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Sun X, Cai Y, Wang D. Enhanced Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Production by a Newly Isolated Bacillus halotolerans F29. J Microbiol 2024; 62:695-707. [PMID: 39164498 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a promising biopolymer for various applications. In this study, we isolated a novel γ-PGA-producing strain, Bacillus halotolerans F29. The one-factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the influence of carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and culture parameters on γ-PGA production. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were sucrose and (NH4)2SO4, respectively. The optimal culture conditions for γ-PGA production were determined to be 37 °C and a pH of 5.5. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum medium components: 77.6 g/L sucrose, 43.0 g/L monosodium glutamate, and 2.2 g/L K2HPO4. The γ-PGA titer increased significantly from 8.5 ± 0.3 g/L to 20.7 ± 0.7 g/L when strain F29 was cultivated in the optimized medium. Furthermore, the γ-PGA titer reached 50.9 ± 1.5 g/L with a productivity of 1.33 g/L/h and a yield of 2.23 g of γ-PGA/g of L-glutamic acid with the optimized medium in fed-batch fermentation. The maximum γ-PGA titer reached 45.3 ± 1.1 g/L, with a productivity of 1.06 g/L/h when molasses was used as a carbon source. It should be noted that the γ-PGA yield in this study was the highest of all reported studies, indicating great potential for the industrial production of γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Sun
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyu Cai
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dexin Wang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
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2
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He F, Gao B, Cheng X, Zhai J, Zhang X, Yang C, Jiewei T. High-level production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. YJY-8 and potential use in increasing the production of tomato. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:637-646. [PMID: 37768129 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2261058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Strain YJY-8, a new γ-polyglutamic acid producer, was separated from fermented soybean paste samples. The strain was identified as a genus of Bacillus by morphological and 16S rDNA sequence analysis and was named Bacillus sp. YJY-8. The optimal medium composition and cultural conditions were studied using a single-factor experiment and a response surface experiment. The optimized medium consisted of monosodium glutamate 70 g/L, glucose 54.3 g/L, glycerol 31.8 g/L, ammonium sulfate 11.1 g/L, yeast extract 3.2 g/L, tryptone 1.5 g/L, L-glutamic acid 6.8 g/L, MgSO4 7H2O 0.5 g/L, FeCl3 6H2O 0.02 g/L, KH2PO4 0.9 g/L, CaCl2 0.03 g/L, MnSO4 H2O 0.3 g/L, ammonium molybdate 0.02 g/L, pH 7.0. The optimal cultivation conditions were 35 °C and pH 7.0. Under the optimized conditions, after 48 hr of cultivation, the highest shaking flask fermentation level of γ-PGA reached 65.2 ± 0.36 g/L. In addition, through fed-batch fermentation in 30 L fermenters, the fermentation level of γ-PGA reached its highest level at 88.42 g/L and productivity was 1.23 g/(L hr) after 72 hr. Then, the effect of γ-PGA on tomato yield was investigated. At the seedling stage, the plant height and stem diameter of γ-PGA treated plants increased by 5.69 and 15.735% after spraying γ-PGA for 19 days. During the flowering and fruiting period, the stem diameter of the γ-PGA treatment group increased by 6.74%, with a maximum increase of 11.65%. The number of fruit branches increased by 0.56-16.29% and the number of fruit sets increased by 1.01-28.47%. At the fruit maturation stage, the yield of tomatoes increased by 10.51, 14.27, and 5.83%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming He
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Baojun Gao
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Zhai
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xinqing Zhang
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chuanlun Yang
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tian Jiewei
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
- Shan Dong Chambroad Holding Group Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Light Industry, Textile & Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Elbanna K, Alsulami FS, Neyaz LA, Abulreesh HH. Poly (γ) glutamic acid: a unique microbial biopolymer with diverse commercial applicability. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348411. [PMID: 38414762 PMCID: PMC10897055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biopolymers have emerged as promising solutions for environmental pollution-related human health issues. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a natural anionic polymeric compound, is composed of highly viscous homo-polyamide of D and L-glutamic acid units. The extracellular water solubility of PGA biopolymer facilitates its complete biodegradation and makes it safe for humans. The unique properties have enabled its applications in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, water treatment, foods, and other domains. It is applied as a thickener, taste-masking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, moisturizer, bitterness-reducing agent, probiotics cryoprotectant, and protein crystallization agent in food industries. γ-PGA is employed as a biological adhesive, drug carrier, and non-viral vector for safe gene delivery in tissue engineering, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. It is also used as a moisturizer to improve the quality of hair care and skincare cosmetic products. In agriculture, it serves as an ideal stabilizer, environment-friendly fertilizer synergist, plant-growth promoter, metal biosorbent in soil washing, and animal feed additive to reduce body fat and enhance egg-shell strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elbanna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Fatimah S Alsulami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena A Neyaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein H Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Chen S, Fu J, Yu B, Wang L. Development of a Conjugation-Based Genome Editing System in an Undomesticated Bacillus subtilis Strain for Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Production with Diverse Molecular Masses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7734-7743. [PMID: 37186794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable polymer produced by microorganisms. Biosynthesizing γ-PGA with diverse molecular masses (Mw) is an urgent industrial technical problem to be solved. Bacillus subtilis KH2, a high-Mw γ-PGA producer, is an ideal candidate for de novo production of γ-PGA with diverse Mw values. However, the inability to transfer DNA to this strain has limited its industrial use. In this study, a conjugation-based genetic operating system was developed in strain KH2. This system enabled us to modify the promoter of γ-PGA hydrolase PgdS in strain KH2 chromosome to de novo biosynthesize γ-PGA with diverse Mws. The conjugation efficiency was improved to 1.23 × 10-4 by establishing a plasmid replicon sharing strategy. A further increase to 3.15 × 10-3 was achieved after knocking out two restriction endonucleases. To demonstrate the potential of our newly established system, the pgdS promoter was replaced by different phase-dependent promoters. A series of strains producing γ-PGA with specific Mws of 411.73, 1356.80, 2233.30, and 2411.87 kDa, respectively, were obtained. The maximum yield of γ-PGA was 23.28 g/L. Therefore, we have successfully constructed ideal candidate strains for efficient γ-PGA production with a specific Mw value, which provides an important research basis for sustainable production of desirable γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiaming Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Limin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Nair P, Navale GR, Dharne MS. Poly-gamma-glutamic acid biopolymer: a sleeping giant with diverse applications and unique opportunities for commercialization. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023; 13:4555-4573. [PMID: 33824848 PMCID: PMC8016157 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-021-01467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable, non-toxic, ecofriendly, and non-immunogenic biopolymer. Its phenomenal properties have gained immense attention in the field of regenerative medicine, the food industry, wastewater treatment, and even in 3D printing bio-ink. The γ-PGA has the potential to replace synthetic non-degradable counterparts, but the main obstacle is the high production cost and lower productivity. Extensive research has been carried out to reduce the production cost by using different waste; however, it is unable to match the commercialization needs. This review focuses on the biosynthetic mechanism of γ-PGA, its production using the synthetic medium as well as different wastes by L-glutamic acid-dependent and independent microbial strains. Furthermore, various metabolic engineering strategies and the recovery processes for γ-PGA and their possible applications are discussed. Finally, highlights on the challenges and unique approaches to reduce the production cost and to increase the productivity for commercialization of γ-PGA are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Nair
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Govinda R. Navale
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Mahesh S. Dharne
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
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Wang D, Fu X, Zhou D, Gao J, Bai W. Engineering of a newly isolated Bacillus tequilensis BL01 for poly-γ-glutamic acid production from citric acid. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:276. [PMID: 36581997 PMCID: PMC9798646 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a promising biopolymer for various applications. For glutamic acid-independent strains, the titer of γ-PGA is too low to meet the industrial demand. In this study, we isolated a novel γ-PGA-producing strain, Bacillus tequilensis BL01, and multiple genetic engineering strategies were implemented to improve γ-PGA production. RESULTS First, the one-factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the influence of carbon and nitrogen sources and temperature on γ-PGA production. The optimal sources of carbon and nitrogen were sucrose and (NH4)2SO4 at 37 °C, respectively. Second, the sucA, gudB, pgdS, and ggt genes were knocked out simultaneously, which increased the titer of γ-PGA by 1.75 times. Then, the titer of γ-PGA increased to 18.0 ± 0.3 g/L by co-overexpression of the citZ and pyk genes in the mutant strain. Furthermore, the γ-PGA titer reached 25.3 ± 0.8 g/L with a productivity of 0.84 g/L/h and a yield of 1.50 g of γ-PGA/g of citric acid in fed-batch fermentation. It should be noted that this study enables the synthesis of low (1.84 × 105 Da) and high (2.06 × 106 Da) molecular weight of γ-PGA by BL01 and the engineering strain. CONCLUSION The application of recently published strategies to successfully improve γ-PGA production for the new strain B. tequilensis BL01 is reported. The titer of γ-PGA increased 2.17-fold and 1.32-fold compared with that of the wild type strain in the flask and 5 L fermenter. The strain shows excellent promise as a γ-PGA producer compared with previous studies. Meanwhile, different molecular weights of γ-PGA were obtained, enhancing the scope of application in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Xiaoping Fu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Dasen Zhou
- grid.413109.e0000 0000 9735 6249College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wenqin Bai
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
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Bahniuk MS, Alidina F, Tan X, Unsworth LD. The last 25 years of research on bioflocculants for kaolin flocculation with recent trends and technical challenges for the future. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1048755. [PMID: 36507274 PMCID: PMC9731118 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1048755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of kaolin-containing wastewater is an inevitable consequence in a number of industries including mining, wastewater treatment, and bitumen processing. In some cases, the production of kaolin tailings waste during the production of bitumen or phosphate is as high as 3 times greater than the actual produced product. The existing inventory of nearly five billion barrels of oil sands tailings alone represents a massive storage and reclamation challenge, as well as a significant economic and environmental liability. Current reclamation options like inorganic coagulants and organic synthetic polymers may settle kaolin effectively, but may themselves pose an additional environmental hazard. Bioflocculants are an emerging alternative, given the inherent safety and biodegradability of their bio-based compositions. This review summarizes the different research attempts towards a better bioflocculant of kaolin, with a focus on the bioflocculant source, composition, and effective flocculating conditions. Bacillus bacteria were the most prevalent single species for bioflocculant production, with wastewater also hosting a large number of bioflocculant-producing microorganisms while serving as an inexpensive nutrient. Effective kaolin flocculation could be obtained over a broad range of pH values (1-12) and temperatures (5-95°C). Uronic acid and glutamic acid were predominant sugars and amino acids, respectively, in a number of effective bioflocculants, potentially due to their structural and charge similarities to effective synthetic polymers like polyacrylamide. Overall, these results demonstrate that bioflocculants can be produced from a wide range of microorganisms, can be composed of polysaccharides, protein or glycoproteins and can serve as effective treatment options for kaolin. In some cases, the next obstacle to their wide-spread application is scaling to industrially relevant volumes and their deployment strategies.
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Li D, Hou L, Gao Y, Tian Z, Fan B, Wang F, Li S. Recent Advances in Microbial Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050739. [PMID: 35267372 PMCID: PMC8909396 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural, safe, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly glutamic biopolymer. γ-PGA has been regarded as a promising bio-based materials in the food field, medical field, even in environmental engineering field, and other industrial fields. Microbial synthesis is an economical and effective way to synthesize γ-PGA. Bacillus species are the most widely studied producing strains. γ-PGA biosynthesis involves metabolic pathway of racemization, polymerization, transfer, and catabolism. Although microbial synthesis of γ-PGA has already been used extensively, productivity and yield remain the major constraints for its industrial application. Metabolic regulation is an attempt to solve the above bottleneck problems and meet the demands of commercialization. Therefore, it is important to understand critical factors that influence γ-PGA microbial synthesis in depth. This review focuses on production strains, biosynthetic pathway, and metabolic regulation. Moreover, it systematically summarizes the functional properties, purification procedure, and industrial application of γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Lizhen Hou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Yaxin Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Zhiliang Tian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-010-62815977 (F.W.); +86-010-62810295 (S.L.)
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-010-62815977 (F.W.); +86-010-62810295 (S.L.)
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Efficient production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by Bacillus velezensis via solid-state fermentation and its application. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Wang L, Chen S, Yu B. Poly-γ-glutamic acid: Recent achievements, diverse applications and future perspectives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Czemierska M, Szcześ A, Jarosz-Wilkołazka A. Physicochemical factors affecting flocculating properties of the proteoglycan isolated from Rhodococcus opacus. Biophys Chem 2021; 277:106656. [PMID: 34274732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The water-soluble fraction of proteoglycan RS-89 isolated from the Rhodococcus opacus FCL89 and composed of 64.6% polysaccharide and 9.44% protein has been studied as regards its flocculating activity. The RS-89 polysaccharide component includes mannose, galactose and glucose at the molar ratio of 2.7: 1.3: 1. The basic factors affecting flocculating activity of the RS-89 have been established. Additionally, the kinetics of kaolin sedimentation without and with the bioflocculant was investigated. The presence of divalent metal ions had a positive effect on the flocculating activity of the RS-89. The addition of Ca2+ increased the RS-89 flocculating activity in comparison to the other studied metals. It was proved that the proteoglycan RS-89 achieved the highest flocculating activity at the concentration equal to 2 mg/L and in the presence of 10 mmol/L of Ca2+. The zeta potential values are less negative when there is an interaction between the kaolin particles and metal ions without the RS-89 in the tested systems. Therefore, the proposed mechanism to describe the proteoglycan interaction with kaolin particles in the presence of divalent ions includes charge neutralization and a bridging mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Czemierska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Szcześ
- Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Li M, Zhang Z, Li S, Tian Z, Ma X. Study on the mechanism of production of γ-PGA and nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis natto based on RNA-seq analysis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:83. [PMID: 33836770 PMCID: PMC8034199 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and nattokinase (NK) are the main substances produced by Bacillus subtilis natto in solid-state fermentation and have wide application prospects. We found that our strains had higher activity of nattokinase when soybeans were used as substrate to increase the yield of γ-PGA. Commercial production of γ-PGA and nattokinase requires an understanding of the mechanism of co-production. Here, we obtained the maximum γ-PGA yield (358.5 g/kg, w/w) and highest activity of NK during fermentation and analyzed the transcriptome of Bacillus subtilis natto during co-production of γ-PGA and NK. By comparing changes in expression of genes encoding key enzymes and the metabolic pathways associated with the products in genetic engineering, the mechanism of co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase can be summarized based on RNA-seq analysis. This study firstly provides new insights into the mechanism of co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis natto and reveals potential molecular targets to promote the co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Shenwei Li
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Zhengan Tian
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China.
| | - Xia Ma
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200436, China.
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13
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Li N, Liu J, Yang R, Wu L. Distribution, characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances of Phanerochaete chrysosporium under lead ion stress and the influence on Pb removal. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17633. [PMID: 33077860 PMCID: PMC7572388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution, characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of Phanerochaete chrysosporium under Pb2+ stress and the influence on Pb removal were investigated. Polysaccharides was found to be the main composition in both soluble EPS (SEPS) and bounded EPS (BEPS). More polysaccharides and protein in BEPS were detected with the increased Pb2+ concentration. The ratio of Pb amount distributed in BEPS to the total Pb removed by the fungal biomass gradually decreased from 91.66 to 61.27% in group with 50 mg/L of initial Pb2+, but kept at about 35% or 25% in groups with higher Pb2+. It implies that BEPS played a certain role in the lead removal process, and the role of BEPS was relatively more important in the removal of lower concentration of Pb2+ and in the initial period of Pb removal. With FTIR analysis and Pb2+ adsorption experiment, more effective functional groups and better Pb2+ adsorption capacity was demonstrated in BEPS than in SEPS. SEM-EDS analysis demonstrated that part of Pb immobilized in BEPS was in the form of Pb precipitation. The increased molecular weight in SEPS and more polysaccharides in BEPS were probably beneficial for the adhesion of Pb precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjie Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
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Fujita KI, Tomiyama T, Inoi T, Nishiyama T, Sato E, Horibe H, Takahashi R, Kitamura S, Yamaguchi Y, Ogita A, Tanaka T. Effect of pgsE expression on the molecular weight of poly(γ-glutamic acid) in fermentative production. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Chouchane H, Najjari A, Neifar M, Cherif H, Askri R, Naili F, Ouzari HI, Cherif A. Unravelling the characteristics of a heteropolysaccharide-protein from an Haloarchaeal strain with flocculation effectiveness in heavy metals and dyes removal. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:2180-2195. [PMID: 30517064 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1556742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The production, characterization and potential application in heavy metals and dyes removal of a novel heteropolysaccharide-protein named, gpHb, produced by an Haloarchaeal strain Halogeometricum borinquense strain A52 were investigated. The highest gpHb yield of 13.96 ± 0.32 g/L was produced under optimized conditions by response surface methodology. We focused on the characteristics and flocculation performance of gpHb. An important attribute of protein with 16 protein types identified that occupied a total content of 50.2% in the gpHb. Additionally, carbohydrate that occupied 30.4% of the total bioflocculant content consisted of three monosaccharides. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl, amine, amide, and sulphate groups. To further study flocculation activities, factors such as bioflocculant dosage, temperature, pH, salinity and cations addition were tested. In comparison to the chemical flocculant polyaluminium chloride, gpHb maintain high activity at large range of salinity and its flocculation activity was higher on both sides of pH 7. Addition of trivalent cation mainly Fe3+ enhances the flocculating rate indicating that the bioflocculant is negatively charged. Its practical applicability was established for heavy metals and dyes removal from saline aqueous solutions. The highest removal efficiency was observed with Cr3+ (91.4%) and Ni2+ (89.60%) and with basic blue 3 (83.8%) and basic red (78.6%). The excellent flocculation activity of gpHb under saline condition suggests its potential industrial utility for treatment of textile and tannery wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Chouchane
- ISBST, LR11-ES31 BVBGR, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Univ. Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Afef Najjari
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR03ES03 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biomolécules Actives, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Neifar
- ISBST, LR11-ES31 BVBGR, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Univ. Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Cherif
- ISBST, LR11-ES31 BVBGR, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Univ. Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Refka Askri
- ISBST, LR11-ES31 BVBGR, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Univ. Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Naili
- ISBST, LR11-ES31 BVBGR, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Univ. Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Hadda Imene Ouzari
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR03ES03 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biomolécules Actives, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ameur Cherif
- ISBST, LR11-ES31 BVBGR, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Univ. Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
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16
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Yuan X, Zhou B, Li M, Shen M, Shi X. Colorimetric detection of Cr 3+ ions in aqueous solution using poly(γ-glutamic acid)-stabilized gold nanoparticles. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3145-3150. [PMID: 32930175 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00842g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection of heavy metal ions in water is of paramount significance for environmental pollution control. Here, we report the use of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA)-stabilized gold nanoparticles (γ-PGA-Au NPs) as a probe to sense trivalent chromium (Cr3+) in aqueous solution. In our study, γ-PGA-Au NPs were first formed through one-step sodium borohydride reduction of Au salt in the presence of γ-PGA. The formed γ-PGA-Au NPs with a mean particle size of 4.6 nm show desirable colloidal stability and a significant color change from wine red to gray after exposure to Cr3+ ions, which is visible to the naked eye and easily detected by colorimetric assay using UV-vis spectrometry. The limit of detection of Cr3+ ions is 100 ppb by the naked eye and 0.2 ppb by UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. We further show that the detection of Cr3+ using γ-PGA-Au NPs has excellent selectivity, and the recovery percentage is higher than 82% for different water samples such as lake water, river water, tap water or mineral water. Our study demonstrates that γ-PGA-Au NPs can be utilized as an efficient probe for colorimetric sensing of Cr3+ ions in a water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Benqing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Maoquan Li
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Mingwu Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
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17
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Wang D, Kim H, Lee S, Kim DH, Joe MH. High-level production of poly-γ-glutamic acid from untreated molasses by Bacillus siamensis IR10. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:101. [PMID: 32398084 PMCID: PMC7216703 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a promising biopolymer and has been applied in many fields. Bacillus siamensis SB1001 was a newly isolated poly-γ-glutamic acid producer with sucrose as its optimal carbon source. To improve the utilization of carbon source, and then molasses can be effectively used for γ-PGA production, 60cobalt gamma rays was used to mutate the genes of B. siamensis SB1001. Results Bacillus siamensis IR10 was screened for the production of γ-PGA from untreated molasses. In batch fermentation, 17.86 ± 0.97 g/L γ-PGA was obtained after 15 h, which is 52.51% higher than that of its parent strain. Fed-batch fermentation was performed to further improve the yield of γ-PGA with untreated molasses, yielding 41.40 ± 2.01 g/L of γ-PGA with a productivity of 1.73 ± 0.08 g/L/h. An average γ-PGA productivity of 1.85 g/L/h was achieved in the repeated fed-batch fermentation. This is the first report of such a high γ-PGA productivity. The analysis of the enzyme activities showed that they were affected by the carbon sources, enhanced ICDH and GDH, and decreased ODHC, which are important for γ-PGA production. Conclusion These results suggest that untreated molasses can be used for economical and industrial-scale production of γ-PGA by B. siamensis IR10.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Wang
- Radiation Utilization and Facilities Management Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics,Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangmi Kim
- Bacteria Research Team, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), Sangju, 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbeom Lee
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiation Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics,Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Joe
- Radiation Utilization and Facilities Management Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Wang D, Hwang JS, Kim DH, Lee S, Kim DH, Joe MH. A newly isolated Bacillus siamensis SB1001 for mass production of poly-γ-glutamic acid. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Araújo D, Concórdio-Reis P, Marques AC, Sevrin C, Grandfils C, Alves VD, Fortunato E, Reis MAM, Freitas F. Demonstration of the ability of the bacterial polysaccharide FucoPol to flocculate kaolin suspensions. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:287-295. [PMID: 29974822 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1497710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the flocculation properties of FucoPol, a bacterial extracellular polysaccharide, were investigated. FucoPol is a high molecular weight polymer and negatively charged due to the presence of glucuronic acid and the acyl groups succinyl and pyruvyl. High flocculation rate values (>70%) were achieved with a low bioflocculant dosage of 1 mg/L, for pH values in the range 3-5 and temperature within 15-20°C. The bioflocculant was also shown to be stable after freezing/thawing and heating up to 100°C. Given the polymer's anionic character, the size of flocs formed and their surface profile, bridging seems to be the main flocculation mechanism of FucoPol. This study demonstrated that FucoPol is a promising natural, biodegradable and biocompatible alternative to the currently used synthetic or inorganic hazardous products, with potential to be used as a novel flocculation agent in several applications, such as water treatment, food or mining. Further studies will involve evaluating the reduction of cation dosage on flocculation efficiency, as well as testing the applicability of FucoPol to flocculate different types of suspended solids, such as, for example, activated carbons, soil solids or yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Araújo
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Concórdio-Reis
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana C Marques
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Chantal Sevrin
- Interfaculty Research Centre of Biomaterials (CEIB), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Grandfils
- Interfaculty Research Centre of Biomaterials (CEIB), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vítor D Alves
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria A M Reis
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filomena Freitas
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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20
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Mohammed JN, Wan Dagang WRZ. Implications for industrial application of bioflocculant demand alternatives to conventional media: waste as a substitute. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 80:1807-1822. [PMID: 32144213 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradability and safety of the bioflocculants make them a potential alternative to non-biodegradable chemical flocculants for wastewater treatment. However, low yield and production cost has been reported to be the limiting factor for large scale bioflocculant production. Although the utilization of cheap nutrient sources is generally appealing for large scale bioproduct production, exploration to meet the demand for them is still low. Although much progress has been achieved at laboratory scale, Industrial production and application of bioflocculant is yet to be viable due to cost of the production medium and low yield. Thus, the prospects of bioflocculant application as an alternative to chemical flocculants is linked to evaluation and utilization of cheap alternative and renewable nutrient sources. This review evaluates the latest literature on the utilization of waste/wastewater as an alternative substitute for conventional expensive nutrient sources. It focuses on the mechanisms and metabolic pathways involved in microbial flocculant synthesis, culture conditions and nutrient requirements for bioflocculant production, pre-treatment, and also optimization of waste substrate for bioflocculant synthesis and bioflocculant production from waste and their efficiencies. Utilization of wastes as a microbial nutrient source drastically reduces the cost of bioflocculant production and increases the appeal of bioflocculant as a cost-effective alternative to chemical flocculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibrin Ndejiko Mohammed
- Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, PMB11, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria; Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor, Malaysia E-mail:
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21
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XIE C, ZENG H, LI J, QIN L. Comprehensive explorations of nutritional, functional and potential tasty components of various types of Sufu, a Chinese fermented soybean appetizer. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.37917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Likang QIN
- Guizhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storage and Processing, China
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22
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Enhanced Low Molecular Weight Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Production in Recombinant Bacillus subtilis 1A751 with Zinc Ion. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:411-423. [PMID: 31037584 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a novel biodegradable polyamide material. Microbial fermentation is the only way to produce γ-PGA, but the molecular weight of γ-PGA varied depending on different strains and culture conditions used. The molecular weight of γ-PGA is a main factor affecting the utilization of γ-PGA. It is urgent to find an efficient way to prepare γ-PGA with specific molecular weight, especially low molecular weight. Bacillus subtilis ECUST is a glutamate-dependent strain that produces γ-PGA. In this study, a recombinant B. subtilis harboring the γ-PGA synthase gene cluster pgsBCAE of our preciously identified γ-PGA-producing B. subtilis ECUST was constructed. Assay of γ-PGA contents and properties showed that recombinant B. subtilis 1A751-pBNS2-pgsBCAE obtained the ability to synthesize γ-PGA with low molecular weight (about 10 kDa). The excessive addition of glutamate inhibited the γ-PGA synthesis, while the addition of Zn2+ could promote the synthesis of γ-PGA by increasing the transcription of pgsB but had no effect on the molecular weight of synthesized γ-PGA. Under optimized conditions, γ-PGA produced by recombinant B. subtilis 1A751-pBNS2-pgsBCAE increased from initial 0.54 g/L to 3.9 g/L, and the glutamate conversion rate reached 78%. Recombinant B. subtilis 1A751-pBNS2-pgsBCAE has the potential for efficient preparation of low molecular weight γ-PGA.
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23
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Zhu R, Gao X, Xiao Y, Yang N, Jin Y. Improved performance in γ-polyglutamic acid production by Bacillus subtilis LX on industrial scale by impeller retrofitting and its unstructured microbial growth kinetics model. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:307-314. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1541810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Zhu
- Applied Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiaojia Gao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Leading Bio-agriculture Co. Ltd, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Leading Bio-agriculture Co. Ltd, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Na Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Leading Bio-agriculture Co. Ltd, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yangzhuoyue Jin
- Applied Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
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24
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Xie C, Zeng H, Qin L. Physicochemical, taste, and functional changes during the enhanced fermentation of low-salt Sufu paste, a Chinese fermented soybean food. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1560313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhi Xie
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haiying Zeng
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Likang Qin
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storage and Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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25
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Solution scattering study of the Bacillus subtilis PgdS enzyme involved in poly-γ-glutamic acids degradation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195355. [PMID: 29608608 PMCID: PMC5880399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The PgdS enzyme is a poly-γ-glutamic (γ-PGA) hydrolase, which has potential application for a controllable degradation of γ-PGA by enzymatic depolymerization; however, the structure of PgdS is still unknown. Here, to study in detail the full-length PgdS structure, we analyze the low-resolution architecture of PgdS hydrolase from Bacillus subtilis in solution using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method. Combining with other methods, like dynamic light scattering and mutagenesis analyses, a model for the full length structure and the possible substrate delivery route of PgdS are proposed. The results will provide useful hints for future investigations into the mechanisms of γ-PGA degradation by the PgdS hydrolase and may provide valuable practical information.
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26
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Hsueh YH, Huang KY, Kunene SC, Lee TY. Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Synthesis, Gene Regulation, Phylogenetic Relationships, and Role in Fermentation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2644. [PMID: 29215550 PMCID: PMC5751247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable biopolymer produced by several bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and other Bacillus species; it has good biocompatibility, is non-toxic, and has various potential biological applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries. In this review, we have described the mechanisms of γ-PGA synthesis and gene regulation, its role in fermentation, and the phylogenetic relationships among various pgsBCAE, a biosynthesis gene cluster of γ-PGA, and pgdS, a degradation gene of γ-PGA. We also discuss potential applications of γ-PGA and highlight the established genetic recombinant bacterial strains that produce high levels of γ-PGA, which can be useful for large-scale γ-PGA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Huang Hsueh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan city 32003, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yao Huang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan city 32003, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu city 300, Taiwan.
| | - Sikhumbuzo Charles Kunene
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan city 32003, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Yi Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan city 32003, Taiwan.
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27
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Microbial production of poly-γ-glutamic acid. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:173. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Guo J, Chen C. Removal of arsenite by a microbial bioflocculant produced from swine wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:759-766. [PMID: 28478236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper focused on the production and characteristics of a bioflocculant by using swine wastewater and its application in removing arsenite from aqueous solution. A series of experimental parameters including bioflocculant dose, calcium ions concentration, and solution pH value on arsenite uptake were evaluated. Results have demonstrated that a bioflocculant of 3.11 g L-1 was achieved as the maximum yield after 60 h fermentation, with a main backbone of polysaccharides. Maximum arsenite removal efficiency of 99.2% can be reached by adding bioflocculant in two stages: 3 × 10-3% (w/w) in the 1.0 min's rapid mixing (180 rpm) and 2 × 10-3% (w/w) after 2.0 min's slow mixing (80 rpm) with pH value fixed at 7. Negative Gibbs free energy change (ΔGo) indicated the spontaneous nature of arsenite removal. Arsenite was removed by the bioflocculant through bridging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, China
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29
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Yu W, Chen Z, Ye H, Liu P, Li Z, Wang Y, Li Q, Yan S, Zhong CJ, He N. Effect of glucose on poly-γ-glutamic acid metabolism in Bacillus licheniformis. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:22. [PMID: 28178965 PMCID: PMC5299652 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a promising macromolecule with potential as a replacement for chemosynthetic polymers. γ-PGA can be produced by many microorganisms, including Bacillus species. Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC2876 secretes γ-PGA when using glycerol and trisodium citrate as its optimal carbon sources and secretes polysaccharides when using glucose as the sole carbon source. To better understand the metabolic mechanism underlying the secretion of polymeric substances, SWATH was applied to investigate the effect of glucose on the production of polysaccharides and γ-PGA at the proteome level. Results The addition of glucose at 5 or 10 g/L of glucose decreased the γ-PGA concentration by 31.54 or 61.62%, respectively, whereas the polysaccharide concentration increased from 5.2 to 43.47%. Several proteins playing related roles in γ-PGA and polysaccharide synthesis were identified using the SWATH acquisition LC–MS/MS method. CcpA and CcpN co-enhanced glycolysis and suppressed carbon flux into the TCA cycle, consequently slowing glutamic acid synthesis. On the other hand, CcpN cut off the carbon flux from glycerol metabolism and further reduced γ-PGA production. CcpA activated a series of operons (glm and epsA-O) to reallocate the carbon flux to polysaccharide synthesis when glucose was present. The production of γ-PGA was influenced by NrgB, which converted the major nitrogen metabolic flux between NH4+ and glutamate. Conclusion The mechanism by which B. licheniformis regulates two macromolecules was proposed for the first time in this paper. This genetic information will facilitate the engineering of bacteria for practicable strategies for the fermentation of γ-PGA and polysaccharides for diverse applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0642-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ye
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Peize Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Chuan-Jian Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Li Z, He G, Hua J, Wu M, Guo W, Gong J, Zhang J, Qiao C. Preparation of γ-PGA hydrogels and swelling behaviors in salt solutions with different ionic valence numbers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26419k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a novel poly γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) hydrogel was successfully synthesized by solution polymerization and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) was used as crosslinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites (Tianjin Polytechnic University)
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin 300387
- China
- School of Textiles
| | - Guidong He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites (Tianjin Polytechnic University)
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin 300387
- China
- School of Textiles
| | - Jiachuan Hua
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites (Tianjin Polytechnic University)
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin 300387
- China
- School of Textiles
| | - Maoqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites (Tianjin Polytechnic University)
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin 300387
- China
- School of Textiles
| | - Wen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites (Tianjin Polytechnic University)
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin 300387
- China
- School of Textiles
| | - Jixian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites (Tianjin Polytechnic University)
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin 300387
- China
- School of Textiles
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites (Tianjin Polytechnic University)
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin 300387
- China
- School of Textiles
| | - Changsheng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- China
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31
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Liu T, Yamashita K, Fukumoto Y, Tachibana T, Azuma M. Flocculation of Real Sewage Sludge Using Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Produced by Bacillus sp. Isolated from Soil. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.16we158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Osaka City University
| | - Kyouhei Yamashita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Osaka City University
| | | | - Taro Tachibana
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Osaka City University
| | - Masayuki Azuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Osaka City University
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32
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Zhao H, Zhong C, Chen H, Yao J, Tan L, Zhang Y, Zhou J. Production of bioflocculants prepared from formaldehyde wastewater for the potential removal of arsenic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 172:71-76. [PMID: 26921567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel bioflocculant (MBF-79) prepared using formaldehyde wastewater as carbon resource was investigated in the study. The optimal conditions for bioflocculant production were determined to be an inoculum size of 7.0%, initial pH of 6.0, and formaldehyde concentration of 350 mg/L. An MBF-79 of 8.97 g/L was achieved as the maximum yield. Three main elements, namely C, H, and O, were present in MBF-79 with relative weigh percentages of 39.17%, 6.74%, and 34.55%, respectively. The Gel permeation chromatography analysis indicated that the approximate molecular weight (MW) of MBF-79 was 230 kDa. MBF-79 primarily comprised polysaccharide (71.2%) and protein (27.9%). Additionally, conditions for the removal of arsenic by MBF-79 were found to be MBF-79 at 120 mg/L, an initial pH 7.0, and a contact time 60 min. Under the optimal conditions, the removal efficiencies of arsenate (0.5 mg/L) and arsenite (0.5 mg/L) were 98.9% and 84.6%, respectively. Overall, these findings indicate bioflocculation offers an effective alternative method of decreasing arsenic during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Zhao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Mathematics and Economics, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Chunying Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-cancer Active Ingredients, Chemistry and Biology Science College, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Honggao Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Jie Yao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Liqing Tan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Youlang Zhang
- Department of Political Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA
| | - Jiangang Zhou
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
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33
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Luo Z, Guo Y, Liu J, Qiu H, Zhao M, Zou W, Li S. Microbial synthesis of poly-γ-glutamic acid: current progress, challenges, and future perspectives. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:134. [PMID: 27366207 PMCID: PMC4928254 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made from repeating units of l-glutamic acid, d-glutamic acid, or both. Since some bacteria are capable of vigorous γ-PGA biosynthesis from renewable biomass, γ-PGA is considered a promising bio-based chemical and is already widely used in the food, medical, and wastewater industries due to its biodegradable, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic properties. In this review, we consider the properties, biosynthetic pathway, production strategies, and applications of γ-PGA. Microbial biosynthesis of γ-PGA and the molecular mechanisms regulating production are covered in particular detail. Genetic engineering and optimization of the growth medium, process control, and downstream processing have proved to be effective strategies for lowering the cost of production, as well as manipulating the molecular mass and conformational/enantiomeric properties that facilitate screening of competitive γ-PGA producers. Finally, future prospects of microbial γ-PGA production are discussed in light of recent progress, challenges, and trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Luo
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Yuan Guo
- />National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Jidong Liu
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Hua Qiu
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Wei Zou
- />College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000 Sichuan China
| | - Shubo Li
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
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34
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Yan S, Yao H, Chen Z, Zeng S, Xi X, Wang Y, He N, Li Q. Poly-γ-glutamic acid produced from Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 2876 as a potential substitute for polyacrylamide in the sugarcane industry. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1287-94. [PMID: 26033934 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As an environmentally friendly and industrially useful biopolymer, poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) from Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 2876 was characterized by the high-resolution mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR. A flocculating activity of 11,474.47 U mL(-1) obtained with γ-PGA, and the effects of carbon sources, ions, and chemical properties (D-/L-composition and molecular weight) on the production and flocculating activity of γ-PGA were discussed. Being a bioflocculant in the sugar refinery process, the color and turbidity of the sugarcane juice was IU 1,877.36 and IU 341.41 with 0.8 ppm of γ-PGA, respectively, which was as good as the most widely used chemically synthesized flocculant in the sugarcane industry--polyacrylamide with 1 ppm. The γ-PGA produced from B. licheniformis CGMCC 2876 could be a promising alternate of chemically synthesized flocculants in the sugarcane industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yan
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China.,Dept. of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902,, Unites States
| | - Haosheng Yao
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Shengquan Zeng
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Xi Xi
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Ning He
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
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35
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Salehizadeh H, Yan N. Recent advances in extracellular biopolymer flocculants. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1506-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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