1
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Chen YY, Huang JC, Wu CY, Yu SQ, Wang YT, Ye C, Shi TQ, Huang H. A comprehensive review on the recent advances for 5-aminolevulinic acid production by the engineered bacteria. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38705840 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2336532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid essential for synthesizing tetrapyrrole compounds, including heme, chlorophyll, cytochrome, and vitamin B12. As a plant growth regulator, 5-ALA is extensively used in agriculture to enhance crop yield and quality. The complexity and low yield of chemical synthesis methods have led to significant interest in the microbial synthesis of 5-ALA. Advanced strategies, including the: enhancement of precursor and cofactor supply, compartmentalization of key enzymes, product transporters engineering, by-product formation reduction, and biosensor-based dynamic regulation, have been implemented in bacteria for 5-ALA production, significantly advancing its industrialization. This article offers a comprehensive review of recent developments in 5-ALA production using engineered bacteria and presents new insights to propel the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Chen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Cong Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai-Yun Wu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Qin Yu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yue-Tong Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Zdubek A, Maliszewska I. On the Possibility of Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid in the Light-Induced Destruction of Microorganisms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3590. [PMID: 38612403 PMCID: PMC11011456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a method that specifically kills target cells by combining a photosensitizer and irradiation with light at the appropriate wavelength. The natural amino acid, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), is the precursor of endogenous porphyrins in the heme biosynthesis pathway. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of 5-ALA synthesis in biological hosts. The effectiveness of 5-ALA-aPDI in destroying various groups of pathogens (viruses, fungi, yeasts, parasites) was presented, but greater attention was focused on the antibacterial activity of this technique. Finally, the clinical applications of 5-ALA in therapies using 5-ALA and visible light (treatment of ulcers and disinfection of dental canals) were described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irena Maliszewska
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
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3
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He G, Jiang M, Cui Z, Sun X, Chen T, Wang Z. Construction of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase variants by cysteine-targeted mutation to release heme inhibition. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:416-423. [PMID: 36089467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a vital precursor for the biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole compounds, has been widely applied in agriculture and medicine, while extremely potential for the treatment of cancers, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and metabolic diseases in recent years. With the development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, the biosynthesis of 5-ALA has attracted increasing attention. 5-Aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), the key enzyme for 5-ALA synthesis in the C4 pathway, is subject to stringent feedback inhibition by heme. In this work, cysteine-targeted mutation of ALAS was proposed to overcome this drawback. ALAS from Rhodopseudomonas palustris (RP-ALAS) and Rhodobacter capsulatus (RC-ALAS) were selected for mutation and eight variants were generated. Variants RP-C132A and RC-C201A increased enzyme activities and released hemin inhibition, respectively, maintaining 82.5% and 81.9% residual activities in the presence of 15 μM hemin. Moreover, the two variants exhibited higher stability than that of their corresponding wild-type enzymes. Corynebacterium glutamicum overexpressing RP-C132A and RC-C201A produced 14.0% and 21.6% higher titers of 5-ALA than the control, respectively. These results strongly suggested that variants RP-C132A and RC-C201A obtained by utilizing cysteine-targeted mutation strategy released hemin inhibition, broadening their applications in 5-ALA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei He
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Meiru Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhenzhen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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4
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Jiang M, Hong K, Mao Y, Ma H, Chen T, Wang Z. Natural 5-Aminolevulinic Acid: Sources, Biosynthesis, Detection and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:841443. [PMID: 35284403 PMCID: PMC8913508 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.841443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is the key precursor for the biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole compounds, with wide applications in medicine, agriculture and other burgeoning fields. Because of its potential applications and disadvantages of chemical synthesis, alternative biotechnological methods have drawn increasing attention. In this review, the recent progress in biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of 5-ALA synthesis in biological hosts are summarized. The research progress on 5-ALA biosynthesis via the C4/C5 pathway in microbial cells is emphasized, and the corresponding biotechnological design strategies are highlighted and discussed in detail. In addition, the detection methods and applications of 5-ALA are also reviewed. Finally, perspectives on potential strategies for improving the biosynthesis of 5-ALA and understanding the related mechanisms to further promote its industrial application are conceived and proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiru Jiang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kunqiang Hong
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yufeng Mao
- Key Laboratory of System Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of System Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiwen Wang,
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5
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Yi YC, Shih IT, Yu TH, Lee YJ, Ng IS. Challenges and opportunities of bioprocessing 5-aminolevulinic acid using genetic and metabolic engineering: a critical review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:100. [PMID: 38650260 PMCID: PMC10991938 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a non-proteinogenic five-carbon amino acid, has received intensive attentions in medicine due to its approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cancer diagnosis and treatment as photodynamic therapy. As chemical synthesis of 5-ALA performed low yield, complicated processes, and high cost, biosynthesis of 5-ALA via C4 (also called Shemin pathway) and C5 pathway related to heme biosynthesis in microorganism equipped more advantages. In C4 pathway, 5-ALA is derived from condensation of succinyl-CoA and glycine by 5-aminolevulic acid synthase (ALAS) with pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) as co-factor in one-step biotransformation. The C5 pathway involves three enzymes comprising glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GltX), glutamyl-tRNA reductase (HemA), and glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (HemL) from α-ketoglutarate in TCA cycle to 5-ALA and heme. In this review, we describe the recent results of 5-ALA production from different genes and microorganisms via genetic and metabolic engineering approaches. The regulation of different chassis is fine-tuned by applying synthetic biology and boosts 5-ALA production eventually. The purification process, challenges, and opportunities of 5-ALA for industrial applications are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - I-Tai Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - I-Son Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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6
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Shih IT, Yi YC, Ng IS. Plasmid-Free System and Modular Design for Efficient 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Production by Engineered Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2858-2871. [PMID: 33860878 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an essential intermediate for many organisms and has been considered for the applications of medical especially in photodynamic therapy of cancer recently. However, ALA production via chemical approach is complicated; hence, microbial manufacturing has received more attentions. In this study, a modular design to simultaneously express ALA synthase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RshemA), a non-specific ALA exporter (RhtA), and chaperones was first developed and discussed. The ALA production was significantly increased by coexpressing RhtA and RshemA. Besides, ALA was enhanced by the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) which was supplied by expressing genes of pdxK and pdxY or direct addition. However, inclusion bodies of RshemA served as an obstacle; thus, chaperones DnaK and GroELS were introduced to reform the conformation of proteins and successfully improved ALA production. Finally, a plasmid-free strain RrGI, as the robust chassis, was established and a 6.23-fold enhancement on ALA biosynthesis and led to 7.47 g/L titer and 0.588 g/L/h productivity under the optimal cultural condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Tai Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - I-Son Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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7
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Enhanced 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Production by Co-expression of Codon-Optimized hemA Gene with Chaperone in Genetic Engineered Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 191:299-312. [PMID: 31845195 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an important metabolic intermediate compound with high value and has recently been used in agriculture and medicine. In this study, we have constructed six recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains that are involved in pET system under the regulation of the T7 promoter and LacI to express codon-optimized hemA gene from Rhodobacter capsulatus (RchemA) for ALA production via the C4 pathway. Due to codon optimization, hemA has a high transcriptional level; however, most RcHemA proteins were formed as inclusion body. To improve expression in soluble form, the vector with TrxA fusion tag was successfully used and co-expressed with partner GroELS as chaperone in another vector. As a result, ALA production increased significantly from 1.21 to 3.67 g/L. In addition, optimal ALA production was developed through adjustment of induction time and isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentration, as well as substrate addition conditions. By adopting a two-stage induction strategy, the highest ALA reached 5.66 g/L when 0.1 mM of IPTG was added at early exponential phase (i.e., OD600 was equal to 0.7 to 0.8), while 6 g/L of glycine, 2 g/L of succinate, and 0.03 mM of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) were provided in the mid-exponential phase in fermentation.
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8
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Su T, Guo Q, Zheng Y, Liang Q, Wang Q, Qi Q. Fine-Tuning of hemB Using CRISPRi for Increasing 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Production in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1731. [PMID: 31417522 PMCID: PMC6685056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an important metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of heme and has been broadly applied in medicine, agriculture, and organic synthesis. Compared to the chemical synthesis methods, microbial fermentation of ALA has significant economic and environmental advantages. However, the heme biosynthesis pathway downstream of ALA is essential for cell survival, so it cannot be completely blocked. In this work, we fine-tuned the expression of HemB, the key enzyme involved in heme biosynthesis, using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), and investigated its effect on promoting ALA accumulation. The activity of HemB was down-regulated by 15, 19, 33, 36, 71, and 80% respectively, with six CRISPRi sites targeting various regions of hemB. ALA accumulation in these hemB weakened strains varied from 90.2 to 493.1% compared to that of the original strain. This work provided new insights into fine-tuning of heme biosynthesis pathway for promoting ALA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Quanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,CAS Key Lab of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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9
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Ren J, Zhou L, Wang C, Lin C, Li Z, Zeng AP. An Unnatural Pathway for Efficient 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Biosynthesis with Glycine from Glyoxylate Based on Retrobiosynthetic Design. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2750-2757. [PMID: 30476433 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of novel metabolic pathways for efficient biosynthesis of natural products has received much interest, but often lacks systematic approach and chemistry-based guideline. Here we propose carbon skeleton reconstruction based on retrobiosynthetic design as a new approach and chemistry-guideline to solve the problem of properly matching precursors, one of the key issues for efficient biosynthesis. It is demonstrated for the development of an unnatural pathway for efficient biosynthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid. The new pathway has several advantages compared to the existing natural ones such as high carbon utilization efficiency and orthogonality. It is particularly useful for overcoming the problem of glycine supply. The unnatural pathway is verified in vitro in an enzymatic cascade and in vivo in recombinant E. coli with an exogenous glyoxylate transaminase as a key enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Libang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 15, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zhidong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 15, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Hu G, Zhou J, Chen X, Qian Y, Gao C, Guo L, Xu P, Chen W, Chen J, Li Y, Liu L. Engineering synergetic CO2-fixing pathways for malate production. Metab Eng 2018; 47:496-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Zou Y, Chen T, Feng L, Zhang S, Xing D, Wang Z. Enhancement of 5-aminolevulinic acid production by metabolic engineering of the glycine biosynthesis pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1369-1374. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Li T, Guo YY, Qiao GQ, Chen GQ. Microbial Synthesis of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Its Coproduction with Polyhydroxybutyrate. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:1264-1274. [PMID: 27238205 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), an important cell metabolic intermediate useful for cancer treatments or plant growth regulator, was produced by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the codon optimized mitochondrial 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (EC: 2.3.1.37, hem1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae controlled via the plasmid encoding T7 expression system with a T7 RNA polymerase. When a more efficient autoinduced expression approach free of IPTG was applied, the recombinant containing antibiotic-free stabilized plasmid was able to produce 3.6 g/L extracellular ALA in shake flask studies under optimized temperature. A recombinant E. coli expressing synthesis pathways of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and ALA resulted in coproduction of 43% PHB in the cell dry weights and 1.6 g/L extracellular ALA, leading to further reduction on ALA cost as two products were harvested both intracellularly and extracellularly. This was the first study on coproduction of extracellular ALA and intracellular PHB for improving bioprocessing efficiency. The cost of ALA production could be further reduced by employing a Halomonas spp. TD01 able to grow and produce ALA and PHB under continuous and unsterile conditions even though ALA had the highest titer of only 0.7 g/L at the present time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying-Ying Guo
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center
for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guan-Qing Qiao
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center
for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- MOE
Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100081, China
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13
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Zhang J, Weng H, Ding W, Kang Z. N-terminal engineering of glutamyl-tRNA reductase with positive charge arginine to increase 5-aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis. Bioengineered 2016; 8:424-427. [PMID: 27754792 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1230572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the universal precursor of all tetrapyrroles, has various applications in medicine and agriculture industries. Glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) as the first key enzyme of C5 pathway is feedback regulated by heme, and its N-terminus plays a critical role on its stability control. Here, the GluTR N-terminus was engineered by inserting different numbers of positively charged lysine and arginine residues. The results confirmed that insertion of lysine or arginine residues (especially one arginine residue) behind Thr2 significantly increased the stability of GluTR. By co-expression of the GluTR variant R1 and the glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase, ALA production was improved 1.76-fold to 1220 mg/L. The GluTR variant R1 constructed here could be used for engineering the C5 pathway to enhance ALA and other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Zhang
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,c School of Life Sciences , Taishan Medical University , Taian , Shandong , China
| | - Huanjiao Weng
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Wenwen Ding
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Zhen Kang
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
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14
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Feng L, Zhang Y, Fu J, Mao Y, Chen T, Zhao X, Wang Z. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for efficient production of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1284-93. [PMID: 26616115 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has recently attracted attention for its potential applications in the fields of medicine and agriculture. In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum was firstly engineered for 5-ALA production via the C4 pathway. HemA encoding 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides was codon optimized and expressed in C. glutamicum ATCC13032, resulting in accumulation of 5-ALA. Deletion of all known genes responsible for the formation of acetate and lactate further enhanced production of 5-ALA. Overexpression of ppc gene encoding phoenolpyruvate carboxylase resulted in an accumulation of 5-ALA up to 2.06 ± 0.05 g/L. Furthermore, deletion of high-molecular-weight penicillin-binding proteins (HMW-PBPs) genes pbp1a, pbp1b, and pbp2b led to an increase in 5-ALA production of 13.53%, 29.47%, and 22.22%, respectively. Finally, 5-ALA production was enhanced to 3.14 ± 0.02 g/L in shake flask by heterologously expressing rhtA encoding threonine/homoserine exporter, and 86.77% of supplemented glycine was channeled toward 5-ALA production in shake flask. The engineered C. glutamicum ALA7 strain produced 7.53 g/L 5-ALA in a 5 L bioreactor. This study demonstrated the potential utility of C. glutamicum as a platform for metabolic production of 5-ALA. Change of cell permeability by metabolic engineering HMW-PBPs may provide a new strategy for biochemicals production in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1284-1293. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Feng
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yufeng Mao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xueming Zhao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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15
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Meng Q, Zhang Y, Ma C, Ma H, Zhao X, Chen T. Purification and functional characterization of thermostable 5-aminolevulinic acid synthases. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:2247-53. [PMID: 26296612 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), the key enzyme for 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthesis, is unstable, we have sought to find thermostable ALASs from thermophilic organisms. RESULTS Three ALASs from thermophiles Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius (GT-ALAS), Laceyella sacchari (LS-ALAS) and Pseudomonas alcaliphila (PA-ALAS) were purified and characterized. All enzymes were more stable than two previously studied ALASs from Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. There was almost no activity change after 60 h at 37 °C for the three thermostable enzymes. This contrasts with the other two enzymes which lost over 90 % activities in just 1 h. Furthermore, the specific activity of LS-ALAS (7.8 U mg(-1)) was also higher than any previously studied ALASs. CONCLUSIONS Thermostable ALASs were found in thermophilic organisms and this paves the way for developing cell free processes for enzymatic production of ALA from bulk chemicals succinate and glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueming Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
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16
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Liu S, Zhang G, Li X, Zhang J. Microbial production and applications of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7349-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Lou JW, Zhu L, Wu MB, Yang LR, Lin JP, Cen PL. High-level soluble expression of the hemA gene from Rhodobacter capsulatus and comparative study of its enzymatic properties. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 15:491-9. [PMID: 24793767 PMCID: PMC4076606 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Rhodobacter capsulatus hemA gene, which encodes 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) and the enzymatic properties of the purified recombinant ALAS (RC-ALAS) were studied. Compared with ALASs encoded by hemA genes from Agrobacterium radiobacter (AR-ALAS) and Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RS-ALAS), the specific activity of RC-ALAS reached 198.2 U/mg, which was about 31.2% and 69.5% higher than those of AR-ALAS (151.1 U/mg) and RS-ALAS (116.9 U/mg), respectively. The optimum pH values and temperatures of the three above mentioned enzymes were all pH 7.5 and 37 °C, respectively. Moreover, RC-ALAS was more sensitive to pH, while the other two were sensitive to temperature. The effects of metals, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the three ALASs were also investigated. The results indicate that they had the same effects on the activities of the three ALASs. SDS and metal ions such as Co(2+), Zn(2+), and Cu(2+) strongly inhibited the activities of the ALASs, while Mn(2+) exerted slight inhibition, and K(+), Ca(2+), Ba(2+), Mg(2+), or EDTA had no significant effect. The specificity constant of succinyl coenzyme A [(kcat/Km)(S-CoA)] of RC-ALAS was 1.4989, which was higher than those of AR-ALAS (0.7456) and RS-ALAS (1.1699), showing its high catalytic efficiency. The fed-batch fermentation was conducted using the recombinant strain containing the R. capsulatus hemA gene, and the yield of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) achieved was 8.8 g/L (67 mmol/L) under the appropriate conditions.
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18
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Gu L, Zhang J, Liu B, Wu C, Du G, Chen J. High-level extracellular production of D-Psicose-3-epimerase with recombinant Escherichia coli by a two-stage glycerol feeding approach. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 36:1767-77. [PMID: 24037040 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-0952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to achieve high-level extracellular production of D-Psicose-3-epimerase (DPE) with recombinant Escherichia coli. High-level production of DPE is one of the key factors in D-Psicose production. In the present study, the gene AAL45544.1 from Agrobacterium tumefaciens str. C58 was modified by artificial synthesis for overexpression in E. coli. The total DPE activity reached 3.96 U mL(-1) after optimization of the media composition, induction temperature, and concentration of inducer. Furthermore, it was found that addition of glycine had a positive effect on the extracellular production of DPE, which reached 3.5 U mL(-1). Finally, a two-stage glycerol feeding strategy based on both the specific growth rate before induction and the amount of glycerol residues after induction was applied in a 3-L fermenter. After a series of optimal strategies in the 3-L fermenter, the total and extracellular DPE activity were 5.08- and 3.11-fold higher than that noted in the shake flask. The extracellular and intracellular DPE activity reached 10.9 and 13.2 U mL(-1), achieving 25.5 and 31.1 % conversion of D-fructose to D-psicose, respectively. The systemic strategies presented in this study provide valuable novel information for the industrial application of DPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China,
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19
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Zhang W, Fortman JL, Carlson JC, Yan J, Liu Y, Bai F, Guan W, Jia J, Matainaho T, Sherman DH, Li S. Characterization of the bafilomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces lohii. Chembiochem 2013; 14:301-6. [PMID: 23362147 PMCID: PMC3771327 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
New hope for old bones: The plecomacrolide bafilomycin has been explored for decades as an anti-osteoporotic. However, its structural complexity has limited the synthesis of analogues. The cloning of the bafilomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from the environmental isolate Streptomyces lohii opens the door to the production of new analogues through bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
| | - J. L. Fortman
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA), Fax: (+1)-734-615-3641
| | - Jacob C. Carlson
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA), Fax: (+1)-734-615-3641
| | - Jiyong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
| | - Fali Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
| | - Wenna Guan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
| | - Junyong Jia
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA), Fax: (+1)-734-615-3641
| | - Teatulohi Matainaho
- Professor Teatulohi Matainaho, Department of Pharmacology, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Morseby (Papua New Guinea)
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA), Fax: (+1)-734-615-3641
| | - Shengying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
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20
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Kang Z, Zhang J, Zhou J, Qi Q, Du G, Chen J. Recent advances in microbial production of δ-aminolevulinic acid and vitamin B12. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1533-42. [PMID: 22537876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
δ-aminolevulinate (ALA) is an important intermediate involved in tetrapyrrole synthesis (precursor for vitamin B12, chlorophyll and heme) in vivo. It has been widely applied in agriculture and medicine. On account of many disadvantages of its chemical synthesis, microbial production of ALA has been received much attention as an alternative because of less expensive raw materials, low pollution, and high productivity. Vitamin B12, one of ALA derivatives, which plays a vital role in prevention of anaemia has also attracted intensive works. In this review, recent advances on the production of ALA and vitamin B12 with novel approaches such as whole-cell enzyme-transformation and metabolic engineering are described. Furthermore, the direction for future research and perspective are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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21
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Fang S, Li J, Liu L, Du G, Chen J. Overproduction of alkaline polygalacturonate lyase in recombinant Escherichia coli by a two-stage glycerol feeding approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:10671-10678. [PMID: 21945205 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to achieve the overproduction of alkaline polygalacturonate lyase (PGL) with recombinant Escherichia coli by a two-stage glycerol feeding approach. First, the PGL coding gene from Bacillus subtilis WSHB04-02 was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) under the strong inducible T7 promoter of the pET20b (+) vector. And then the influence of media composition, induction temperature, and inducer isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentration on cell growth and PGL production was investigated. Finally, a two-stage glycerol feeding strategy was proposed and applied in a 3-L fermenter, where cultivation was conducted at a controlled specific growth rate (μset=0.2) during pre-induction phase, followed by a constant glycerol feeding rate of 12 ml h(-1) at post-induction phase. The total PGL yield reached 371.86 U mL(-1), which is the highest PGL production by recombinant E. coli expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Fang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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