1
|
Nour SA, Emam MTH, El-Sayed GM, Sakr EAE. Utilizing chitooligosaccharides from shrimp waste biodegradation via recombinant chitinase A: a promising approach for emulsifying hydrocarbon and bioremediation. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:126. [PMID: 38698402 PMCID: PMC11067288 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrocarbon pollution stemming from petrochemical activities is a significant global environmental concern. Bioremediation, employing microbial chitinase-based bioproducts to detoxify or remove contaminants, presents an intriguing solution for addressing hydrocarbon pollution. Chitooligosaccharides, a product of chitin degradation by chitinase enzymes, emerge as key components in this process. Utilizing chitinaceous wastes as a cost-effective substrate, microbial chitinase can be harnessed to produce Chitooligosaccharides. This investigation explores two strategies to enhance chitinase productivity, firstly, statistical optimization by the Plackett Burman design approach to evaluating the influence of individual physical and chemical parameters on chitinase production, Followed by response surface methodology (RSM) which delvs into the interactions among these factors to optimize chitinase production. Second, to further boost chitinase production, we employed heterologous expression of the chitinase-encoding gene in E. coli BL21(DE3) using a suitable vector. Enhancing chitinase activity not only boosts productivity but also augments the production of Chitooligosaccharides, which are found to be used as emulsifiers. RESULTS In this study, we focused on optimizing the production of chitinase A from S. marcescens using the Plackett Burman design and response surface methods. This approach led to achieving a maximum activity of 78.65 U/mL. Subsequently, we cloned and expressed the gene responsible for chitinase A in E. coli BL21(DE3). The gene sequence, named SmChiA, spans 1692 base pairs, encoding 563 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 58 kDa. This sequence has been deposited in the NCBI GenBank under the accession number "OR643436". The purified recombinant chitinase exhibited a remarkable activity of 228.085 U/mL, with optimal conditions at a pH of 5.5 and a temperature of 65 °C. This activity was 2.9 times higher than that of the optimized enzyme. We then employed the recombinant chitinase A to effectively hydrolyze shrimp waste, yielding chitooligosaccharides (COS) at a rate of 33% of the substrate. The structure of the COS was confirmed through NMR and mass spectrometry analyses. Moreover, the COS demonstrated its utility by forming stable emulsions with various hydrocarbons. Its emulsification index remained stable across a wide range of salinity, pH, and temperature conditions. We further observed that the COS facilitated the recovery of motor oil, burned motor oil, and aniline from polluted sand. Gravimetric assessment of residual hydrocarbons showed a correlation with FTIR analyses, indicating the efficacy of COS in remediation efforts. CONCLUSIONS The recombinant chitinase holds significant promise for the biological conversion of chitinaceous wastes into chitooligosaccharides (COS), which proved its potential in bioremediation efforts targeting hydrocarbon-contaminated sand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A Nour
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Behouth St., Giza, 12622, Dokki, Egypt.
| | - Maha T H Emam
- Genetics and Cytology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Ghada M El-Sayed
- Microbial Genetics Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Ebtehag A E Sakr
- Botany Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pasin TM, Betini JHA, de Lucas RC, Polizeli MDLTDM. Biochemical characterization of an acid-thermostable glucoamylase from Aspergillus japonicus with potential application in the paper bio-deinking. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3384. [PMID: 37734048 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus species have been highlighted in enzyme production looking for industrial applications, notably, amylases are one of the most interesting enzymes. They are capable of hydrolyzing α-glycosidic linkages of starch and widely used in industrial processes to produce ethanol, glucose, and fructose syrup as well as in the textiles, detergents, and paper industries applications. In this context, this work aimed at the biochemical characterization of the glucoamylase from Aspergillus japonicus and its application in the bio-bleaching process of recycled paper. The optimum temperature and pH for the glucoamylase assay were standardized as 50°C and 5.5. After 1 h of incubation, glucoamylase retained 90% of its activity at 30-50°C. It also kept 70% of its activity in the pH range of 4.0-6.5 after an hour of incubation. The enzyme led to an increase of 30% in the relative whiteness of 10 dry grams of sulfite paper and magazine paper when applied along with commercial cellulase and 10 mM MnCl2 . In addition, after the treatments, the glucoamylase recovered activity was 30%-32%, which indicates a prolonged availability of the enzyme and can considerably curtail the redundant downstream process of the recycled paper bio-bleaching. Thus, the glucoamylase from A. japonicus has a significant role in bio-bleaching recycled paper, reducing the necessity of hard chemicals, and improving the industrial process in an interesting economic and ecological mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Machado Pasin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jorge Henrique Almeida Betini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Rosymar Coutinho de Lucas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh N, Sithole B, Kumar A, Govinden R. A glucose tolerant β-glucosidase from a newly isolated Neofusicoccum parvum strain F7: production, purification, and characterization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5134. [PMID: 36991150 PMCID: PMC10060427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulase-producing microorganisms produce low titres of β-glucosidases with low tolerance to glucose. This study aimed to improve production, purify, and characterize a β-glucosidase from a newly isolated Neofusicoccum parvum strain F7. β-Glucosidase production was significantly enhanced by a sequential statistical modelling approach from 1.5-fold in Plackett-Burman design to 2.5 U/ml in the Box-Behnken design compared to the preliminary one variable at a time experiments (1.6 U/ml). The optimal conditions for enzyme production by BBD were 12 days of fermentation at 20 °C, 175 rpm, 0.5% glycerol and 1.5% casein in pH 6.0 buffer. Three β-glucosidase isoforms referred to as Bgl1, Bgl2, Bgl3 were purified and characterized from the optimized crude extract displaying IC50 values of 2.6, 22.6 and 319.5 mM for glucose, respectively. Bgl3 with a molecular mass of approximately 65 kDa demonstrated the highest tolerance to glucose among the isoforms. The optimum activity and stability for Bgl3 was observed at pH 4.0 in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer with 80% β-glucosidase residual activity retained for three hours. This isoform also retained 60% residual activity at 65 °C for one hour which was then reduced to 40% which remained stable for another 90 min. The β-glucosidase activity of Bgl3 was not enhanced after the addition of metal ions in assay buffers. The Km and vmax for 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside were 1.18 mM and 28.08 µmol/min, respectively indicating high affinity for the substrate. The ability to withstand the presence of glucose in conjunction with its thermophilic nature indicates promise for this enzyme in industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nivisti Singh
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Bruce Sithole
- Discipline of Engineering, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Biorefinery Industry Development Facility, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ajit Kumar
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Roshini Govinden
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dhaver P, Pletschke B, Sithole B, Govinden R. Optimization, purification, and characterization of xylanase production by a newly isolated Trichoderma harzianum strain by a two-step statistical experimental design strategy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17791. [PMID: 36273028 PMCID: PMC9588001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylanases are hydrolytic enzymes with a wide range of applications in several industries such as biofuels, paper and pulp, food, and feed. The objective of this study was to optimize the culture conditions and medium components for maximal xylanase production from a newly isolated Trichoderma harzianum strain using the Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) and Box Behnken Design (BBD) experimental strategies. Xylanase production was enhanced 4.16-fold to 153.80 U/ml by BBD compared to a preliminary one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) activity of 37.01 U/ml and 2.24-fold compared to the PBD (68.70 U/ml). The optimal conditions for xylanase production were: 6 days of fermentation, incubation temperature of 70 °C, pH 5.0, agitation of 160 rpm, and 1.2% wheat bran and ammonium sulphate. The experimental design effectively provided conditions for the production of an acidic-thermostable enzyme with exciting potential for application in animal feed improvement. The acidic-thermostable xylanase was purified from the submerged culture and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a molecular weight of 72 kDa. This protein had maximum xylanolytic activity at pH 6.0 and 65 °C and was stable for 4 h retaining > 70% activity and exhibited substrate specificity for beechwood xylan with a Km of 5.56 mg/ml and Vmax of 1052.63 µmol/min/mg. Enzyme activity was enhanced by Fe2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+. There was an absence of strong inhibitors of xylanase activity. Overall, these characteristics indicate the potential for at least two industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyashini Dhaver
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Brett Pletschke
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda (Grahamstown), Eastern Cape, South Africa, 6139
| | - Bruce Sithole
- Biorefinery Industry Development Facility, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Roshini Govinden
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mondal S, Biswal D, Pal K, Rakshit S, Kumar Halder S, Mandavgane SA, Bera D, Hossain M, Chandra Mondal K. Biodeinking of waste papers using combinatorial fungal enzymes and subsequent production of butanol from effluent. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 353:127078. [PMID: 35395367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to enzymatic deinking of waste papers and to valorize the effluent for biobutanol production. Application of fungal enzymatic cocktail (cellulase, amylase, xylanase, pectinase, lipase, and ligninase) on office used paper, newspaper, and ballpen written paper leading to improvement in brightness (84.91, 72.51, 76.69 % ISO), InKd (82.89, 68.95, 76.49%), κ-number (12.9, 13.6, and 13.1), opacity (27.91, 30.07, and 2.85%), tensile strength (49.24, 45.31, and 46.98 Nm/g), respectively and indices were consistent with chemical treated pulps. The quality of effluent generated during enzymatic deinking in respect to BOD and COD level was eco-friendlier than the chemical process. The enzyme-treated effluent was employed as supporting substrate for butanol (18.4 g/l) production by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824. Material balance and life cycle assessment of the whole processes were evaluated to validate its industrial and environmental relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Mondal
- Center for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Divyajyoti Biswal
- Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kalyanbrata Pal
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Subham Rakshit
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Kumar Halder
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Sachin A Mandavgane
- Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Debabrata Bera
- Food Technology & Bio-Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Maidul Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Keshab Chandra Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Besaury L, Rémond C. Culturable and metagenomic approaches of wheat bran and wheat straw phyllosphere's highlight new lignocellulolytic microorganisms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:840-850. [PMID: 35158407 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phyllosphere, defined as the aerial parts of plants, is one of the most prevalent microbial habitats on earth. The microorganisms present on the phyllosphere can have several interactions with the plant. The phyllosphere represents then a unique niche where microorganisms have evolved through time in that stressful environment and may have acquired the ability to degrade lignocellulosic plant cell walls in order to survive to oligotrophic conditions. The dynamic lignocellulolytic potential of two phyllospheric microbial consortia (wheat straw and wheat bran) has been studied. The microbial diversity rapidly changed between the native phyllospheres and the final degrading microbial consortia after 48 hours of culture. Indeed, the initial microbial consortia was dominated by the Ralstonia (35.8%) and Micrococcus (75.2%) genera for the wheat bran and wheat straw whereas they were dominated by Candidatus phytoplasma (59%) and Acinetobacter (31.8%) in the final degrading microbial consortia respectively. Culturable experiments leading to the isolation of several new lignocellulolytic isolates (belonging to Moraxella and Atlantibacter genera) and metagenomic reconstruction of the microbial consortia highlighted the existence of an unpredicted microbial diversity involved in lignocellulose fractionation but also the existence of new pathways in known genera (presence of CE2 for Acinetobacter,several AAs for Pseudomonas and several GHs for Bacillus in different Metagenomes Assembled Genomes). The phyllosphere from agricultural co-products represents then a new niche as a lignocellulolytic degrading ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Besaury
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Caroline Rémond
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, 51097, Reims, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Revealing the Potential of Xylanase from a New Halophilic Microbulbifer sp. CL37 with Paper De-Inking Ability. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
8
|
A comparative study of conventional chemical deinking and environment-friendly bio-deinking of mixed office wastepaper. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
9
|
Liu Z, Shao T, Li Y, Wu B, Jia H, Hao N. Expression, Characterization and Its Deinking Potential of a Thermostable Xylanase From Planomicrobium glaciei CHR43. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:618979. [PMID: 33681158 PMCID: PMC7928332 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.618979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome mining is more and more widely used in identifying new enzymes from database. In the present study, we reported a putative xylanase, Pg-Xyn (WP_053166147.1), which originated from a psychrotolerant strain Planomicrobium glaciei CHR 43, and was identified from Genbank by genome mining. Sequence analysis and homology modeling showed that Pg-Xyn belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 10. On the basis of heterologous expression in E. coli and biochemical characterization, we found Pg-Xyn was most active at pH 9.0 and 80°C and exhibited good stability from pH 5.0 to 12.0 and below 90°C. Pg-Xyn was slightly activated in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, while it was strongly inhibited by Mn2+. The analysis of hydrolysis products showed that Pg-Xyn was an endo-β-1,4-xylanase. In addition, Pg-Xyn performed good deinking ability in a paper deinking test. In consideration of its unique properties, Pg-Xyn might be a promising candidate for application in the paper and pulp industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxing Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Shao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honghua Jia
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nathan VK, Rani ME. A cleaner process of deinking waste paper pulp using Pseudomonas mendocina ED9 lipase supplemented enzyme cocktail. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36498-36509. [PMID: 32562224 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipase enzyme has a critical role in deinking process along with other lignocellulosic enzymes. In this paper, we try to demonstrate the role of lipase in the enzyme cocktail used for enzymatic deinking. For this, we identified a potential lipolytic bacterium, Pseudomonas mendocina ED9 isolated from elephant dung with a molecular weight of 35 kDa. During the Box-Benhken model optimization, a maximum lipase activity of 105.12 U/g, which was 12.36-fold higher than the initial enzyme activity and 1.3-fold higher than the activity obtained during the Plackett Burman design, was achieved. A maximum lipase activity of 105.12 U/g was obtained after optimization. Ammonium sulphate (60%) precipitation resulted in a specific activity of 68.19 U/mg with a 1.4-fold purification and yield of 64%. Lipase from P. mendocina ED9 exhibited a Km of 0.5306 mM and Vmax of 25.0237 μmol/min/mg. A Δ brightness of approximately 14.5% were achieved during the enzymatic deinking using cocktail comprised of cellulase, xylanase and lipase. This reports the significant role and efficacy of lipase in enzyme cocktails for deinking applications. This formulation will reduce the pollution and environmental toxicity of conventional chemical deinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Nathan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
- Research Centre, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Lady Doak College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625002, India.
| | - Mary Esther Rani
- Research Centre, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Lady Doak College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625002, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Immobilization of xylanase on modified grafted alginate polyethyleneimine bead based on impact of sodium cation effect. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:1284-1295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
12
|
Bhardwaj N, Kumar B, Verma P. A detailed overview of xylanases: an emerging biomolecule for current and future prospective. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Xylan is the second most abundant naturally occurring renewable polysaccharide available on earth. It is a complex heteropolysaccharide consisting of different monosaccharides such as l-arabinose, d-galactose, d-mannoses and organic acids such as acetic acid, ferulic acid, glucuronic acid interwoven together with help of glycosidic and ester bonds. The breakdown of xylan is restricted due to its heterogeneous nature and it can be overcome by xylanases which are capable of cleaving the heterogeneous β-1,4-glycoside linkage. Xylanases are abundantly present in nature (e.g., molluscs, insects and microorganisms) and several microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae are used extensively for its production. Microbial xylanases show varying substrate specificities and biochemical properties which makes it suitable for various applications in industrial and biotechnological sectors. The suitability of xylanases for its application in food and feed, paper and pulp, textile, pharmaceuticals, and lignocellulosic biorefinery has led to an increase in demand of xylanases globally. The present review gives an insight of using microbial xylanases as an “Emerging Green Tool” along with its current status and future prospective.
Collapse
|
13
|
Biobleaching of paper pulp with xylanase produced by Trichoderma asperellum. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:266. [PMID: 28794921 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at assessing the biobleaching activity of fungal xylanase on paper pulp isolated from Tirumala forest, Eastern Ghats of India. Of the 98 fungal isolates obtained after initial screening, eight isolates were selected and one potential strain was further cultivated under submerged fermentation for production of xylanase. The biobleaching efficiency on waste paper pulp and paper industry effluent was tested with crude enzyme. Xylanolytic activity by the chosen organism in submerged fermentation reached the maximum (981.1 U ml-1) on the 5th day of incubation. Molecular characterisation of the isolate led to its identification as Trichoderma asperellum which exhibited the production of enzyme even at alkaline pH of the culture medium. Xylanase pretreatment of paper pulp had shown reduction in the Kappa number by 4.2 points and increased brightness by 4.0 points. FTIR and SEM studies revealed loosening of pulp fibres after enzyme treatment. In conclusion, xylanase of Trichoderma asperellum was effective as a pulp biobleaching agent and the process is economical as well as eco-friendly.
Collapse
|
14
|
Biocatalytic activity of Aspergillus niger xylanase in paper pulp biobleaching. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:165. [PMID: 28330237 PMCID: PMC4980834 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase is a hemicellulase enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of xylan to xylose which is widely used in processing of feed, pulp and paper. It is produced by many microorganisms especially filamentous fungi like Trichoderma and Aspergillus. A potential xylanolytic fungal isolate Aspergillus niger was isolated from forest soils of Tirumala, AP, India, and its crude enzyme was checked for its potential in paper bleaching. Under submerged fermentation, production of xylanase, cellulase, biomass, total protein and sugar released were analysed after 7 days of incubation at room temperature. Maximum enzyme activity was recorded on the fifth day of incubation, biomass after the seventh day, total protein and sugar released on the sixth day of incubation. Enzyme pretreatment of paper reduced 3.5 points in kappa number, 3.1 points increase in brightness and removal of chromophores and hydrophobic compounds. The FTIR and SEM analysis of enzyme-treated sample had shown modification in surface morphology and functional groups. These results clearly demonstrated that the xylanase produced by A. niger was effective as a pulp biobleaching agent which can be used on an industrial scale.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chakdar H, Kumar M, Pandiyan K, Singh A, Nanjappan K, Kashyap PL, Srivastava AK. Bacterial xylanases: biology to biotechnology. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:150. [PMID: 28330222 PMCID: PMC4929084 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, a comprehensive discussion exclusively on bacterial xylanases; their gene organization; different factors and conditions affecting enzyme yield and activity; and their commercial application have been deliberated in the light of recent research findings and extensive information mining. Improved understanding of biological properties and genetics of bacterial xylanase will enable exploitation of these enzymes for many more ingenious biotechnological and industrial applications.
Collapse
|
16
|
Purification, characterization, gene cloning and expression of GH-10 xylanase (Penicillium citrinum isolate HZN13). 3 Biotech 2016; 6:169. [PMID: 28330241 PMCID: PMC4987633 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An extracellular thermostable xylanase (Xyl-IIb) produced by Penicillium citrinum isolate HZN13 was purified to homogeneity using DEAE-Sepharose, Sephadex G-100 and Bio-Gel P-60 chromatography with specific activity of 6272.7 U/mg and 19.6-fold purification. The purification revealed the occurrence of multiple forms of xylanases (Xyl-I, Xyl-IIa, Xyl-IIb and Xyl-III). The molecular mass of highly purified Xyl-IIb was ~31 kDa with SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was cellulase-free, thermostable (55–75 °C) and acidophilic (3.5–5.0). It was activated by Ca2+, Ba2+, DTT and β-mercaptoethanol, whereas inhibited by Hg2+, Pb2+, Ni2+ and p-CMB. Purified Xyl-IIb exhibited highest specificity toward birchwood and oat spelts xylan. Kinetics of Xyl-IIb revealed a Km of 10 mg/ml and 16.7 mg/ml and Vmax of 9523g and 15,873 U/mg with birchwood and oat spelts xylan, respectively, indicating high affinity toward birchwood xylan. The xylanase (Xyl-IIb) belongs to glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 10 based on conserved regions. Xylanase-encoding gene (xynB) consists of 1501 bp with an open reading frame of 264 bp which was predicted to encode a protein having 87 amino acids and shared homology with endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (xynB) gene from Penicillium citrinum. Cloned xynB gene was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) with xylanase activity (80 U/mg) and confirmed to be GH-10 Xyl-IIa based on molecular mass (~40 kDa). These properties of xylanase make it promising for their applications in biofuel industries.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Paper manufacturing industries depend mainly on forests for wood, which is the basic raw material. Forest plays an important role in balancing the ecosystem to protect forest deinking and bleaching (recycling) of waste paper had gained a lot of importance. Conventional chemical deinking processes require large amount of chemicals which are toxic and hazardous to the environment, hence other effective deinking methods are needed. Enzymatic deinking (cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic and ligninolytic) has attracted enormous attention because of high efficacy and minimum environmental impact. For bleaching, enzymatic action (individual as well as in combination), along with physical treatment, makes the pulp more accessible to the chemicals and also to the amount of chemicals required to obtain similar levels of brightness. Strength properties and brightness of the pulp are improved by these treatment methods. With minimum impact on the environment, this review gives comprehensive information about the various methods used for the recycling of waste paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arunika Saxena
- a Department of Chemistry , Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan Government College , Ajmer , India
| | - Prakram Singh Chauhan
- b Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University Parkville Campus , Melbourne , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Desai DI, Iyer BD. Biodeinking of old newspaper pulp using a cellulase-free xylanase preparation of Aspergillus niger DX-23. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Zhang H, Sang Q. Production and extraction optimization of xylanase and β-mannanase by Penicillium chrysogenum QML-2 and primary application in saccharification of corn cob. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Chutani P, Sharma KK. Biochemical evaluation of xylanases from various filamentous fungi and their application for the deinking of ozone treated newspaper pulp. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 127:54-63. [PMID: 25965456 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi, Aspergillus oryzae MDU-4 was biochemically selected among different species of Aspergillus and Trichoderma, for xylanase production. The enzyme activity and specific activity of partially purified xylanase from A. oryzae MDU-4 was 7452 IU/ml and 13,549 IU/g, respectively. Temperature and pH optima for xylanase were found to be 60°C and 6.0, respectively. The reaction kinetics of xylanase was found to be Km (3.33 mg/ml) and Vmax (18,182 μmol/mg). The implementation of ozone treatment in the deinking of newspaper pulp resulted in high crystallinity index (72.1%) and more fibrillar surface. Furthermore, the xylanase treated pulp showed significant improvement in optical properties such as brightness (57.9% ISO) and effective residual ink concentration (211 ppm). Scanning electron microscopy analysis suggests perforations in xylanase treated pulp samples. Here we report biochemical evaluation of xylanases and a combination of ozone treatment followed by catalytically efficient fungal xylanase selected for the cost competitive deinking of newspaper pulp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chutani
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna Kant Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thomas L, Ushasree MV, Pandey A. An alkali-thermostable xylanase from Bacillus pumilus functionally expressed in Kluyveromyces lactis and evaluation of its deinking efficiency. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 165:309-313. [PMID: 24709528 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed at studying the recombinant expression of an alkali- and thermo-stable xylanase from Bacillus pumilus in Kluyveromyces lactis and its use in deinking of civic paper waste. Efficient expression with a 3-fold increase in the activity than the native organism was achieved. An inducer concentration of 2.5% and medium pH of 9.0 was the best for enzyme expression. Purified enzyme showed an optimum activity at temperatures 50 and 60°C and pH 9.0 and 10.0, respectively. At pH 12.0, enzyme retained 74% and 26% activity after 2 and 3h of incubation, respectively. After incubation at 50 and 60°C for 1h, the enzyme showed 100% retention of activity, and remained active for 4h at 60°C retaining 23% residual activity. Partially purified recombinant enzyme showed higher deinking efficiency (273%) of laser print waste paper than crude xylanase from Bacillus and commercial acidic enzyme. This xylanase with superior stability characteristics could be a suitable candidate in paper and pulp industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leya Thomas
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India.
| | - Mrudula V Ushasree
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kumar V, Satyanarayana T. Production of endoxylanase with enhanced thermostability by a novel polyextremophilic Bacillus halodurans TSEV1 and its applicability in waste paper deinking. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
23
|
Pathak P, Bhardwaj NK, Singh AK. Production of crude cellulase and xylanase from Trichoderma harzianum PPDDN10 NFCCI-2925 and its application in photocopier waste paper recycling. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3776-97. [PMID: 24574249 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper implies production of cellulase and xylanase enzyme using a potent strain of Trichoderma harzianum for the efficient deinking of photocopier waste papers. Different nutritional and environmental factors were optimized for higher production of cellulase along with xylanase. After fermentation, maximum enzyme extraction was achieved from fermented matter using a three-step extraction process with increased efficiency by 26.6-29.3 % over single-step extraction. Static solid state was found as the best fermentation type using wheat bran (WB) as carbon source and ammonium ferrous sulfate (0.02 M) as nitrogen source. Subsequently, inoculum size (8 × 10(6) CFU/gds), incubation days (4 days), temperature (34 °C), initial pH (6.0), and moisture ratio (1:3) significantly affected the enzyme production. Cellulase and xylanase activities were found to be maximum at pH 5.5 and temperature 55-60 °C with good stability (even up to 6 h). Furthermore, this crude enzyme was evaluated for the deinking of photocopier waste papers without affecting the strength properties with improved drainage as an additional advantage. The crude enzyme-deinked pulp showed 23.6 % higher deinking efficiency and 3.2 % higher brightness than chemically deinked pulp. Strength properties like tensile, burst indices, and folding endurance were also observed to improve by 6.7, 13.4, and 10.3 %, respectively, for enzyme-deinked pulp. However, the tear index was decreased by 10.5 %. The freeness of the pulp was also increased by 21.6 % with reduced drainage time by 13.9 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Pathak
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur, 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu Q, Li Y, Li Y, Gao S, Wang M, Zhang T, Chen J. Identification of a novel fungus, Leptosphaerulina chartarum SJTU59 and characterization of its xylanolytic enzymes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73729. [PMID: 24040044 PMCID: PMC3767624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanolytic enzymes are widely used in processing industries, e.g., pulp and paper, food, livestock feeds, and textile. Furthermore, certain xylanotic enzymes have demonstrated the capability to improve the resistance and immunity of plants. Screening of high-yield microbial xylanolytic enzyme producers is significant for improving large-scale cost-effective xylanolytic enzyme production. This study provided new evidence of high-level xylanolytic enzyme production by a novel fungus, designated Leptosphaerulina chartarum SJTU59. Under laboratory conditions, L. chartarum SJTU59 produced xylanolytic enzymes of up to 17.566 U/mL (i.e., 878.307 U/g substrate). The enzyme solution was relatively stable over a wide range of pH (pH 3.0 to pH 9.0) and temperature (40°C to 65°C) while showing high resistance to the majority of metal ions tested. Composition analysis of the hydrolytic products of xylan showed sufficient degradation by xylanolytic enzymes from L. chartarum SJTU59, mainly the monosaccharide xylose, and a small amount of xylobiose were enzymatically produced; whereas in the presence of sufficient xylan substrates, mainly xylooligosaccharides, an emerging prebiotic used in food industry, were produced. In addition, the xylanolytic enzyme preparation from L. chartarum SJTU59 could initiate tissue necrosis and oxidative burst in tobacco leaves, which may be related to enhanced plant defense to adversity and disease. L. chartarum SJTU59 possessed a complex xylanolytic enzyme system, from which two novel endo-β-1,4-xylanases of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 10, one novel endo-β-1,4-xylanase of the GH family 11, and one novel β-xylosidase of the GH family 43 were obtained via rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends. Given the high yield and stable properties of xylanolytic enzymes produced by L. chartarum SJTU59, future studies will be conducted to characterize the properties of individual xylanolytic enzymes from L. chartarum SJTU59. xylanolytic enzymes-encoding gene(s) of potential use for industrial and agricultural applications will be screened to construct genetically engineered strains.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Ascomycota/enzymology
- Ascomycota/genetics
- Ascomycota/isolation & purification
- Base Sequence
- Biocatalysis/drug effects
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/classification
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases/classification
- Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases/genetics
- Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases/metabolism
- Enzyme Stability
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Fungal Proteins/metabolism
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Hydrolysis
- Isoenzymes/classification
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Metals/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plant Leaves/microbiology
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Temperature
- Nicotiana/microbiology
- Xylans/metabolism
- Xylose/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shigang Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tailong Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Virk AP, Puri M, Gupta V, Capalash N, Sharma P. Combined enzymatic and physical deinking methodology for efficient eco-friendly recycling of old newsprint. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72346. [PMID: 23977287 PMCID: PMC3744503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development in the deinking process has made recycled fiber a major part of the raw material for pulp and paper industry. Enzymes have revolutionized the deinking process obtaining brightness levels surpassing conventional deinking processes. This study explores the deinking efficiencies of bacterial alkalophilic laccase (L) and xylanase (X) enzymes along with physical deinking methods of microwaving (MW) and sonication (S) for recycling of old newsprint (ONP). METHODS AND RESULTS The operational parameters viz. enzyme dose, pH and treatment time for X and L deinking were optimized statistically using Response Surface Methodology. Laccase did not require any mediator supplementation for deinking. Deinking of ONP pulp with a combination of xylanase and laccase enzymes was investigated, and fiber surface composition and morphological changes were studied using X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the pulp deinked with xylanase (47.9%) or laccase (62.2%) individually, the percentage reduction of effective residual ink concentration (ERIC) was higher for the combined xylanase/laccase-deinked pulp (65.8%). An increase in brightness (21.6%), breaking length (16.5%), burst factor (4.2%) tear factor (6.9%), viscosity (13%) and cellulose crystallinity (10.3%) along with decrease in kappa number (22%) and chemical consumption (50%) were also observed. Surface appeared more fibrillar along with changes in surface functional groups. A combination of physical and enzymatic processes (S-MW-XL) for deinking further improved brightness (28.8%) and decreased ERIC (73.9%) substantially. CONCLUSION This is the first report on deinking of ONP with laccase without any mediator supplementation. XL pretreatment resulted in marked improvement in paper quality and a new sequence being reported for deinking (S-MW-XL) will contribute further in decreasing chemical consumption and making the process commercially feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Minakshi Puri
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vijaya Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neena Capalash
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prince Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Process optimization of xylanase production using cheap solid substrate by Trichoderma reesei SAF3 and study on the alteration of behavioral properties of enzyme obtained from SSF and SmF. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:57-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|