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Wilawan B, Chan SS, Ling TC, Show PL, Ng EP, Jonglertjunya W, Phadungbut P, Khoo KS. Advancement of Carotenogenesis of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis: Recent Insight and Way Forward. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:402-423. [PMID: 37270443 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The demand for astaxanthin has been increasing for many health applications ranging from pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and aquaculture due to its bioactive properties. Haematococcus pluvialis is widely recognized as the microalgae species with the highest natural accumulation of astaxanthin, which has made it a valuable source for industrial production. Astaxanthin produced by other sources such as chemical synthesis or fermentation are often produced in the cis configuration, which has been shown to have lower bioactivity. Additionally, some sources of astaxanthin, such as shrimp, may denature or degrade when exposed to high temperatures, which can result in a loss of bioactivity. Producing natural astaxanthin through the cultivation of H. pluvialis is presently a demanding and time-consuming task, which incurs high expenses and restricts the cost-effective industrial production of this valuable substance. The production of astaxanthin occurs through two distinct pathways, namely the cytosolic mevalonate pathway and the chloroplast methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. The latest advancements in enhancing product quality and extracting techniques at a reasonable cost are emphasized in this review. The comparative of specific extraction processes of H. pluvialis biological astaxanthin production that may be applied to large-scale industries were assessed. The article covers a contemporary approach to optimizing microalgae culture for increased astaxanthin content, as well as obtaining preliminary data on the sustainability of astaxanthin production and astaxanthin marketing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busakorn Wilawan
- Institut Biologi Sains, Fakulti Sains, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sook Sin Chan
- Institut Biologi Sains, Fakulti Sains, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institut Biologi Sains, Fakulti Sains, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Eng-Poh Ng
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Woranart Jonglertjunya
- Fermentation Technology Laboratory (FerTechLab), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Poomiwat Phadungbut
- Nanocomposite Engineering Laboratory (NanoCEN), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India.
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Debnath T, Bandyopadhyay TK, Vanitha K, Bobby MN, Nath Tiwari O, Bhunia B, Muthuraj M. Astaxanthin from microalgae: A review on structure, biosynthesis, production strategies and application. Food Res Int 2024; 176:113841. [PMID: 38163732 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a red-colored secondary metabolite with excellent antioxidant properties, typically finds application as foods, feed, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and medications. Astaxanthin is usually produced synthetically using chemicals and costs less as compared to the natural astaxanthin obtained from fish, shrimps, and microorganisms. Over the decades, astaxanthin has been naturally synthesized from Haematococcus pluvialis in commercial scales and remains exceptional, attributed to its higher bioactive properties as compared to synthetic astaxanthin. However, the production cost of algal astaxanthin is still high due to several bottlenecks prevailing in the upstream and downstream processes. To that end, the present study intends to review the recent trends and advancements in astaxanthin production from microalgae. The structure of astaxanthin, sources, production strategies of microalgal astaxanthin, and factors influencing the synthesis of microalgal astaxanthin were discussed while detailing the pathway involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis. The study also discusses the relevant downstream process used in commercial scales and details the applications of astaxanthin in various health related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Debnath
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, 799046, India
| | | | - Kondi Vanitha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana, India
| | - Md Nazneen Bobby
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Onkar Nath Tiwari
- Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae, Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Biswanath Bhunia
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, 799046, India.
| | - Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, 799046, India; Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala-799046, India.
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Ke Y, Chen J, Dai T, Liang R, Liu W, Liu C, Deng L. Developing industry-scale microfluidization for cell disruption, biomolecules release and bioaccessibility improvement of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129649. [PMID: 37558104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate biomolecules extraction and bioaccessibility of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, a novel industry-scale microfluidization (ISM) was used to disrupt cells effectively. Microscope images showed ISM damaged cell integrity, disorganized cell wall structure, pulverized cell membrane and promoted the release of intracellular components. The decrease of particle size and the increase of ζ-potential also confirmed the cell disruption. The cell breakage ratio of sample treated at 120 MPa was 98%. Compared with untreated samples, total soluble solid content and protein extraction rate of the sample treated at 120 MPa increased by 2 °Brix and 12%. Protein was degraded by ISM, the release of intracellular protein and the reduction of molecular weight increased protein digestibility by 20% in in vitro gastric phase. Lipid yield and chlorophyll b content were also increased by ISM. These results provided a new solution to cell disruption of microalgae and expanded the application field of ISM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Taotao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ruihong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chengmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Lizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, PR China.
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Patel AK, Tambat VS, Chen CW, Chauhan AS, Kumar P, Vadrale AP, Huang CY, Dong CD, Singhania RR. Recent advancements in astaxanthin production from microalgae: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128030. [PMID: 36174899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as the best source of high-value astaxanthin producers. Algal astaxanthin possesses numerous bioactivities hence the rising demand for several health applications and is broadly used in pharmaceuticals, aquaculture, health foods, cosmetics, etc. Among several low-priced synthetic astaxanthin, natural astaxanthin is still irreplaceable for human consumption and food-additive uses. This review highlights the recent development in production enhancement and cost-effective extraction techniques that may apply to large-scale astaxanthin biorefinery. Primarily, the biosynthetic pathway of astaxanthin is elaborated with the key enzymes involved in the metabolic process. Moreover, discussed the latest astaxanthin enhancement strategies mainly including chemicals as product inducers and byproducts inhibitors. Later, various physical, chemical, and biological cell disruption methods are compared for cell disruption efficiency, and astaxanthin extractability. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive review of advancements in astaxanthin research covering scalable upstream and downstream astaxanthin bioproduction aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaibhav Sunil Tambat
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ajeet Singh Chauhan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akash Pralhad Vadrale
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yung Huang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Ben Hamouda M, Kacem A, Achour L, Krichen Y, Legrand J, Grizeau D, Dupre C. Comparative study on photosynthetic and antioxidant activities of Haematococcus pluvialis vegetative and resting cells; UVA light-induced stimulation. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4338-4348. [PMID: 35332635 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to determine how photosynthetic and antioxidant activities vary in vegetative and dormant cells of Haematococcus pluvialis subjected to stresses in conditions representative of industrial productions of microalgae under solar light. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of short-term oxidative treatments were examined on photosynthetic and antioxidant activities of Haematococcus pluvialis vegetative and resting cells. The vegetative cells have 1.6 times higher levels of phenolic compounds, but 1.7 times less catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities than the astaxanthin-enriched resting cells. Mainly, a UVA dose of 4 J cm-2 induced increases in photosystem II electron transport rates (ETRmax) (+15%), phenolic compounds (+15%), astaxanthin (+ 48%), catalase (+45%), and superoxide dismutase (+30%) activities in vegetative cells. CONCLUSION The UVA-dose strongly stimulates the photosynthetic and antioxidant activities of vegetative cells, but only the accumulation of astaxanthin in resting cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These preliminary results show that oxidative stresses at sub-lethal levels can stimulate the activities of microalgae. Further investigations are needed to estimate the real influence on metabolite productivities in industrial production conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Ben Hamouda
- Nantes University, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, Saint-Nazaire, France.,Research Laboratory LR14ES06: Integrative Biology and Bioresources Valorization BIOLIVAL, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,BioAlguesTunisie, El Alia, Ksour Essef, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Adnane Kacem
- Research Laboratory LR14ES06: Integrative Biology and Bioresources Valorization BIOLIVAL, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Achour
- Research Laboratory LR14ES06: Integrative Biology and Bioresources Valorization BIOLIVAL, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Jack Legrand
- Nantes University, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, Saint-Nazaire, France
| | - Dominique Grizeau
- Nantes University, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, Saint-Nazaire, France
| | - Catherine Dupre
- Nantes University, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, Saint-Nazaire, France
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Room-Temperature Cell Disruption and Astaxanthin Recovery from Haematococcus lacustris Cysts Using Ultrathin α-Quartz Nanoplates and Ionic Liquids. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are new green solvents, which are widely used in lignocellulosic and microalgal biorefineries. However, high-temperature operating conditions limit their application in the extraction of heat-labile algal products, such as bioactive astaxanthin. In this study, we report the technical feasibility of room-temperature astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus lacustris cysts with a thick and complex cell wall structure, by combining ultrathin α-quartz nanoplates (NPLs) with ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Emim])-based ILs. When four different [Emim]-based ILs with thiocyanate (SCN), diethylphosphate (DEP), HSO4, and Cl anions were applied to 90-day-old H. lacustris cysts at room temperature (~28 °C), the astaxanthin extraction efficiency was as low as 9.6–14.2%. Under sonication, α-quartz NPLs disrupted the cyst cell wall for a short duration (5 min). The astaxanthin extraction efficacies of a subsequent IL treatment improved significantly to 49.8% for [Emim] SCN, 60.0% for [Emim] DEP, 80.7% for [Emim] HSO4, and 74.3% for [Emim] Cl ions, which were 4.4, 6.1, 8.4, and 5.2 times higher than the extraction efficacy of only ILs, respectively. This finding suggests that α-quartz NPLs can serve as powerful cell-wall-disrupting agents for the room-temperature IL-mediated extraction of astaxanthin from robust algal cyst cells.
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Kim B, Youn Lee S, Lakshmi Narasimhan A, Kim S, Oh YK. Cell disruption and astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus pluvialis: Recent advances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126124. [PMID: 34653624 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is an excellent source of astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant widely used in cosmetics, aquaculture, health foods, and pharmaceuticals. This review explores recent developments in cell disruption and astaxanthin extraction techniques applied using H. pluvialis as a model species for large-scale algal biorefinery. Notably, this alga develops a unique cyst-like cell with a rigid three-layered cell wall during astaxanthin accumulation (∼4% of dry weight) under stress. The thick (∼2 µm), acetolysis-resistant cell wall forms the strongest barrier to astaxanthin extraction. Various physical, chemical, and biological cell disruption methods were discussed and compared based on theoretical mechanisms, biomass status (wet, dry, and live), cell-disruption efficacy, astaxanthin extractability, cost, scalability, synergistic combinations, and impact on the stress-sensitive astaxanthin content. The challenges and future prospects of the downstream processes for the sustainable and economic development of advanced H. pluvialis biorefineries are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolam Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, and Institute for Environment & Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Youn Lee
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Aditya Lakshmi Narasimhan
- School of Chemical Engineering, and Institute for Environment & Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangui Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, and Institute for Environment & Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Kwan Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, and Institute for Environment & Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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A Method of Solubilizing and Concentrating Astaxanthin and Other Carotenoids. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080462. [PMID: 34436301 PMCID: PMC8399374 DOI: 10.3390/md19080462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The valuable marine carotenoid, astaxanthin, is used in supplements, medicines and cosmetics. In this study, crustacyanin, an astaxanthin-binding protein, was used to solubilize and concentrate astaxanthin. The recombinant crustacyanin of European lobster spontaneously formed an inclusion body when it was over-expressed in Escherichia coli. In this study, fusing the NusA-tag to the crustacyanin subunits made it possible to express in a soluble fraction and solubilize astaxanthin in aqueous solution. By cutting off the NusA-tag, the crustacyanin subunits generated the pure insoluble form, and captured and concentrated astaxanthin. Overall, the attaching and releasing NusA-tag method has the potential to supply solubilized carotenoids in aqueous solution and concentrated carotenoids, respectively.
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Morphological Change and Cell Disruption of Haematococcus pluvialis Cyst during High-Pressure Homogenization for Astaxanthin Recovery. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10020513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates astaxanthin, which is a high-value antioxidant, during the red cyst stage of its lifecycle. The development of a rigid cell wall in the cysts hinders the recovery of astaxanthin. We investigated morphological changes and cell disruption of mature H. pluvialis cyst cells while using high-pressure homogenization for astaxanthin extraction. When treated with French-press-cell (pressure, 10,000–30,000 psi; passage, 1–3), the intact cyst cells were significantly broken or fully ruptured, releasing cytoplasmic components, thereby facilitating the separation of astaxanthin by ethyl acetate. Fluorescence microscopy observations using three different fluorescent dyes revealed that a greater degree of cell breakage caused greater external dispersion of astaxanthin, chlorophyll, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The mechanical treatment resulted in a high cell disruption rate of up to 91% based on microscopic cell typing and Coulter methods. After the ethyl acetate extraction, the astaxanthin concentration significantly increased by 15.2 mg/L in proportion to the increase in cell disruption rate, which indicates that cell disruption is a critical factor for solvent-based astaxanthin recovery. Furthermore, this study recommends a synergistic combination of the fast instrumental particle-volume-distribution analysis and microscope-based morphologic phenotyping for the development of practical H. pluvialis biorefinery processes that co-produce various biological products, including lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, chlorophyll, and astaxanthin.
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