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James A, Rene ER, Bilyaminu AM, Chellam PV. Advances in amelioration of air pollution using plants and associated microbes: An outlook on phytoremediation and other plant-based technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142182. [PMID: 38685321 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Globally, air pollution is an unfortunate aftermath of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Although the best strategy is to prevent air pollution, it is not always feasible. This makes it imperative to devise and implement techniques that can clean the air continuously. Plants and microbes have a natural potential to transform or degrade pollutants. Hence, strategies that use this potential of living biomass to remediate air pollution seem to be promising. The simplest future trend can be planting suitable plant-microbe species capable of removing air pollutants like SO2, CO2, CO, NOX and particulate matter (PM) along roadsides and inside the buildings. Established wastewater treatment strategies such as microbial fuel cells (MFC) and constructed wetlands (CW) can be suitably modified to ameliorate air pollution. Green architecture involving green walls and green roofs is facile and aesthetic, providing urban ecosystem services. Certain microbe-based bioreactors such as bioscrubbers and biofilters may be useful in small confined spaces. Several generative models have been developed to assist with planning and managing green spaces in urban locales. The physiological limitations of using living organisms can be circumvent by applying biotechnology and transgenics to improve their potential. This review provides a comprehensive update on not just the plants and associated microbes for the mitigation of air pollution, but also lists the technologies that are available and/or can be modified and used for air pollution control. The article also gives a detailed analysis of this topic in the form of strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-challenges (SWOC). The strategies mentioned in this review would help to attain corporate Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), while reducing carbon footprint in the urban scenario. The review aims to emphasise that urbanization is possible while tackling air pollution using facile, green techniques involving plants and associated microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina James
- J & K Pocket, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Abubakar M Bilyaminu
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
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2
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Wani SR, Jain V. Deciphering the molecular mechanism and regulation of formaldehyde detoxification in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0203923. [PMID: 38259108 PMCID: PMC10880627 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02039-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The build-up of formaldehyde, a highly reactive molecule is cytotoxic and must be eliminated for the organism's survival. Formaldehyde detoxification system is found in nearly all organisms including both pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria. MscR, a formaldehyde dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm), is an indispensable part of this system and forms a bicistronic operon with its downstream uncharacterized gene, fmh. We here show that Fmh, a putative metallo-beta-lactamase, is essential in tolerating higher amounts of formaldehyde when co-overexpressed with mscR in vivo. Our NMR studies indicate that MscR, along with Fmh, enhances formate production through a mycothiol (MSH)-dependent pathway, emphasizing the importance of Fmh in detoxifying formaldehyde. Although another aldehyde dehydrogenase, MSMEG_1543, induces upon formaldehyde addition, it is not involved in its detoxification. We also show that the expression of the mscR operon is constitutive and remains unchanged upon formaldehyde addition, as displayed by the promoter activity of PmscR and by the transcript and protein levels of MscR. Furthermore, we establish the role of a thiol-responsive sigma factor SigH in formaldehyde detoxification. We show that SigH, and not SigE, is crucial for formaldehyde detoxification, even though it does not directly regulate mscR operon expression. In addition, sensitivity to formaldehyde in sigH-knockout could be alleviated by overexpression of mscR. Taken together, our data demonstrate the importance of MSH-dependent pathways in detoxifying formaldehyde in a mycobacterial system. An absence of such MSH-dependent proteins in eukaryotes and its complete conservation in M. tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, further unravel new drug targets for this pathogen.IMPORTANCEExtensive research has been done on formaldehyde detoxification in different bacteria. However, our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying this process in mycobacteria remains exceedingly little. We previously showed that MscR, a formaldehyde dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium smegmatis, plays a pivotal role in this detoxification pathway. Here, we present a potential S-formyl-mycothiol hydrolase named Fmh, thought to be a metallo-beta-lactamase, which functions along with mycothiol (MSH) and MscR to enhance formate production within this detoxification pathway. Co-expression of Fmh with MscR significantly enhances the efficiency of formaldehyde detoxification in M. smegmatis. Our experiments establish that Fmh catalyzes the final step of this detoxification pathway. Although an alternative sigma factor SigH was found to be involved in formaldehyde detoxification, it did not directly regulate the expression of mscR. Since formaldehyde detoxification is essential for bacterial survival, we envisage this process to be a potential drug target for M. tuberculosis eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Rajesh Wani
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Jain
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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3
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Qiao S, Song L, Li S, Liu L, Cai H, Si L, Guo C. Overexpression of CcFALDH from spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum) enhances the formaldehyde removing capacity of transgenic gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa) 1. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115466. [PMID: 36773637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde can cause leukemia and nasopharyngeal cancer in humans, and is a major indoor air pollutant. In this study, to improve the ability of flowering plants to purify formaldehyde, we cloned the CcFALDH gene encoding formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) from the spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum), which encodes 379 amino acids with the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) structural domain, and used it to transform the flowering plant gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa). The FALDH activity of transgenic gloxinia was 1.8-2.7 times that of wild-type (WT) with a considerable increase in formaldehyde stress tolerance. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD, and CAT of transgenic gloxinia were 1.5-2.0 times those of the WT under formaldehyde stress; H2O2, O2-, and MDA contents were markedly lower than those in WT. Liquid formaldehyde and gaseous formaldehyde were metabolized at 2.1-2.8 and 2.1-2.7 times higher rates in transgenic gloxinia than in WT. Our findings indicate that overexpression of CcFALDH can enhance the capacity of flowering plants to metabolize formaldehyde, which provides a new strategy to tackle the indoor formaldehyde pollution problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Lili Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China; Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Supervision and Test Center for Ecological Environment Safety of Crops of MOA, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China.
| | - Siyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Hongsheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Liang Si
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
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4
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New Insight into Short Time Exogenous Formaldehyde Application Mediated Changes in Chlorophytum comosum L. (Spider Plant) Cellular Metabolism. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020232. [PMID: 36672168 PMCID: PMC9857029 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophytum comosum L. plants are known to effectively absorb air pollutants, including formaldehyde (HCHO). Since the metabolic and defense responses of C. comosum to HCHO are poorly understood, in the present study, biochemical changes in C. comosum leaves induced by 48 h exposure to exogenous HCHO, applied as 20 mg m-3, were analyzed. The observed changes showed that HCHO treatment caused no visible harmful effects on C. comosum leaves and seemed to be effectively metabolized by this plant. HCHO application caused no changes in total chlorophyll (Chl) and Chl a content, increased Chl a/b ratio, and decreased Chl b and carotenoid content. HCHO treatment affected sugar metabolism, towards the utilization of sucrose and synthesis or accumulation of glucose, and decreased activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, suggesting that these enzymes do not play any pivotal role in amino acid transformations during HCHO assimilation. The total phenolic content in leaf tissues did not change in comparison to the untreated plants. The obtained results suggest that HCHO affects nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism, effectively influencing photosynthesis, shortly after plant exposure to this volatile compound. It may be suggested that the observed changes are related to early HCHO stress symptoms or an early step of the adaptation of cells to HCHO treatment. The presented results confirm for the first time the direct influence of short time HCHO exposure on the studied parameters in the C. comosum plant leaf tissues.
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Wani SR, Jain V. Molecular dissection of a dedicated formaldehyde dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Protein Sci 2022; 31:628-638. [PMID: 34904319 PMCID: PMC8862421 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of formaldehyde, a highly reactive molecule, in the cell is toxic, and requires detoxification for the organism's survival. Mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase or S-nitrosomycothiol reductase (MscR) from Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis was previously known for detoxifying formaldehyde and protecting the cell against nitrosative stress. We here show that M. smegmatis MscR exhibits a mycothiol-independent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH) activity in vitro. Presence of zinc in the reaction enhances MscR activity, thus making it a zinc-dependent FDH. Interestingly, MscR utilizes only formaldehyde and no other primary aldehydes as its substrate in vitro, and M. smegmatis lacking mscR (ΔmscR) shows sensitivity exclusively toward formaldehyde. Bioinformatics analysis of MscRs from various bacteria reveals 10 positionally conserved cysteines, whose importance in structural stability and biological activity is not yet investigated. To explore the significance of these cysteines, we generated MscR single Cys variants by systematically replacing each cysteine with serine. All of the Cys variants except C39S and C309S are unable to show a complete rescue of ΔmscR on formaldehyde, show a significant loss of enzymatic activity in vitro, pronounced structural alterations as probed by circular dichroism, and loss of homotetramerization on size exclusion chromatography. Our data thus reveal the importance of intact cysteines in the structural stability and biological activity of MscR, which is a dedicated FDH in M. smegmatis, and shows ~84% identity with M. tuberculosis MscR. We believe that this knowledge will further help in the development of FDH as a potential drug target against M. tuberculosis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Rajesh Wani
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)BhopalIndia
| | - Vikas Jain
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)BhopalIndia
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6
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Zhan C, Li X, Yang Y, Nielsen J, Bai Z, Chen Y. Strategies and challenges with the microbial conversion of methanol to high-value chemicals. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3655-3668. [PMID: 34133022 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As alternatives to traditional fermentation substrates, methanol (CH3 OH), carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane (CH4 ) represent promising one-carbon (C1) sources that are readily available at low-cost and share similar metabolic pathway. Of these C1 compounds, methanol is used as a carbon and energy source by native methylotrophs, and can be obtained from CO2 and CH4 by chemical catalysis. Therefore, constructing and rewiring methanol utilization pathways may enable the use of one-carbon sources for microbial fermentations. Recent bioengineering efforts have shown that both native and nonnative methylotrophic organisms can be engineered to convert methanol, together with other carbon sources, into biofuels and other commodity chemicals. However, many challenges remain and must be overcome before industrial-scale bioprocessing can be established using these engineered cell refineries. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary and comparison of methanol metabolic pathways from different methylotrophs, followed by a review of recent progress in engineering methanol metabolic pathways in vitro and in vivo to produce chemicals. We discuss the major challenges associated with establishing efficient methanol metabolic pathways in microbial cells, and propose improved designs for future engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjun Zhan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yankun Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,BioInnovation Institute, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Zhao X, Zeng Z, Cao W, Khan D, Ikram M, Yang K, Chen L, Li K. Co-overexpression of AtSHMT1 and AtFDH induces sugar synthesis and enhances the role of original pathways during formaldehyde metabolism in tobacco. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 305:110829. [PMID: 33691963 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1) is a key enzyme in the photorespiration pathway in higher plants. Our previous study showed that AtSHMT1 controls the assimilation of HCHO to sugars in Arabidopsis. The expression of SHMT1 was induced in Arabidopsis but was inhibited in tobacco under HCHO stress. To investigate whether the function of AtSHMT1 in the HCHO assimilation could be exerted in tobacco, AtSHMT1 was overexpressed alone (S5) or co-overexpressed (SF6) with Arabidopsis formate dehydrogenase (AtFDH) in leaves using a light-inducible promoter in this study. 13C NMR analyses showed that the 13C-metabolic flux from H13CHO was introduced to sugar synthesis in SF6 leaves but not in S5 leaves. The increase in the production of metabolites via the original pathways was particularly greater in SF6 leaves than in S5 leaves, suggesting that co-overexpression of AtSHMT1 and AtFDH is more effective than overexpression of AtSHMT1 alone in the enhancement of HCHO metabolism in tobacco leaves. Consequently, the increase in HCHO uptake and resistance was greater in SF6 leaves than in S5 leaves. The mechanism underlying the role of overexpressed AtSHMT1 and AtFDH was discussed based on changes in photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity and the oxidative level in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Zhidong Zeng
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Wenjia Cao
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Dawood Khan
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Kangbing Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Kunzhi Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, 650500, Kunming, China.
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8
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Zhao S, Su Y, Liang H. Efficiency and mechanism of formaldehyde removal from air by two wild plants; Plantago asiatica L . and Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:141-150. [PMID: 31321042 PMCID: PMC6582108 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-00335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Indoor potted plants played an important role in the removal of air-borne VOCs. According to the difference between plant fresh extracts and boiled extracts on breakdown ability to the added formaldehyde, a simple quantitative evaluation method was used to identify the mechanisms of formaldehyde removal from the air by wild Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. and Plantago asiatica L.. After shoots exposure to formaldehyde (1.28 mg/m3 in the air) for 24 h, the formaldehyde removal rates of P. asiatica and T. mongolicum were 73.18 and 121.20 mg/h/kg FW (fresh weight), respectively. Formaldehyde can be transported from the air to the rhizosphere solution by plants, and the maximum rates of transmission by T. mongolicum and P. asiatica were 23.73 and 83.08 mg/h/kg FW, respectively. Although plant metabolism was responsible for formaldehyde loss in the air-plant-solution system, and the metabolic activity depended on the enzymatic and redox reactions in the plants, P. asiatica and T. mongolicum are still good candidate species for developing phyto-microbial technologies. The redox reaction was the main mechanism used by P. asiatica shoots to dissipate formaldehyde, while the enzymatic reaction was the main mechanism used by T. mongolicum. The higher oxidative potential and lower defensive enzyme activity in P. asiatica shoots led to its higher formaldehyde removal rate compared to T. mongolicum. Meanwhile, the stronger redox reaction ability in the T. mongolicum roots was partly responsible for its lower formaldehyde transmission rate. The results show two plants have strong tolerance to formaldehyde in the air and good formaldehyde removal ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suya Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanxiao Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 People’s Republic of China
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Zhang L, Routsong R, Strand SE. Greatly Enhanced Removal of Volatile Organic Carcinogens by a Genetically Modified Houseplant, Pothos Ivy ( Epipremnum aureum) Expressing the Mammalian Cytochrome P450 2e1 Gene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:325-331. [PMID: 30565461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The indoor air in urban homes of developed countries is usually contaminated with significant levels of volatile organic carcinogens (VOCs), such as formaldehyde, benzene, and chloroform. There is a need for a practical, sustainable technology for the removal of VOCs in homes. Here we show that a detoxifying transgene, mammalian cytochrome P450 2e1 can be expressed in a houseplant, Epipremnum aureum, pothos ivy, and that the resulting genetically modified plant has sufficient detoxifying activity against benzene and chloroform to suggest that biofilters using transgenic plants could remove VOCs from home air at useful rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Box 355014, Seattle , Washington 98195-5014 , United States
| | - Ryan Routsong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Box 355014, Seattle , Washington 98195-5014 , United States
| | - Stuart E Strand
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Box 355014, Seattle , Washington 98195-5014 , United States
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10
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Zhao S, Zhao Y, Liang H, Su Y. Formaldehyde removal in the air by six plant systems with or without rhizosphere microorganisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:1296-1304. [PMID: 31617392 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1586036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and in-plant transport of formaldehyde by six plants with or without soil microorganisms were investigated. The capabilities of fresh and boiled leaf extracts to dissipate added formaldehyde were also measured to evaluate formaldehyde metabolism in plant tissues. Results show that when the initial formaldehyde level in air was 0.56 ± 0.04 mg·m-3, the removal rate in the plant-only systems varied from 1.91 to 31.8 μg·h-1·g-1 FW (fresh weight). The removal rate of plants in the plant-only systems were ordered as Helianthus annuus Linn > Lycopersicon esculentum Miller > Oryza sativa > Sansevieria trifasciata Prain > Bryophyllum pinnatum > Mesembryanthemum cordifolium L. f. Most reduction of formaldehyde in the air was due to degradation by active components in the plant tissues, of which 4-64% of these were through to be enzymatic reactions. In the microbe-plant systems, formaldehyde removal rates increased by 0.24-9.53 fold compared to the plant-only systems, with approximately 19.6-90.5% of the formaldehyde reduction resulting from microbial degradation. Microorganisms added to the rhizosphere solution enhanced phytoremediation by increasing the downward transport of formaldehyde and its release by roots. Results suggest a new means to screen for efficient plant species that can be used for phytoremediation of indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suya Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Hanxiao Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, P.R. China
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Liang H, Zhao S, Liu K, Su Y. Roles of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes on formaldehyde removal from air by plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 54:193-201. [PMID: 30596331 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1544477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The roles of enzymatic reactions and redox reactions caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in formaldehyde metabolism in tomatoes and wheat seedlings and the changes in peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities in plants were investigated. Differences in the breakdown of added formaldehyde between fresh and boiled plant extracts were determined to calculate the contributions of different removal mechanisms. Two plant seedlings efficiently removed formaldehyde from air when its level varied from 0.65 to 1.91 mg m-3; meanwhile, the maximum rate at which tomato seedlings transported formaldehyde from air to the rhizosphere solution reached 182.26 µg h-1 kg-1 FW (fresh weight). Metabolism in plants was mainly responsible for the formaldehyde dissipation. The enzymatic contribution to formaldehyde dissipation decreased with increasing shoot exposure time or air formaldehyde level, while the redox contribution increased in importance because of an increasing level of ROS. The different enzymatic antioxidant activities of plants resulted in different levels of ROS and hence different tolerance and removal efficiencies toward formaldehyde. The self-enhancing ability of plants to remove formaldehyde via redox reactions suggested that the formaldehyde removal efficiency could be enhanced by plant adaptation to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Liang
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xinjiang University , Urumqi , Xinjiang 830046 , People's Republic of China
| | - Suya Zhao
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xinjiang University , Urumqi , Xinjiang 830046 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyan Liu
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xinjiang University , Urumqi , Xinjiang 830046 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Su
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xinjiang University , Urumqi , Xinjiang 830046 , People's Republic of China
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12
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Wang R, Zeng Z, Guo H, Tan H, Liu A, Zhao Y, Chen L. Over-expression of the Arabidopsis formate dehydrogenase in chloroplasts enhances formaldehyde uptake and metabolism in transgenic tobacco leaves. PLANTA 2018; 247:339-354. [PMID: 28988354 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Over-expression of AtFDH controlled by the promoter of Rubisco small subunit in chloroplasts increases formaldehyde uptake and metabolism in tobacco leaves. Our previous study showed that formaldehyde (HCHO) uptake and resistance in tobacco are weaker than in Arabidopsis. Formate dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis (AtFDH) is a key enzyme in HCHO metabolism by oxidation of HCOOH to CO2, which enters the Calvin cycle to be assimilated into glucose. HCHO metabolic mechanism in tobacco differs from that in Arabidopsis. In this study, AtFDH was over-expressed in the chloroplasts of transgenic tobacco using a light inducible promoter. 13C-NMR analysis showed that the carbon flux from H13CHO metabolism was not introduced into the Calvin cycle to produce glucose in transgenic tobacco leaves. However, the over-expression of AtFDH significantly enhanced the HCHO metabolism in transgenic leaves. Consequently, the productions of [4-13C]Asn, [3-13C]Gln, [U-13C]oxalate, and H13COOH were notably greater in transgenic leaves than in non-transformed leaves after treatment with H13CHO. The increased stomatal conductance and aperture in transgenic leaves might be ascribed to the increased yield of oxalate in the guard cells with over-expressed AtFDH in chloroplasts. Accordingly, the transgenic plants exhibited a stronger capacity to absorb gaseous HCHO. Furthermore, the higher proline content in transgenic leaves compared with non-transformed leaves under HCHO stress might be attributable to the excess formate accumulation and Gln production. Consequently, the HCHO-induced oxidative stress was reduced in transgenic leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhidong Zeng
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hongxia Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao Tan
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ang Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Ashraf R, Rashid N, Basheer S, Aziz I, Akhtar M. Glutathione-Dependent Formaldehyde Dehydrogenase Homolog from Bacillus subtilis Strain R5 is a Propanol-Preferring Alcohol Dehydrogenase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:13-23. [PMID: 28320283 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome search of Bacillus subtilis revealed the presence of an open reading frame annotated as glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase/alcohol dehydrogenase. The open reading frame consists of 1137 nucleotides corresponding to a polypeptide of 378 amino acids. To examine whether the encoded protein is glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase or alcohol dehydrogenase, we cloned and characterized the gene product. Enzyme activity assays revealed that the enzyme exhibits a metal ion-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activity but no glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase or aldehyde dismutase activity. Although the protein is of mesophilic origin, optimal temperature for the enzyme activity is 60°C. Thermostability analysis by circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the protein is stable up to 60°C. Presence or absence of metal ions in the reaction mixture did not affect the enzyme activity. However, metal ions were necessary at the time of protein production and folding. There was a marked difference in the enzyme activity and CD spectra of the proteins produced in the presence and absence of metal ions. The experimental results obtained in this study demonstrate that the enzyme is a bona-fide alcohol dehydrogenase and not a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raza Ashraf
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
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14
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Tan H, Xiong Y, Li KZ, Chen LM. Methanol-enhanced removal and metabolic conversion of formaldehyde by a black soybean from formaldehyde solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4765-4777. [PMID: 27981481 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methanol regulation of some biochemical and physiological characteristics in plants has been documented in several references. This study showed that the pretreatment of methanol with an appropriate concentration could stimulate the HCHO uptake by black soybean (BS) plants. The process of methanol-stimulated HCHO uptake by BS plants was optimized using the Central Composite Design and response surface methodology for the three variables, methanol concentration, HCHO concentration, and treatment time. Under optimized conditions, the best stimulation effect of methanol on HCHO uptake was obtained. 13C-NMR analysis indicated that the H13CHO metabolism produced H13COOH, [2-13C]Gly, and [3-13C]Ser in BS plant roots. Methanol pretreatment enhanced the metabolic conversion of H13CHO in BS plant roots, which consequently increased HCHO uptake by BS plants. Therefore, methanol pretreatment might be used to increase HCHO uptake by plants in the phytoremediation of HCHO-polluted solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tan
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yun Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Kun-Zhi Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming, 650500, China.
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15
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Pseudomonas putida IOFA1 transcriptome profiling reveals a metabolic pathway involved in formaldehyde degradation. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Jin Y, Zhang C, Liu W, Tang Y, Qi H, Chen H, Cao S. The Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Family in Melon (Cucumis melo L.): Bioinformatic Analysis and Expression Patterns. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:670. [PMID: 27242871 PMCID: PMC4870255 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH), encoded by multigene family in plants, play a critical role in plant growth, development, adaptation, fruit ripening and aroma production. Thirteen ADH genes were identified in melon genome, including 12 ADHs and one formaldehyde dehydrogenease (FDH), designated CmADH1-12 and CmFDH1, in which CmADH1 and CmADH2 have been isolated in Cantaloupe. ADH genes shared a lower identity with each other at the protein level and had different intron-exon structure at nucleotide level. No typical signal peptides were found in all CmADHs, and CmADH proteins might locate in the cytoplasm. The phylogenetic tree revealed that 13 ADH genes were divided into three groups respectively, namely long-, medium-, and short-chain ADH subfamily, and CmADH1,3-11, which belongs to the medium-chain ADH subfamily, fell into six medium-chain ADH subgroups. CmADH12 may belong to the long-chain ADH subfamily, while CmFDH1 may be a Class III ADH and serve as an ancestral ADH in melon. Expression profiling revealed that CmADH1, CmADH2, CmADH10 and CmFDH1 were moderately or strongly expressed in different vegetative tissues and fruit at medium and late developmental stages, while CmADH8 and CmADH12 were highly expressed in fruit after 20 days. CmADH3 showed preferential expression in young tissues. CmADH4 only had slight expression in root. Promoter analysis revealed several motifs of CmADH genes involved in the gene expression modulated by various hormones, and the response pattern of CmADH genes to ABA, IAA and ethylene were different. These CmADHs were divided into ethylene-sensitive and -insensitive groups, and the functions of CmADHs were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongyan Qi, ; ; Yazhong Jin,
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yufan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Hongyan Qi, ; ; Yazhong Jin,
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Songxiao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
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Zhou S, Xiao S, Xuan X, Sun Z, Li K, Chen L. Simultaneous functions of the installed DAS/DAK formaldehyde-assimilation pathway and the original formaldehyde metabolic pathways enhance the ability of transgenic geranium to purify gaseous formaldehyde polluted environment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 89:53-63. [PMID: 25698666 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression of dihydroxyacetone synthase (DAS) and dihydroxyacetone kinase (DAK) from methylotrophic yeasts in chloroplasts created a photosynthetic formaldehyde (HCHO)-assimilation pathway (DAS/DAK pathway) in transgenic tobacco. Geranium has abilities to absorb and metabolize HCHO. Results of this study showed that the installed DAS/DAK pathway functioning in chloroplasts greatly enhanced the role of the Calvin cycle in transgenic geranium under high concentrations of gaseous HCHO stress. Consequently, the yield of sugars from HCHO-assimilation increased approximately 6-fold in transgenic geranium leaves, and concomitantly, the role of three original HCHO metabolic pathways reduced, leading to a significant decrease in formic acid, citrate and glycine production from HCHO metabolism. Although the role of three metabolic pathways reduced in transgenic plants under high concentrations of gaseous HCHO stress, the installed DAS/DAK pathway could still function together with the original HCHO metabolic pathways. Consequently, the gaseous HCHO-resistance of transgenic plants was significantly improved, and the generation of H2O2 in the transgenic geranium leaves was significantly less than that in the wild type (WT) leaves. Under environmental-polluted gaseous HCHO stress for a long duration, the stomata conductance of transgenic plants remained approximately 2-fold higher than that of the WT, thereby increasing its ability to purify gaseous HCHO polluted environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengen Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Sunqin Xiao
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Xiuxia Xuan
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Kunzhi Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Limei Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China.
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18
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Oka T, Komachi Y, Ohshima K, Kawano Y, Fukuda K, Nagahama K, Ekino K, Nomura Y. Isolation, sequencing, and heterologous expression of the Paecilomyces variotii gene encoding S-hydroxymethylglutathione dehydrogenase (fldA). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1755-63. [PMID: 25398285 PMCID: PMC4322224 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Paecilomyces variotii NBRC 109023 (teleomorph: Byssochlamys spectabilis NBRC 109023) degrades formaldehyde at concentrations as high as 2.4 % (w/v). In many prokaryotes and in all known eukaryotes, formaldehyde degradation is catalyzed by S-hydroxymethylglutathione (S-HMGSH) dehydrogenase. We report here the isolation and characterization of the gene encoding S-HMGSH dehydrogenase activity in P. variotii. The 1.6-kb fldA gene contained 5 introns and 6 exons, and the corresponding cDNA was 1143 bp, encoding a 40-kDa protein composed of 380 amino acids. FldA was predicted to have 74.3, 73.7, 68.5, and 67.4 % amino acid identity to the S-HMGSH dehydrogenases of Hansenula polymorpha, Candida boidinii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Kluyveromyces lactis, respectively. The predicted protein also showed high amino acid similarity (84∼86 %) to the products of putative fldA genes from other filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. Notably, the P. variotii fldA gene was able to functionally complement a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (BY4741 ∆sfa1) lacking the gene for S-HMGSH dehydrogenase. The heterologous expression construct rendered BY4741 ∆sfa1 tolerant to exogenous formaldehyde. Although BY4741 (parental wild-type strain) was unable to degrade even low concentrations of formaldehyde, BY4741 ∆sfa1 harboring Paecilomyces fldA was able to degrade 4 mM formaldehyde within 30 h. The findings from this study confirm the essential role of S-HMGSH dehydrogenase in detoxifying formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Oka
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082 Japan
| | - Yuji Komachi
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082 Japan
| | - Kazufumi Ohshima
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082 Japan
| | - Yoichi Kawano
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082 Japan
| | - Kohsai Fukuda
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagahama
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082 Japan
| | - Keisuke Ekino
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nomura
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082 Japan
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19
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Zhao Y, Zhao C, Lu X, Zhou H, Li Y, Zhou J, Chang Y, Zhang J, Jin L, Lin F, Xu G. Investigation of the relationship between the metabolic profile of tobacco leaves in different planting regions and climate factors using a pseudotargeted method based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5072-83. [PMID: 24090132 DOI: 10.1021/pr400799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An improved pseudotargeted method using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed to investigate the metabolic profile of tobacco leaves from three planting regions (Yunnan, Guizhou, and Henan provinces). The analytical characteristics of the method with regard to reproducibility, precision, linearity, and stability were satisfactory for metabolic profiling study. Partial least-squares-discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrated that the metabolic profiles of tobacco from the Yunnan and Guizhou regions were different from that from the Henan province. The amino acid (e.g., phenylalanine, leucine, and tyrosine) and carbohydrate (e.g., fructose, trehalose, and sucrose) contents were the highest in Henan tobacco. The highest contents of organic acids (e.g., isocitrate, citrate, and fumarate) of the TCA cycle and antioxidants (e.g., quinate, chlorogenic acid, and ascorbate) were found in Guizhou tobacco. The correlation coefficients between metabolite content and climate factors (rainfall, sunshine, and temperature) demonstrated that drought facilitated the accumulation of sugars and amino acids. The content of TCA cycle intermediates could be influenced by multiple climate factors. This study demonstrates that the pseudotargeted method with GC/MS is suitable for the investigation of the metabolic profiling of tobacco leaves and the assessment of differential metabolite levels related to the growing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, 116023 Dalian, China
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