rot Fungus for Degradation of Reactive Dye and Condition Optimization: A Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study

The pollution due to dyes from textile sector is one of the major issues faced worldwide. This study was focused on the removal of the reactive dye, Drimaren Turquoise CL-B using Schizophyllum commune, a white rot fungus (WRF) keeping in mind the current environmental conditions. Different parameters like pH, sources of carbon & nitrogen, temperature, concentration of dye and C/N ratio were used to investigate their effect on the process. Maximum dye removal of 95.45% was obtained at pH 4.5, temperature 35°C, inoculum size 3 mL, veratryl alcohol (mediator), glucose (carbon source) and ammonium nitrate (nitrogen source). The enzyme activity was determined by employing enzyme assay. Laccase and Lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity was low while Manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity was highest. Maximum bio-sorption was achieved at pH 1 and 313 K. The pseudo-2nd-order kinetic model & Freundlich isotherm was best suited for the process of removal of dye. From these data, it is concluded that white rot fungus could possibly be the excellent biomaterial for elimination of synthetic dyes from wastewater.

Genetic Diversity and Dye-Decolorizing Spectrum of Schizophyllum commune Population

Synthetic dyes are widely used in various industries and their wastage causes severe environmental problems while being hazardous to human health, leading to the need for eco-friendly degradation techniques. The split-gill fungus Schizophyllum commune, which is found worldwide, has the potential to degrade all components of the lignocellulosic biomass and is a candidate for the treatment of synthetic dyes. A systematic molecular analysis of 75 Korean and 6 foreign S. commune strains has revealed the high genetic diversity of this population and its important contribution to the total diversity of S. commune. We examined the dye decolorization ability of this population and revealed 5 excellent strains that strongly decolorized 3 dyes: Crystal Violet, Congo Red and Methylene Blue. Finally, comparison of dye decolorization ability and the phylogenetic identification of these strains generalized their genetic and physiological diversity. This study provides an initial resource for physiological and genetic research projects as well as the bioremediation of textile dyes.

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies for evaluation of adsorption capacity of fungal dead biomass for direct dye

This study focuses on evaluation of degradation aptitude of white rot fungus (Coriolus versicolor) against Indosol Turquoise FBL dye. The outcome of numerous parameters including pH, temperature, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, C/N ratio and effect of dye concentration were studied. Maximum decolorization (99.896%) of Indosol Turquoise FBL was obtained by C. versicolor under optimized conditions. After three days, the maximum dye degradation (98%) was observed at pH 4 and 30 °C. Six carbon sources fructose, glucose, maltose, sucrose, rice bran and wheat bran were used and 96.66% degradation was observed by maltose at its optimum growth concentration (0.1 g/100 mL). Various nitrogen sources were employed for decolorization but ammonium nitrate decolorized dye up to 98.05%. The activity of three different enzymes laccase, Lignin peroxidase (LiP) and Manganese peroxidase (MnP) were calculated. The dead biomass of White rot fungus (WRF) was used for biosorption experiments. Maximum q (36 mg/g) was obtained at pH 2, at 30 °C using 0.05 g biosorbent. An increase in the q value was observed with increase in dye concentration. Freundlich adsorption isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics were followed by the data. It can be concluded that C. versicolor could be an efficient source for degradation of dyes from industrial effluents.

Biodegradation of a monochlorotriazine dye, cibacron brilliant red 3B-A in solid state fermentation by wood-rot fungal consortium, Daldinia concentrica and Xylaria polymorpha: Co-biomass decolorization of cibacron brilliant red 3B-A dye

Efficient decolorization of cibracron brilliant red 3B-A dye by novel white rot fungal consortium was studied in static and shaking conditions using solid state fermentation technology. Daldinia concentrica (DC) and Xylaria polymorpha (XP) consortium showed dye removal efficiency than the individual strains within 5 days. The enzymes analysis revealed significant inductions in laccase (84%), lignin peroxidase (78%) and manganese peroxidase (65%) by the fungal co-culture (DC + XP), Xylaria polymorpha (XP) and Daldinia concentrica (DC) respectively. Enhanced decolorization was recorded when the medium was supplemented with glucose and ammonium nitrate as carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. The GCMS and HPLC analysis of metabolites suggest the different fates of biodegradation of cibracron brilliant red 3B-A dye by DC, XP and DC + XP consortium. The isotherm and kinetic studies revealed the goodness of fit of the experimental data when subjected to Freundlich and pseudo-second order models respectively. Phytotoxicity studies revealed that the biodegradation of the cibracron brilliant red 3B-A dye by the DC + XP consortium and individual strains has also led to the detoxification of the pollutant. This study revealed the effectiveness of white rot fungi in the eco-friendly remediation of dye polluted environment.

Schizophyllum commune: An unexploited source for lignocellulose degrading enzymes

Lignocellulose represents the most abundant source of carbon in the Earth. Thus, fraction technology of the biomass turns up as an emerging technology for the development of biorefineries. Saccharification and fermentation processes require the formulation of enzymatic cocktails or the development of microorganisms (naturally or genetically modified) with the appropriate toolbox to produce a cost‐effective fermentation technology. Therefore, the search for microorganisms capable of developing effective cellulose hydrolysis represents one of the main challenges in this era. Schizophyllum commune is an edible agarical with a great capability to secrete a myriad of hydrolytic enzymes such as xylanases and endoglucanases that are expressed in a high range of substrates. In addition, a large number of protein‐coding genes for glycoside hydrolases, oxidoreductases like laccases (Lacs; EC 1.10.3.2), as well as some sequences encoding for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and expansins‐like proteins demonstrate the potential of this fungus to be applied in different biotechnological process. In this review, we focus on the enzymatic toolbox of S. commune at the genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic level, as well as the requirements to be employed for fermentable sugars production in biorefineries. At the end the trend of its use in patent registration is also reviewed.

Bioremediation and Detoxification of the Textile Wastewater with Membrane Bioreactor Using the White-rot Fungus and Reuse of Wastewater

BACKGROUND

Application of membrane technology to wastewater treatment has expanded over the last decades due to increasingly stringent legislation, greater opportunities for water reuse/recycling processes and continuing advancement in membrane technology.

OBJECTIVES

In the present study, a bench-scale submerged microfiltration membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used to assess the treatment of textile wastewater.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The decolorization capacity of white-rot fungus coriolus versicolor was confirmed through agar plate and liquid batch studies. The temperature and pH of the reactor were controlled at 29±1°C and 4.5±2, respectively. The bioreactor was operated with an average flux of 0.05 m.d^-1 (HRT=15hrs) for a month.

RESULTS

Extensive growth of fungi and their attachment to the membrane led to its fouling and associated increase of the transmembrane pressure requiring a periodic withdrawal of sludge and membrane cleaning. However, stable decoloration activity (approx. 98%), BOD (40-50%), COD (50-67%) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal (>95%) was achieved using the entire system (fungi + membrane), while the contribution of the fungi culture alone for TOC removal, as indicated by the quality of the reactor supernatant, was 35-50% and 70%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The treated wastewater quality satisfied the requirement of water quality for dyeing and finishing process excluding light coloration. Therefore, textile wastewater reclamation and reuse is a promising alternative, which can both conserve or supplement the available water resource and reduce or eliminate the environmental pollution.

Decolorization of synthetic brilliant green carpet industry dye through fungal co-culture technology

Aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of fungal co-culture for the decolorization of synthetic brilliant green carpet industry dye. For this purpose two lignocellulolytic fungi Pleurotus florida (PF) and Rhizoctonia solani (RS) were employed. The study includes determination of enzyme profiles (laccase and peroxidase), dye decolorization efficiency of co-culture and crude enzyme extracts. Both fungi produced laccase and Mn peroxidase and successfully decolorized solutions of different concentrations (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, & 8.0(w/v) of dye. The co-culture resulted highest 98.54% dye decolorization at 2% (w/v) of dye as compared to monocultures (82.12% with PF and 68.89% with RS) during 12 days of submerged fermentation. The lower levels of dyes were rapidly decolorized, while higher levels in slow order as 87.67% decolorization of 8% dye. The promising achievement of the study was remarkable decolorizing efficiency of co-culture over monocultures. The direct treatment of the mono and co-culture enzyme extracts to dye also influenced remarkable. The highest enzymatic decolorization was through combined (PF and RS) extracts, while lesser by monoculture extracts. Based on the observations and potentiality of co-culture technology; further it can be exploited for the bioremediation of areas contaminated with hazardous environmental pollutants including textile and other industry effluents.

Optimization of culture condition for enhanced decolorization and degradation of azo dye reactive violet 1 with concomitant production of ligninolytic enzymes by Ganoderma cupreum AG-1

The strain Ganoderma cupreum AG-1 (Genbank accession no. HQ328947) isolated from the decayed wood was evaluated for its ability to decolorize azo dye reactive violet 1 as well as for the production of ligninolytic enzymes. In the initial decolorization study, the strain was capable of decolorizing 19 different azo dyes. The strain was capable of decolorizing dye over a pH range of 4.5–6 at 30 °C. The optimum pH was found to be 4.5. Various other process parameters like additional carbon and nitrogen source and initial dye concentration were also optimized. The decolorization medium was supplemented with appropriate nitrogen source (yeast extract, 5 g l⁻¹) and carbon source (mannose, 2 g l⁻¹); the decolorization obtained was 98 %. The pattern of enzymes involved in the biodegradation was studied and laccase and MnP were found to be the major enzymes. High laccase activity shown by G. cupreum AG-1 and its ability to decolorize dyes are a good indication of its possible use in the treatment of textile effluents.

Identification of the potential of microbial combinations obtained from spent mushroom cultivation substrates for use in textile effluent decolorization

The study presents variation in microbial population of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Volvariella volvacea spent substrates (SMS) along with ligninolytic enzymes activity and textile effluent decolorization potential of microorganisms isolated from these. The effect of temperature, pH, carbon sources and immobilizing agents on effluent decolorization using different combinations of these microorganisms has also been studied. SMS of P. sajor-caju harbored highest population and diversity of bacteria and fungi compared to other SMSs. Schizophyllum commune and Pezizomycotina sp. from P. sajor-caju SMS, exhibited highest activities of laccase (11.8 and 8.32U mL(-1)) and lignin peroxidase (339 and 318 UL(-1)), while Pseudomonas fluorescens of Manganese peroxidase. Highest decolorization was in presence of glucose and sucrose at 30°C, and microbial consortium comprised of the immobilized forms of S. commune and Pezizomycotina sp. on wheat straw and broth cultures of P. fluorescens, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus.

Lignolytic Enzymes of a Mushroom Stereum ostrea Isolated from Wood Logs

Production of lignolytic enzymes by the mushroom fungus Stereum ostrea in liquid medium under conditions of vegetative growth was examined for 10 days in comparison to the reference culture Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Though growth and secretion of extracellular protein by S. ostrea were comparable to those of P. chrysosporium, yields of laccase enzyme by S. ostrea were higher than laccase titres of P. chrysosporium by more than 2 folds on the peak production time interval (IVth day of incubation). S. ostrea yielded titres of 25 units of laccase/ml as against 8.9 units of laccase/ml on the IVth day of incubation. Stereum ostrea also exhibited activities of other lignolytic enzymes, lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP), higher than the reference culture. Growth of S. ostrea on the medium in the presence of Remazol orange 16 resulted in the decolourisation of dye, confirming the presence of lignolytic enzymes. S. ostrea appears to be a promising culture with complete lignolytic system.

Phanerochaete chrysosporium IBL-03 secretes high titers of manganese peroxidase during decolorization of Drimarine Blue K2RL textile dye

A novel indigenous strain, Phanerochaete chrysosporium IBL-03, with high manganese peroxidase (MnP) activities was used for decolorization of a reactive textile dye, Drimarine Blue K2R, which is used extensively in textile units of Pakistan. The initial experiment was run for seven days with 0.01% (w/v) dye solution prepared in Kirk's basal nutrient medium. Samples were removed after every 24 h and the extent of dye decolorization was determined at lambda(max) of the dye. The study revealed that P. chrysosporium caused 65% decolorization of Drimarine Blue K2RL in seven days. By process optimization, 97% colour removal could be achieved in three days using 0.005% (w/v) Drimarine Blue K2RL solution at pH 4.0 and 30 degrees C in defined Kirk's medium with 0.9% (w/v) molasses and 0.2% (w/v) ammonium dihydrogen phosphate added as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Manganese peroxidase was found to be the major enzyme (560 IU/mL) involved in dye decolorization of Drimarine Blue K2RL by P. chrysosporium. The dye adsorption studies showed that the dye initially adsorbed on fungal mats disappeared later on, possibly by the action of MnP secreted by the fungus in secondary metabolism.

Decolorization of sulfonated azo dye Metanil Yellow by newly isolated bacterial strains: Bacillus sp. strain AK1 and Lysinibacillus sp. strain AK2

Two different bacterial strains capable of decolorizing a highly water soluble azo dye Metanil Yellow were isolated from dye contaminated soil sample collected from Atul Dyeing Industry, Bellary, India. The individual bacterial strains Bacillus sp. AK1 and Lysinibacillus sp. AK2 decolorized Metanil Yellow (200 mg L(-1)) completely within 27 and 12h respectively. Various parameters like pH, temperature, NaCl and initial dye concentrations were optimized to develop an economically feasible decolorization process. The maximum concentration of Metanil Yellow (1000 mg L(-1)) was decolorized by strains AK2 and AK1 within 78 and 84 h respectively. These strains could decolorize Metanil Yellow over a broad pH range 5.5-9.0; the optimum pH was 7.2. The decolorization of Metanil Yellow was most efficient at 40°C and confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, TLC, HPLC and GC/MS analysis. Further, both the strains showed the involvement of azoreductase in the decolorization process. Phytotoxicity studies of catabolic products of Metanil Yellow on the seeds of chick pea and pigeon pea revealed much reduction in the toxicity of metabolites as compared to the parent dye. These results indicating the effectiveness of strains AK1 and AK2 for the treatment of textile effluents containing azo dyes.

Decolorization of dye-containing textile industry effluents using Ganoderma lucidum IBL-05 in still cultures

A locally isolated white rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum IBL-05 was used for development of a bioremediation process for original textile industry effluents. Dye-containing effluents of different colors were collected from the Arzoo (maroon), Ayesha (yellow), Ittemad (green), Crescent (navy blue) and Magna (yellowish) textile industries of Faisalabad, Pakistan. G. lucidum IBL-05 was screened for its decolorization potential on all the effluents. Maximum decolorization (49.5 %) was observed in the case of the Arzoo textile industry (ART) effluent (lambda(max) = 515 nm) on the 10th day of incubation. Therefore, the ART effluent was selected for optimization of its decolorization process. Process optimization could improve color removal efficiency of the fungus to 95% within only 2 days, catalyzed by manganese peroxidase (1295 U/mL) as the main enzyme activity at pH 3 and 35 degrees C using 1% starch supplemented Kirk's basal medium. Nitrogen addition inhibited enzyme formation and effluent decolorization. The economics and effectiveness of the process can be improved by further process optimization.