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Chien HJ, Zheng YF, Wang WC, Kuo CY, Hsu YM, Lai CC. Determination of adulteration, geographical origins, and species of food by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:2273-2323. [PMID: 35652168 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Food adulteration, mislabeling, and fraud, are rising global issues. Therefore, a number of precise and reliable analytical instruments and approaches have been proposed to ensure the authenticity and accurate labeling of food and food products by confirming that the constituents of foodstuffs are of the kind and quality claimed by the seller and manufacturer. Traditional techniques (e.g., genomics-based methods) are still in use; however, emerging approaches like mass spectrometry (MS)-based technologies are being actively developed to supplement or supersede current methods for authentication of a variety of food commodities and products. This review provides a critical assessment of recent advances in food authentication, including MS-based metabolomics, proteomics and other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ju Chien
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Feng Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Kuo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center For Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Shama A, Soni T, Jawanda IK, Upadhyay G, Sharma A, Prabha V. The Latest Developments in Using Proteomic Biomarkers from Urine and Serum for Non-Invasive Disease Diagnosis and Prognosis. Biomark Insights 2023; 18:11772719231190218. [PMID: 37528936 PMCID: PMC10387783 DOI: 10.1177/11772719231190218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to diagnostic improvements, medical diagnostics is demanding non-invasive or minimally invasive methods. Non-invasively obtained body fluids (eg., Urine, serum) can replace cerebral fluid, amniotic fluid, synovial fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and others for diagnostic reasons. Many illnesses are induced by perturbations of cellular signaling pathways and associated pathway networks as a result of genetic abnormalities. These disturbances are represented by a shift in the protein composition of the fluids surrounding the tissues and organs that is, tissue interstitial fluid (TIF). These variant proteins may serve as diagnostic "signatures" for a variety of disorders. This review provides a concise summary of urine and serum biomarkers that may be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of a variety of disorders, including cancer, brain diseases, kidney diseases, and other system diseases. The studies reviewed in this article suggest that serum and urine biomarkers of various illnesses may be therapeutically useful for future diagnostics. Correct illness management is crucial for disease prognosis, hence non-invasive serum and urine biomarkers have been extensively studied for diagnosis, subclassification, monitoring disease activity, and predicting treatment results and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Shama
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Thomson Soni
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Garima Upadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anshika Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vijay Prabha
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Kumar S, Molloy C, Hunt M, Deng CH, Wiedow C, Andre C, Dare A, McGhie T. GWAS provides new insights into the genetic mechanisms of phytochemicals production and red skin colour in apple. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac218. [PMID: 36479587 PMCID: PMC9720448 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of apple phytochemicals, and their interplay with conventional selection traits, is critical for the development of new apple cultivars with enhanced health benefits. Apple accessions (n = 344) used for this genome-wide association study (GWAS) represented the wide diversity of metabolic profiles in the domesticated and wild Malus genepools. Fruit samples were phenotyped for 34 metabolites, including a stable vitamin C glycoside "ascorbic acid 2-β-glucoside" (AA-2βG), and the accessions were genotyped using the Apple 20 K SNP Array. Several fruit quality traits, including red skin over-colour (OCOL), were also assessed. Wild Malus accessions showed at least 2-fold higher average content of several metabolites (e.g. ascorbic acid, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, and trilobatin) than Malus domestica accessions. Several new genomic regions and potential candidate genes underpinning the genetic diversity of apple phytochemicals were identified. The percentage of phenotypic variance explained by the best SNP ranged between 3% and 21% for the different metabolites. Novel association signals for OCOL in the syntenic regions on chromosomes 13 and 16 suggested that whole genome duplication has played a role in the evolution of apple red skin colour. Genetic correlations between phytochemicals and sensory traits were moderate. This study will assist in the selection of Malus accessions with specific phytochemical profiles to establish innovative genomics-based breeding strategies for the development of apple cultivars with enhanced nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Molloy
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hawke’s Bay Research Centre, Havelock North 4130, New Zealand
| | - Martin Hunt
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Hong Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Claudia Wiedow
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Christelle Andre
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Dare
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Tony McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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González-Gordo S, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Paradela A, Ramos-Fernández A, Corpas FJ, Palma JM. Mitochondrial protein expression during sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit ripening: iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis and role of cytochrome c oxidase. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 274:153734. [PMID: 35667195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The physiological process of fruit ripening is associated with the late developmental stages of plants in which mitochondrial organelles play an important role in the final success of this whole process. Thus, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based analysis was used to quantify the mitochondrial proteome in pepper fruits in this study. Analysis of both green and red pepper fruits identified a total of 2284 proteins, of which 692 were found to be significantly more abundant in unripe green fruits as compared to red fruits, while 497 showed lower levels as the ripening process proceeded. Of the total number of proteins identified, 2253 (98,6%) were found to share orthologs with Arabidopsis thaliana. Proteomic analysis identified 163 proteins which were categorized as cell components, the major part assigned to cellular, intracellular space and other subcellular locations such as cytosol, plastids and, to a lesser extent, to mitochondria. Of the 224 mitochondrial proteins detected in pepper fruits, 78 and 48 were more abundant in green and red fruits, respectively. The majority of these proteins which displayed differential abundance in both fruit types were involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The abundance levels of the proteins from both pathways were higher in green fruits, except for cytochrome c (CYC2), whose abundance was significantly higher in red fruits. We also investigated cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity during pepper fruit ripening, as well as in the presence of molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which promote thiol-based oxidative post-translational modifications (oxiPTMs). Thus, with the aid of in vitro assays, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity was found to be potentially inhibited by the PTMs nitration, S-nitrosation and carbonylation. According to protein abundance data, the final segment of the mETC appears to be a crucial locus with regard to fruit ripening, but also because in this location the biosynthesis of ascorbate, an antioxidant which plays a major role in the metabolism of pepper fruits, occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Proteomics Core Facility, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Peroxisomal Proteome Mining of Sweet Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Fruit Ripening Through Whole Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893376. [PMID: 35615143 PMCID: PMC9125320 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles from eukaryotic cells characterized by an active nitro-oxidative metabolism. They have a relevant metabolic plasticity depending on the organism, tissue, developmental stage, or physiological/stress/environmental conditions. Our knowledge of peroxisomal metabolism from fruits is very limited but its proteome is even less known. Using sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits at two ripening stages (immature green and ripe red), it was analyzed the proteomic peroxisomal composition by quantitative isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based protein profiling. For this aim, it was accomplished a comparative analysis of the pepper fruit whole proteome obtained by iTRAQ versus the identified peroxisomal protein profile from Arabidopsis thaliana. This allowed identifying 57 peroxisomal proteins. Among these proteins, 49 were located in the peroxisomal matrix, 36 proteins had a peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1), 8 had a PTS type 2, 5 lacked this type of peptide signal, and 8 proteins were associated with the membrane of this organelle. Furthermore, 34 proteins showed significant differences during the ripening of the fruits, 19 being overexpressed and 15 repressed. Based on previous biochemical studies using purified peroxisomes from pepper fruits, it could be said that some of the identified peroxisomal proteins were corroborated as part of the pepper fruit antioxidant metabolism (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductaseglutathione reductase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase), the β-oxidation pathway (acyl-coenzyme A oxidase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase), while other identified proteins could be considered "new" or "unexpected" in fruit peroxisomes like urate oxidase (UO), sulfite oxidase (SO), 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine methyltransferase (METE1), 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) or 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), which participate in different metabolic pathways such as purine, sulfur, L-methionine, jasmonic acid (JA) or phenylpropanoid metabolisms. In summary, the present data provide new insights into the complex metabolic machinery of peroxisomes in fruit and open new windows of research into the peroxisomal functions during fruit ripening.
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Wu B, Shen F, Wang X, Zheng WY, Xiao C, Deng Y, Wang T, Yu Huang Z, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Wu T, Feng Xu X, Hai Han Z, Zhong Zhang X. Role of MdERF3 and MdERF118 natural variations in apple flesh firmness/crispness retainability and development of QTL-based genomics-assisted prediction. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1022-1037. [PMID: 33319456 PMCID: PMC8131039 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Retention of flesh texture attributes during cold storage is critical for the long-term maintenance of fruit quality. The genetic variations determining flesh firmness and crispness retainability are not well understood. The objectives of this study are to identify gene markers based on quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and to develop genomics-assisted prediction (GAP) models for apple flesh firmness and crispness retainability. Phenotype data of 2664 hybrids derived from three Malus domestica cultivars and a M. asiatica cultivar were collected in 2016 and 2017. The phenotype segregated considerably with high broad-sense heritability of 83.85% and 83.64% for flesh firmness and crispness retainability, respectively. Fifty-six candidate genes were predicted from the 62 QTLs identified using bulked segregant analysis and RNA-seq. The genotype effects of the markers designed on each candidate gene were estimated. The genomics-predicted values were obtained using pyramiding marker genotype effects and overall mean phenotype values. Fivefold cross-validation revealed that the prediction accuracy was 0.5541 and 0.6018 for retainability of flesh firmness and crispness, respectively. An 8-bp deletion in the MdERF3 promoter disrupted MdDOF5.3 binding, reduced MdERF3 expression, relieved the inhibition on MdPGLR3, MdPME2, and MdACO4 expression, and ultimately decreased flesh firmness and crispness retainability. A 3-bp deletion in the MdERF118 promoter decreased its expression by disrupting the binding of MdRAVL1, which increased MdPGLR3 and MdACO4 expression and reduced flesh firmness and crispness retainability. These results provide insights regarding the genetic variation network regulating flesh firmness and crispness retainability, and the GAP models can assist in apple breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wu
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fei Shen
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xuan Wang
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wen Yan Zheng
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chen Xiao
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yang Deng
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ting Wang
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhen Yu Huang
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yi Wang
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ting Wu
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xue Feng Xu
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhen Hai Han
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin Zhong Zhang
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Duan W, Shao W, Lin W, Yuan L, Lu Q, Chen L, Zagorchev L, Li J. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal the differences in fruit quality of the red and white Fragaria pentaphylla morphs. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wu B, Shen F, Chen CJ, Liu L, Wang X, Zheng WY, Deng Y, Wang T, Huang ZY, Xiao C, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Wu T, Xu XF, Han ZH, Zhang XZ. Natural variations in a pectin acetylesterase gene, MdPAE10, contribute to prolonged apple fruit shelf life. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20084. [PMID: 33605090 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature shelf life is a key factor in fresh market apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) quality and commercial value. To investigate the genetic and molecular mechanism underlying apple shelf life, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified using bulked segregant analysis via sequencing (BSA-seq). Ethylene emission, flesh firmness, or crispness of apple fruit from 1,273 F1 plants of M. asiatica Nakai 'Zisai Pearl' × M. domestica 'Golden Delicious' were phenotyped prior to and during 6 wk of room-temperature storage. Segregation of ethylene emission and the flesh firmness or crispness traits was detected in the population. Thirteen QTL, including three major ones, were identified on chromosome 03, 08, and 16. A candidate gene encoding pectin acetylesterase, MdPAE10, from the QTL Z16.1 negatively affected fruit shelf life. A 379-bp deletion in the coding sequence of MdPAE10 disrupted its function. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MdPAE10 promoter region reduced its transcription activity. These findings provided insight into the genetic control of fruit shelf life and can be potentially used in apple marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Shen
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chi Jie Chen
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen Yan Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Deng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Yu Huang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chen Xiao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xue Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Hai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Zhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
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Chen MX, Sun C, Zhang KL, Song YC, Tian Y, Chen X, Liu YG, Ye NH, Zhang J, Qu S, Zhu FY. SWATH-MS-facilitated proteomic profiling of fruit skin between Fuji apple and a red skin bud sport mutant. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:445. [PMID: 31651235 PMCID: PMC6813987 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apple is one of the most popular fruit crops world-wide and its skin color is an important quality consideration essential for commercial value. However, the strategy on genetic breeding for red skin apple and the genetic basis of skin color differentiation is very limited and still largely unknown. RESULTS Here, we reported a bud sport mutant of Fuji apple with red skin color and enhanced anthocyanins accumulation. Quantitative SWATH-MS (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra-mass spectrometry) proteomics investigations revealed proteome changes in the apple red skin bud mutation and a total of 451 differentially expressed proteins were identified in apple skin. The mutant showed significantly increased expression levels of photosynthesis-related proteins, stress-related proteins as well as anthocyanins biosynthesis pathway. On the other hand, substantial downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (MAPK4) and mevalonate kinase (MVK) were detected, indicating a promising role for the red skin color development in the mutant. Furthermore, we also hypothesize that a post-transcriptional regulation of the skin color formation occurs in the mutant through the advanced SWATH-MS analysis. CONCLUSION Our work provides important information on the application of proteomic methods for analysing proteomes changes in Fuji apple and highlights a clade of regulatory proteins potentially contributing for the molecular breeding of fruit skin color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Xian Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 8210095 China
| | - Kai-Lu Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yu-Chen Song
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Xi Chen
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University and SpecAlly Life Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Gao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong China
| | - Neng-Hui Ye
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 8210095 China
| | - Fu-Yuan Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu Province China
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Davidson AD, Matthews DA, Maringer K. Proteomics technique opens new frontiers in mobilome research. Mob Genet Elements 2017; 7:1-9. [PMID: 28932623 PMCID: PMC5599074 DOI: 10.1080/2159256x.2017.1362494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of the genome of most eukaryotic organisms consists of highly repetitive mobile genetic elements. The sum of these elements is called the "mobilome," which in eukaryotes is made up mostly of transposons. Transposable elements contribute to disease, evolution, and normal physiology by mediating genetic rearrangement, and through the "domestication" of transposon proteins for cellular functions. Although 'omics studies of mobilome genomes and transcriptomes are common, technical challenges have hampered high-throughput global proteomics analyses of transposons. In a recent paper, we overcame these technical hurdles using a technique called "proteomics informed by transcriptomics" (PIT), and thus published the first unbiased global mobilome-derived proteome for any organism (using cell lines derived from the mosquito Aedes aegypti). In this commentary, we describe our methods in more detail, and summarise our major findings. We also use new genome sequencing data to show that, in many cases, the specific genomic element expressing a given protein can be identified using PIT. This proteomic technique therefore represents an important technological advance that will open new avenues of research into the role that proteins derived from transposons and other repetitive and sequence diverse genetic elements, such as endogenous retroviruses, play in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David A. Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kevin Maringer
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Abstract
Gel-based comparative proteomics approach is a valuable technique for studying the changes in abundance of proteins in any given system. The combination of this technique with mass spectrometry has provided immense insight into protein dynamics during fruit development and ripening. This chapter describes, informatively, the procedures for carrying out comparative proteomics analysis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits at different developmental stages using a combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry. A comparative proteomics approach provides an overview of protein abundances during fruit maturation and insights into proteins that play key roles during fruit maturation. Moreover, 2-DE technique enables the visualization of total protein distribution and abundance in addition to providing a comparative platform following separation of complex proteins based on their molecular weight and isoelectric point. Overall, this chapter describes methodologies for extraction of proteins from a high carbohydrate-containing fruit, protein quality assessment using one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1-DE), separation using 2-DE, comparative analysis using Delta2D v4.6, processing of spots of interest, and protein identification using mass spectrometry. This protocol is important for studies aiming at comparative proteomics to gain insights into changes of protein abundances in tissues and organs in general and date palm fruits, in particular.
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Tan BC, Lim YS, Lau SE. Proteomics in commercial crops: An overview. J Proteomics 2017; 169:176-188. [PMID: 28546092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is a rapidly growing area of biological research that is positively affecting plant science. Recent advances in proteomic technology, such as mass spectrometry, can now identify a broad range of proteins and monitor their modulation during plant growth and development, as well as during responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this review, we highlight recent proteomic studies of commercial crops and discuss the advances in understanding of the proteomes of these crops. We anticipate that proteomic-based research will continue to expand and contribute to crop improvement. SIGNIFICANCE Plant proteomics study is a rapidly growing area of biological research that is positively impacting plant science. With the recent advances in new technologies, proteomics not only allows us to comprehensively analyses crop proteins, but also help us to understand the functions of the genes. In this review, we highlighted recent proteomic studies in commercial crops and updated the advances in our understanding of the proteomes of these crops. We believe that proteomic-based research will continue to grow and contribute to the improvement of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Tan
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yin Sze Lim
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Su-Ee Lau
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Maringer K, Yousuf A, Heesom KJ, Fan J, Lee D, Fernandez-Sesma A, Bessant C, Matthews DA, Davidson AD. Proteomics informed by transcriptomics for characterising active transposable elements and genome annotation in Aedes aegypti. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:101. [PMID: 28103802 PMCID: PMC5248466 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a vector for the (re-)emerging human pathogens dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika viruses. Almost half of the Ae. aegypti genome is comprised of transposable elements (TEs). Transposons have been linked to diverse cellular processes, including the establishment of viral persistence in insects, an essential step in the transmission of vector-borne viruses. However, up until now it has not been possible to study the overall proteome derived from an organism's mobile genetic elements, partly due to the highly divergent nature of TEs. Furthermore, as for many non-model organisms, incomplete genome annotation has hampered proteomic studies on Ae. aegypti. RESULTS We analysed the Ae. aegypti proteome using our new proteomics informed by transcriptomics (PIT) technique, which bypasses the need for genome annotation by identifying proteins through matched transcriptomic (rather than genomic) data. Our data vastly increase the number of experimentally confirmed Ae. aegypti proteins. The PIT analysis also identified hotspots of incomplete genome annotation, and showed that poor sequence and assembly quality do not explain all annotation gaps. Finally, in a proof-of-principle study, we developed criteria for the characterisation of proteomically active TEs. Protein expression did not correlate with a TE's genomic abundance at different levels of classification. Most notably, long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons were markedly enriched compared to other elements. PIT was superior to 'conventional' proteomic approaches in both our transposon and genome annotation analyses. CONCLUSIONS We present the first proteomic characterisation of an organism's repertoire of mobile genetic elements, which will open new avenues of research into the function of transposon proteins in health and disease. Furthermore, our study provides a proof-of-concept that PIT can be used to evaluate a genome's annotation to guide annotation efforts which has the potential to improve the efficiency of annotation projects in non-model organisms. PIT therefore represents a valuable new tool to study the biology of the important vector species Ae. aegypti, including its role in transmitting emerging viruses of global public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maringer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.
- Present address: Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Amjad Yousuf
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kate J Heesom
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - David Lee
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Conrad Bessant
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - David A Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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14
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Maringer K, Yousuf A, Heesom KJ, Fan J, Lee D, Fernandez-Sesma A, Bessant C, Matthews DA, Davidson AD. Proteomics informed by transcriptomics for characterising active transposable elements and genome annotation in Aedes aegypti. BMC Genomics 2017. [PMID: 28103802 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3432-5+10.1186/s12864-016-3432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a vector for the (re-)emerging human pathogens dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika viruses. Almost half of the Ae. aegypti genome is comprised of transposable elements (TEs). Transposons have been linked to diverse cellular processes, including the establishment of viral persistence in insects, an essential step in the transmission of vector-borne viruses. However, up until now it has not been possible to study the overall proteome derived from an organism's mobile genetic elements, partly due to the highly divergent nature of TEs. Furthermore, as for many non-model organisms, incomplete genome annotation has hampered proteomic studies on Ae. aegypti. RESULTS We analysed the Ae. aegypti proteome using our new proteomics informed by transcriptomics (PIT) technique, which bypasses the need for genome annotation by identifying proteins through matched transcriptomic (rather than genomic) data. Our data vastly increase the number of experimentally confirmed Ae. aegypti proteins. The PIT analysis also identified hotspots of incomplete genome annotation, and showed that poor sequence and assembly quality do not explain all annotation gaps. Finally, in a proof-of-principle study, we developed criteria for the characterisation of proteomically active TEs. Protein expression did not correlate with a TE's genomic abundance at different levels of classification. Most notably, long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons were markedly enriched compared to other elements. PIT was superior to 'conventional' proteomic approaches in both our transposon and genome annotation analyses. CONCLUSIONS We present the first proteomic characterisation of an organism's repertoire of mobile genetic elements, which will open new avenues of research into the function of transposon proteins in health and disease. Furthermore, our study provides a proof-of-concept that PIT can be used to evaluate a genome's annotation to guide annotation efforts which has the potential to improve the efficiency of annotation projects in non-model organisms. PIT therefore represents a valuable new tool to study the biology of the important vector species Ae. aegypti, including its role in transmitting emerging viruses of global public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maringer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK. .,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA. .,Present address: Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Amjad Yousuf
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kate J Heesom
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - David Lee
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Conrad Bessant
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - David A Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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15
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Maringer K, Yousuf A, Heesom KJ, Fan J, Lee D, Fernandez-Sesma A, Bessant C, Matthews DA, Davidson AD. Proteomics informed by transcriptomics for characterising active transposable elements and genome annotation in Aedes aegypti. BMC Genomics 2017. [PMID: 28103802 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3432-5 10.1186/s12864-016-3432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a vector for the (re-)emerging human pathogens dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika viruses. Almost half of the Ae. aegypti genome is comprised of transposable elements (TEs). Transposons have been linked to diverse cellular processes, including the establishment of viral persistence in insects, an essential step in the transmission of vector-borne viruses. However, up until now it has not been possible to study the overall proteome derived from an organism's mobile genetic elements, partly due to the highly divergent nature of TEs. Furthermore, as for many non-model organisms, incomplete genome annotation has hampered proteomic studies on Ae. aegypti. RESULTS We analysed the Ae. aegypti proteome using our new proteomics informed by transcriptomics (PIT) technique, which bypasses the need for genome annotation by identifying proteins through matched transcriptomic (rather than genomic) data. Our data vastly increase the number of experimentally confirmed Ae. aegypti proteins. The PIT analysis also identified hotspots of incomplete genome annotation, and showed that poor sequence and assembly quality do not explain all annotation gaps. Finally, in a proof-of-principle study, we developed criteria for the characterisation of proteomically active TEs. Protein expression did not correlate with a TE's genomic abundance at different levels of classification. Most notably, long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons were markedly enriched compared to other elements. PIT was superior to 'conventional' proteomic approaches in both our transposon and genome annotation analyses. CONCLUSIONS We present the first proteomic characterisation of an organism's repertoire of mobile genetic elements, which will open new avenues of research into the function of transposon proteins in health and disease. Furthermore, our study provides a proof-of-concept that PIT can be used to evaluate a genome's annotation to guide annotation efforts which has the potential to improve the efficiency of annotation projects in non-model organisms. PIT therefore represents a valuable new tool to study the biology of the important vector species Ae. aegypti, including its role in transmitting emerging viruses of global public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maringer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK. .,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA. .,Present address: Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Amjad Yousuf
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kate J Heesom
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - David Lee
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Conrad Bessant
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - David A Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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16
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Shiratake K, Suzuki M. Omics studies of citrus, grape and rosaceae fruit trees. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:122-38. [PMID: 27069397 PMCID: PMC4780796 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advance of bioinformatics and analytical apparatuses such as next generation DNA sequencer (NGS) and mass spectrometer (MS) has brought a big wave of comprehensive study to biology. Comprehensive study targeting all genes, transcripts (RNAs), proteins, metabolites, hormones, ions or phenotypes is called genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, hormonomics, ionomics or phenomics, respectively. These omics are powerful approaches to identify key genes for important traits, to clarify events of physiological mechanisms and to reveal unknown metabolic pathways in crops. Recently, the use of omics approach has increased dramatically in fruit tree research. Although the most reported omics studies on fruit trees are transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, and a few is reported on hormonomics and ionomics. In this article, we reviewed recent omics studies of major fruit trees, i.e. citrus, grapevine and rosaceae fruit trees. The effectiveness and prospects of omics in fruit tree research will as well be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University,
Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Mami Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University,
Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601,
Japan
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17
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Molassiotis A, Tanou G, Filippou P, Fotopoulos V. Proteomics in the fruit tree science arena: new insights into fruit defense, development, and ripening. Proteomics 2014; 13:1871-84. [PMID: 23986917 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fruit tree crops are agricultural commodities of high economic importance, while fruits also represent one of the most vital components of the human diet. Therefore, a great effort has been made to understand the molecular mechanisms covering fundamental biological processes in fruit tree physiology and fruit biology. Thanks to the development of cutting-edge "omics" technologies such as proteomic analysis, scientists now have powerful tools to support traditional fruit tree research. Such proteomic analyses are establishing high-density 2DE reference maps and peptide mass fingerprint databases that can lead fruit science into a new postgenomic research era. Here, an overview of the application of proteomics in key aspects of fruit tree physiology as well as in fruit biology, including defense responses to abiotic and biotic stress factors, is presented. A panoramic view of ripening-related proteins is also discussed, as an example of proteomic application in fruit science.
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18
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Marondedze C, Gehring C, Thomas L. Dynamic changes in the date palm fruit proteome during development and ripening. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2014; 1:14039. [PMID: 26504545 PMCID: PMC4596323 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2014.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is an economically important fruit tree in the Middle East and North Africa and is characterized by large cultivar diversity, making it a good model for studies on fruit development and other important traits. Here in gel comparative proteomics combined with tandem mass spectrometry were used to study date fruit development and ripening. Total proteins were extracted using a phenol-based protocol. A total of 189 protein spots were differentially regulated (p≤0.05). The identified proteins were classified into 14 functional categories. The categories with the most proteins were 'disease and defense' (16.5%) and 'metabolism' (15.4%). Twenty-nine proteins have not previously been identified in other fleshy fruits and 64 showed contrasting expression patterns in other fruits. Abundance of most proteins with a role in abiotic stress responses increased during ripening with the exception of heat shock proteins. Proteins with a role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and cell wall degradation were upregulated particularly from the onset of ripening and during ripening. In contrast, expression of pentose phosphate- and photosynthesis-related proteins decreased during fruit maturation. Although date palm is considered a climacteric species, the analysis revealed downregulation of two enzymes involved in ethylene biosynthesis, suggesting an ethylene-independent ripening of 'Barhi' fruits. In summary, this proteomics study provides insights into physiological processes during date fruit development and ripening at the systems level and offers a reference proteome for the study of regulatory mechanisms that can inform molecular and biotechnological approaches to further improvements of horticultural traits including fruit quality and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Marondedze
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christoph Gehring
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ludivine Thomas
- Bioscience and Bioengineering Core Facility, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Serum proteomics in biomedical research: a systematic review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:774-86. [PMID: 23609910 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteins that are important indicators of physiological or pathological states may contribute to the early diagnosis of disease, which may provide a basis for identifying the underlying mechanism of disease development. Serum, contains an abundance of proteins, offers an easy and inexpensive approach for disease detection and possesses a high potential to revolutionize the diagnostics. These differentially expressed proteins in serum have become an important role to monitoring the state for disease. Availability of emerging proteomic techniques gives optimism that serum can eventually be placed as a biomedium for clinical diagnostics. Advancements have benefited biomarker research to the point where serum is now recognized as an excellent diagnostic medium for the detection of disease. Comprehensive proteome of human serum fluid with high accuracy and availability has the potential to open new doors for disease biomarker discovery and for disease diagnostics, providing insights useful for future study. Thus, this review presents an overview of the value of serum as a credible diagnostic tool, and we aim to summarize the proteomic technologies currently used for global analysis of serum proteins and to elaborate on the application of serum proteomics to the discovery of disease biomarkers, and discuss some of the critical challenges and perspectives for this emerging field.
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