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Chretien A, Nagel MF, Botha S, de Wijn R, Brings L, Dörner K, Han H, Koliyadu JCP, Letrun R, Round A, Sato T, Schmidt C, Secareanu RC, von Stetten D, Vakili M, Wrona A, Bean R, Mancuso A, Schulz J, Pearson AR, Kottke T, Lorenzen K, Schubert R. Light-induced Trp in/Met out Switching During BLUF Domain Activation in ATP-bound Photoactivatable Adenylate Cyclase OaPAC. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168439. [PMID: 38185322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The understanding of signal transduction mechanisms in photoreceptor proteins is essential for elucidating how living organisms respond to light as environmental stimuli. In this study, we investigated the ATP binding, photoactivation and signal transduction process in the photoactivatable adenylate cyclase from Oscillatoria acuminata (OaPAC) upon blue light excitation. Structural models with ATP bound in the active site of native OaPAC at cryogenic as well as room temperature are presented. ATP is found in one conformation at cryogenic- and in two conformations at ambient-temperature, and is bound in an energetically unfavorable conformation for the conversion to cAMP. However, FTIR spectroscopic experiments confirm that this conformation is the native binding mode in dark state OaPAC and that transition to a productive conformation for ATP turnover only occurs after light activation. A combination of time-resolved crystallography experiments at synchrotron and X-ray Free Electron Lasers sheds light on the early events around the Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) chromophore in the light-sensitive BLUF domain of OaPAC. Early changes involve the highly conserved amino acids Tyr6, Gln48 and Met92. Crucially, the Gln48 side chain performs a 180° rotation during activation, leading to the stabilization of the FAD chromophore. Cryo-trapping experiments allowed us to investigate a late light-activated state of the reaction and revealed significant conformational changes in the BLUF domain around the FAD chromophore. In particular, a Trpin/Metout transition upon illumination is observed for the first time in the BLUF domain and its role in signal transmission via α-helix 3 and 4 in the linker region between sensor and effector domain is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Chretien
- European XFEL GmbH, Schenefeld, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marius F Nagel
- Department of Chemistry and Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sabine Botha
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, USA; Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA
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- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arwen R Pearson
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Department of Chemistry and Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Henß T, Nagpal J, Gao S, Scheib U, Pieragnolo A, Hirschhäuser A, Schneider-Warme F, Hegemann P, Nagel G, Gottschalk A. Optogenetic tools for manipulation of cyclic nucleotides functionally coupled to cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2519-2537. [PMID: 33733470 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are ubiquitous second messengers regulating numerous biological processes. Malfunctional cNMP signalling is linked to diseases and thus is an important target in pharmaceutical research. The existing optogenetic toolbox in Caenorhabditis elegans is restricted to soluble adenylyl cyclases, the membrane-bound Blastocladiella emersonii CyclOp and hyperpolarizing rhodopsins; yet missing are membrane-bound photoactivatable adenylyl cyclases and hyperpolarizers based on K+ currents. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH For the characterization of photoactivatable nucleotidyl cyclases, we expressed the proteins alone or in combination with cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in muscle cells and cholinergic motor neurons. To investigate the extent of optogenetic cNMP production and the ability of the systems to depolarize or hyperpolarize cells, we performed behavioural analyses, measured cNMP content in vitro, and compared in vivo expression levels. KEY RESULTS We implemented Catenaria CyclOp as a new tool for cGMP production, allowing fine-control of cGMP levels. We established photoactivatable membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases, based on mutated versions ("A-2x") of Blastocladiella and Catenaria ("Be," "Ca") CyclOp, as N-terminal YFP fusions, enabling more efficient and specific cAMP signalling compared to soluble bPAC, despite lower overall cAMP production. For hyperpolarization of excitable cells by two-component optogenetics, we introduced the cAMP-gated K+ -channel SthK from Spirochaeta thermophila and combined it with bPAC, BeCyclOp(A-2x), or YFP-BeCyclOp(A-2x). As an alternative, we implemented the B. emersonii cGMP-gated K+ -channel BeCNG1 together with BeCyclOp. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We established a comprehensive suite of optogenetic tools for cNMP manipulation, applicable in many cell types, including sensory neurons, and for potent hyperpolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Henß
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jatin Nagpal
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocentre, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Scheib
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Lead Discovery, Protein Technology, NUVISAN ICB GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Hirschhäuser
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Schneider-Warme
- University Heart Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocentre, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Photoactivated Adenylyl Cyclases: Fundamental Properties and Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33398810 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) was first discovered to be a sensor for photoavoidance in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. PAC is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the production of cAMP upon illumination with blue light, which enables us to optogenetically manipulate intracellular cAMP levels in various biological systems. Recent progress in genome sequencing has revealed several related proteins in bacteria and ameboflagellates. Among them, the PACs from sulfur bacterium Beggiatoa sp. and cyanobacterium Oscillatoria acuminata have been well characterized, including their crystalline structure. Although there have not been many reported optogenetic applications of PACs so far, they have the potential to be used in various fields within bioscience.
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Moar P, Sushmita K, Kateriya S, Tandon R. Transcriptional profiling indicates cAMP-driven reversal of HIV latency in monocytes occurs via transcription factor SP-1. Virology 2020; 542:40-53. [PMID: 32056667 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Latent HIV reservoir is a major barrier to absolute HIV cure. Studies on latency reversal agents (LRA) have by far focused mainly on CD4+ T-lymphocytes, while myeloid reservoirs remain under-represented despite their persistence and key contribution to HIV pathogenesis. cAMP has been shown to increase HIV-1 transcription in latently-infected monocytes/macrophages. In this communication, we explored the potential of commercially available pharmacological drugs and phosphodiesterase inhibitors to reactivate HIV in latently-infected monocytic cell-line, U1. We showed that increased levels of intracellular cAMP reverse HIV latency in vitro, which is specific to cells of the myeloid lineage. High throughput RNA-seq analysis revealed that cAMP modulates transcriptional profile of latently HIV-infected cells and provides favourable cellular environment for HIV to produce viral proteins. This reactivation of latent HIV was inhibited by Mithramycin A, a selective Sp1 inhibitor, indicating that the reversal of HIV latency in monocytes is driven by transcription factor Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Moar
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kumari Sushmita
- Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Mukherjee S, Hegemann P, Broser M. Enzymerhodopsins: novel photoregulated catalysts for optogenetics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:118-126. [PMID: 30954887 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymerhodopsins are a recently discovered class of natural rhodopsin-based photoreceptors with light-regulated enzyme activity. Currently, three different types of these fusion proteins with an N-terminal type-1 rhodopsin and a C-terminal enzyme domain have been identified, but their physiological relevance is mostly unknown. Among these, histidine kinase rhodopsins (HKR) are photo-regulated two-component-like signaling systems that trigger a phosphorylation cascade, whereas rhodopsin phosphodiesterase (RhoPDE) or rhodopsin guanylyl cyclase (RhGC) show either light-activated hydrolysis or production of cyclic nucleotides. RhGC, the best characterized enzymerhodopsin, is involved in the phototaxis of fungal zoospores and allows for optically controlled production of cyclic nucleotides in different cell-types. These photoreceptors have great optogenetic potential and possess several advantages over the hitherto existing tools to manipulate cyclic-nucleotide dynamics in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatanik Mukherjee
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Broser
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
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