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Park YA, Plehwe WE, Varatharajah K, Hale S, Christie M, Yates CJ. Skeletal fluorosis secondary to methoxyflurane use for chronic pain. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae032. [PMID: 38577522 PMCID: PMC10994646 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal fluorosis is rare and occurs secondary to chronic high amounts of fluoride consumption, manifesting as diffuse osteosclerosis, skeletal pain, connective tissue calcification, and increased fracture risk. Methoxyflurane is a volatile, fluorinated hydrocarbon-inhaled analgesic, and the maximum recommended dose is 15 mL (99.9 % w/w) per wk. A rodent study found increased skeletal fluoride after methoxyflurane exposure. However, skeletal fluorosis secondary to methoxyflurane use in humans has rarely been reported. We present the case of a 47-yr-old female with diffuse osteosclerosis secondary to fluorosis from methoxyflurane use for chronic pain, presenting with 3 yr of generalized bony pain and multiple fragility fractures. Lumbar spine BMD was elevated. CT and radiographs demonstrated new-onset marked diffuse osteosclerosis, with calcification of interosseous membranes and ligaments, and a bone scan demonstrated a grossly increased uptake throughout the skeleton. Biochemistry revealed an elevated alkaline phosphatase and bone turnover markers, mild secondary hyperparathyroidism with vitamin D deficiency, and mild renal impairment. Zoledronic acid, prescribed for presumed Paget's disease, severely exacerbated bony pain. Urinary fluoride was elevated (7.3 mg/L; reference range < 3.0 mg/L) and the patient revealed using methoxyflurane 9 mL per wk for 8 yr for chronic pain. A decalcified bone biopsy revealed haphazardly arranged cement lines and osteocytes lacunae and canaliculi, which was consistent with an osteosclerotic process. Focal subtle basophilic stippling around osteocyte lacunae was suggestive of fluorosis. Although fluorosis is not a histological diagnosis, the presence of compatible histology features was supportive of the diagnosis in this case with clinical-radiological-pathological correlation. Skeletal fluorosis should be considered as a cause of acquired diffuse osteosclerosis. Methoxyflurane should not be recommended for chronic pain. The risk of repeated low-dose exposure to fluoride from methoxyflurane use as analgesia may be greater than expected, and the maximum recommended dose for methoxyflurane may require re-evaluation to minimize skeletal complications. Abbreviated abstract Skeletal fluorosis is rare and occurs secondary to chronic high amounts of fluoride consumption, manifesting as diffuse osteosclerosis, skeletal pain, connective tissue calcification, and increased fracture risk. We present the case of a 47-yr-old female with skeletal fluorosis secondary to long-term methoxyflurane for chronic pain. The risk of repeated low-dose exposure to fluoride from methoxyflurane use for analgesia may be greater than expected, and the maximum recommended dose for methoxyflurane may require re-evaluation to minimize skeletal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeung-Ae Park
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Kapilan Varatharajah
- Department of Radiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sophie Hale
- Department of Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- Department of Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J Yates
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3021, Australia
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Ranjan A, Nabi J, Ranjan R. Normal Serum Fluoride Concentration in Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius). Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4129-4132. [PMID: 33409910 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride (F) concentration in blood serum of healthy dromedary camel population was measured, and its relationship with age and sex was determined. In male animals, the level varied from 0.017 to 0.296 ppm, with mean (± S.E.) value of 0.163 ± 0.013 ppm. In females, the level varied from 0.036 to 0.372 ppm with mean value of 0.157 ± 0.011 ppm. The overall mean serum fluoride concentration in female was significantly lower than male. Mean fluoride concentrations did not differ significantly among different age groups (Gr. I: 1 to 5 years; Gr. II: 5 to 10 years; and Gr. III: > 10 years). However, in comparison to male, serum F concentration in female was significantly lower in Gr. I and II, but higher in Gr. III animals. The overall, mean (± S.E.) serum fluoride concentration in camel, irrespective of age and sex, was 0.160 ± 0.008 ppm. These values can be used as reference serum fluoride concentrations for monitoring fluoride exposure in dromedary camel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Ranjan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Jeeshan Nabi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakesh Ranjan
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
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Gao M, Sun L, Xu K, Zhang L, Zhang Y, He T, Sun R, Huang H, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Zhou G, Ba Y. Association between low-to-moderate fluoride exposure and bone mineral density in Chinese adults: Non-negligible role of RUNX2 promoter methylation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:111031. [PMID: 32888610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) changes were reported to be associated with excessive fluoride exposure and abnormal expression of RUNX2. However, whether the alteration of methylation status, a most commonly used marker for the alteration of gene expression in epidemiological investigation, of RUNX2 is associated with low-to-moderate fluoride exposure and BMD changes has not been reported. Our study aims to explore the role of RUNX2 promoter methylation in BMD changes induced by low-to-moderate fluoride exposure. A total of 1124 adults (413 men and 711 women) were recruited from Kaifeng City in 2017. We measured BMD using ultrasound bone densitometer. Concentrations of urinary fluoride (UF) were measured using ion-selective electrode, and the participants were grouped into control group (CG) and excessive fluoride group (EFG) according to the concentration of UF. We extracted DNA from fasting peripheral blood samples and then detected the promoter methylation levels of RUNX2 using quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Relationships between UF concentration, RUNX2 promoter methylation and BMD changes were analyzed using generalized linear model and logistic regression. Results showed in EFG (UF concentration > 1.6 mg/L), BMD was negatively correlated with UF concentration (β: -0.14; 95%CI: -0.26, -0.01) and RUNX2 promoter methylation (β: -0.13; 95%CI: -0.22, -0.03) in women. The methylation rate of RUNX2 promoter increased by 2.16% for each 1 mg/L increment in UF concentration of women in EFG (95%CI: 0.37, 3.96). No any significant associations between UF concentration, RUNX2 promoter methylation, and BMD were observed in the individuals in CG. Mediation analysis showed that RUNX2 promoter methylation mediated 18.2% (95% CI: 4.2%, 53.2%) of the association between UF concentration and BMD of women in EFG. In conclusion, excessive fluoride exposure (>1.6 mg/L) is associated with changes of BMD in women, and this association is mediated by RUNX2 promoter methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Long Sun
- Department of Endemic Disease, Kaifeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China.
| | - Kaihong Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Luoming Zhang
- Department of Endemic Disease, Kaifeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China.
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Tongkun He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Renjie Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Jingyuan Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Guoyu Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China; Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection & Regional Coordinated Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Yue Ba
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China; Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection & Regional Coordinated Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
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Malin AJ, Riddell J, McCague H, Till C. Fluoride exposure and thyroid function among adults living in Canada: Effect modification by iodine status. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:667-674. [PMID: 30316182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoride exposure has the potential to disrupt thyroid functioning, though adequate iodine intake may mitigate this effect. This is the first population-based study to examine the impact of chronic low-level fluoride exposure on thyroid function, while considering iodine status. The objective of this study was to determine whether urinary iodine status modifies the effect of fluoride exposure on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. METHODS This cross-sectional study utilized weighted population-based data from Cycle 3 (2012-2013) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Information was collected via a home interview and a visit to a mobile examination centre. The weighted sample represented 6,914,124 adults in Canada aged 18-79 who were not taking any thyroid-related medication. Urinary fluoride concentrations were measured in spot samples using an ion selective electrode and adjusted for specific gravity (UFSG). Serum TSH levels provided a measure of thyroid function. Multivariable regression analyses examined the relationship between UFSG and TSH, controlling for covariates. RESULTS Approximately 17.8% of participants fell in the moderately-to-severely iodine deficient range. The mean (SD) age of the sample was 46.5 (15.6) years and the median UFSG concentration was 0.74 mg/L. Among iodine deficient adults, a 1 mg/L increase in UFSG was associated with a 0.35 mIU/L increase in TSH [95% CI: 0.06, 0.64; p = 0.01, one-tailed]. CONCLUSIONS Adults living in Canada who have moderate-to-severe iodine deficiencies and higher levels of urinary fluoride may be at an increased risk for underactive thyroid gland activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Malin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York 10029, NY, USA; Psychology Department, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Julia Riddell
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Hugh McCague
- Institute for Social Research, York University, 242A-4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3.
| | - Christine Till
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
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Vitamin E and lycopene reduce coal burning fluorosis-induced spermatogenic cell apoptosis via oxidative stress-mediated JNK and ERK signaling pathways. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171003. [PMID: 29273675 PMCID: PMC6066653 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fluoride has been widely used in toothpaste, mouthwash, and drinking water to prevent dental caries, the excessive intake of fluoride can cause fluorosis which is associated with dental, skeletal, and soft tissue fluorosis. Recent evidences have drawn the attention to its adverse effects on male reproductive system that include spermatogenesis defect, sperm count loss, and sperm maturation impairment. Fluoride induces oxidative stress through the activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade which can lead to cell apoptosis. Vitamin E (VE) and lycopene are two common antioxidants, being protective to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced toxic effects. However, whether and how these two antioxidants prevent fluoride-induced spermatogenic cell apoptosis are largely unknown. In the present study, a male rat model for coal burning fluorosis was established and the histological lesions and spermatogenic cell apoptosis in rat testes were observed. The decreased expression of clusterin, a heterodimeric glycoprotein reported to regulate spermatogenic cell apoptosis, was detected in fluoride-treated rat testes. Interestingly, the co-administration with VE or lycopene reduced fluorosis-mediated testicular toxicity and rescued clusterin expression. Further, fluoride caused the enhanced Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK, c-Jun) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, which was reduced by VE or lycopene. Thus, VE and lycopene prevent coal burning fluorosis-induced spermatogenic cell apoptosis through the suppression of oxidative stress-mediated JNK and ERK signaling pathway, which could be an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of fluorosis.
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Bashash M, Thomas D, Hu H, Martinez-Mier EA, Sanchez BN, Basu N, Peterson KE, Ettinger AS, Wright R, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Schnaas L, Mercado-García A, Téllez-Rojo MM, Hernández-Avila M. Prenatal Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes in Children at 4 and 6-12 Years of Age in Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:097017. [PMID: 28937959 PMCID: PMC5915186 DOI: 10.1289/ehp655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some evidence suggests that fluoride may be neurotoxic to children. Few of the epidemiologic studies have been longitudinal, had individual measures of fluoride exposure, addressed the impact of prenatal exposures or involved more than 100 participants. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to estimate the association of prenatal exposure to fluoride with offspring neurocognitive development. METHODS We studied participants from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) project. An ion-selective electrode technique was used to measure fluoride in archived urine samples taken from mothers during pregnancy and from their children when 6-12 y old, adjusted for urinary creatinine and specific gravity, respectively. Child intelligence was measured by the General Cognitive Index (GCI) of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities at age 4 and full scale intelligence quotient (IQ) from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) at age 6-12. RESULTS We had complete data on 299 mother-child pairs, of whom 287 and 211 had data for the GCI and IQ analyses, respectively. Mean (SD) values for urinary fluoride in all of the mothers (n=299) and children with available urine samples (n=211) were 0.90 (0.35) mg/L and 0.82 (0.38) mg/L, respectively. In multivariate models we found that an increase in maternal urine fluoride of 0.5mg/L (approximately the IQR) predicted 3.15 (95% CI: -5.42, -0.87) and 2.50 (95% CI -4.12, -0.59) lower offspring GCI and IQ scores, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study, higher prenatal fluoride exposure, in the general range of exposures reported for other general population samples of pregnant women and nonpregnant adults, was associated with lower scores on tests of cognitive function in the offspring at age 4 and 6-12 y. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP655.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Bashash
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deena Thomas
- University of Michigan School of Public Health , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Howard Hu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Angeles Martinez-Mier
- Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Brisa N Sanchez
- University of Michigan School of Public Health , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karen E Peterson
- University of Michigan School of Public Health , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Robert Wright
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- University of Michigan School of Public Health , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- University of Michigan School of Public Health , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Usuda K, Ueno T, Ito Y, Dote T, Yokoyama H, Kono K, Tamaki J. Risk Assessment Study of Fluoride Salts: Probability-Impact Matrix of Renal and Hepatic Toxicity Markers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 173:154-60. [PMID: 26892107 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present risk assessment study of fluoride salts was conducted by oral administration of three different doses of sodium and potassium fluorides (NaF, KF) and zinc fluoride tetrahydrate (ZnF2 •4H2O) to male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into control and nine experimental groups, to which oral injections of 0.5 mL distilled water and 0.5 mL of fluoride solutions, respectively, were given. The dosage of fluoride compounds was adjusted to contain 2.1 mg (low-dose group, LG), 4.3 mg (mid-dose group, MG), and 5.4 mg fluoride per 200 g rat body weight (high-dose group, HG) corresponding to 5, 10, and 12.5 % of LD50 values for NaF. The 24-h urine volume, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and creatinine clearance (Ccr) were measured as markers of possible acute renal impact. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined in serum samples as markers of acute hepatic impact. The levels of serum and urinary fluoride were determined to evaluate fluoride bioavailability. The results reveal that higher doses of NaF, KF, and ZnF2 induced renal damage as indicated by higher urinary NAG (p < 0.05 with ≥90th percentile of control). High doses of ZnF2 also induced a significant Ccr decrease (p < 0.05 with ≤10th percentile of control). Low doses of NaF and mid-doses of ZnF2 induced polyuria (p < 0.05 with ≥90th percentile of control) while medium doses of NaF and low doses of KF also induced liver damage, as indicated by a high level of AST (p < 0.05 with ≥90th percentile of control). These findings suggest that oral administration of fluoride is a potential, dose-dependent risk factor of renal tubular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Usuda
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigakumachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Ueno
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigakumachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ito
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigakumachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Tomotaro Dote
- Faculty of Nursing, Osaka Medical College, 7-6, Hatchonishimachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-0095, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yokoyama
- Faculty of Nursing, Osaka Medical College, 7-6, Hatchonishimachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-0095, Japan
| | - Koichi Kono
- Kansai Technical Center for Occupational Medicine, 2-1-12, Tokiwacho, Chuo-ku, Osaka City, Osaka, 540-0028, Japan
| | - Junko Tamaki
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigakumachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
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Usuda K, Kono R, Ueno T, Ito Y, Dote T, Yokoyama H, Kono K, Tamaki J. Comparison of the Biological Impacts of the Fluoride Compounds by Graphical Risk Visualization Map Technique. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 167:84-90. [PMID: 25749926 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various fluoride compounds are widely used in industry. The present risk assessment study was conducted using a series of inorganic binary fluorides of the type XFn, where X(n) = Na(+), K(+), Li(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), Al(3+), Nd(3+), La(3+), Ce(3+), Sm(3+), Gd(3+), Y(3+), Yb(2+), and Zn(2+). The aqueous solutions of these salts were orally administrated to 16 experimental groups (one for each of the salts tested). The levels of fluoride, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase in cumulative 24-h urine samples and creatinine clearance were measured to assess possible acute renal damages. The levels of fluoride, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were also determined in serum samples to assess possible acute hepatic damages. The results reveal that sodium fluoride (NaF), potassium fluoride (KF), and zinc fluoride tetrahydrate (ZnF2 (.)4H2O) can carry the fluoride ion into the bloodstream and that it is excreted via urine more readily than the other compounds tested. These fluorides were assigned the highest risk impact factor. Most of the rare earth fluorides are insoluble in water while those groups 2 and 13 of the periodic table are slightly soluble, so that they do not have a significant negative risk. These findings suggest that the biological impact of fluoride depends on the accompanying counter ion and its solubility. The risk map obtained in the present study shows that the graphical visualization map technique employed is a valuable new tool to assess the toxicological risk of chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Usuda
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigakumachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan,
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Usuda K, Kono R, Ueno T, Ito Y, Dote T, Yokoyama H, Kono K, Tamaki J. Risk assessment visualization of rubidium compounds: comparison of renal and hepatic toxicities, in vivo. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 159:263-8. [PMID: 24728875 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rubidium has been considered to be nontoxic. Its use includes thin film on glass deposition and as medical contrast medium. Recent technology innovations also involve the use of rubidium, but there is limited information about the biological effects of its various compounds. In the present risk assessment study, a series of rubidium compounds with different counter anions-acetate, bromide, carbonate, chloride, and fluoride-were orally administrated in a single dose to several groups of rats. Cumulative 24-h urine samples were obtained, and the levels of rubidium, fluoride, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and creatinine were measured to evaluate possible acute renal effects. Daily samples of serum were also obtained to determine the levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases to assess possible acute hepatic effects. Urinary rubidium excretion recovery of 8.0-10.5% shows that urine can be a useful diagnostic tool for rubidium exposure. The present results reveal that rubidium shows different biological effects depending on the counter anion. A pattern of large significant NAG leakage and elevation of ALT observed in rats treated with anhydrous rubidium fluoride indicates renal and hepatic toxicities that can be attributed to fluoride. The techniques reported in this study will be of help to assess the potential risks of toxicity of rubidium compounds with a variety of anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Usuda
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigakumachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan,
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Lech T. Fatal cases of acute suicidal sodium and accidental zinc fluorosilicate poisoning. Review of acute intoxications due to fluoride compounds. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 206:e20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ciftci G, Cenesiz S, Yarim GF, Nisbet O, Nisbet C, Cenesiz M, Guvenc D. Effect of fluoride exposure on serum glycoprotein pattern and sialic acid level in rabbits. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 133:51-9. [PMID: 19904501 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the effects of fluoride exposure on the protein profile, glycoprotein pattern, and total sialic acid concentration of serum in rabbits. For this aim; 20 healthy New Zealand rabbits were used. The rabbits were divided into two equal groups each with ten animals according to their weighing: control group and experimental group. The rabbits in control group were given drinking tap water containing 0.29 mg/l sodium fluoride and experimental group received the same tap water to which was added 40 mg/l sodium fluoride for 70 days. Blood samples were taken from each rabbit on day 70. Serum fluoride concentrations were measured by a fluoride-specific ion electrode in serum. The fluoride levels in the serum were found as 18.4 (+/-1.58) microg/L in control and 301.3 (+/-52.18) microg/L in fluoride exposed rabbits. The sialic acid levels were found as 69.2 (+/-0.32) mg/dL in control and 43.4 (+/-0.13) mg/dL in fluoride exposed group. The electrophoretic patterns of serum proteins, glycoproteins, and total sialic acid concentration were determined. Fifteen different protein fractions with molecular weights ranging from 22 to 249 kDa were displayed in the serum protein electrophoretic gel of both groups. The raw concentrations of the protein fractions decreased in fluoride exposed rabbits as compared with the control rabbits. The serum glycoprotein pattern revealed seven major protein bands from 47 to 167 kDa in experimental and control groups. The slight decrease of raw concentration of the protein bands in glycoprotein pattern of serum was observed in fluoride toxication comparing to control. The results suggest that serum TSA determination and serum protein electrophoresis can be used to evaluate prognosis of fluoride exposure as a supplementary laboratory test in combination with clinical and other laboratory findings of fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulay Ciftci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, 55139 Samsun, Turkey.
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Dote T, Adachi K, Yamadori E, Imanishi M, Tsuji H, Tanida E, Kono K. Abnormalities in Cadmium Fluoride Kinetics in Serum, Bile, and Urine after Single Intravenous Administration of Toxic Doses to Rats. J Occup Health 2008; 50:339-47. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.l8016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaro Dote
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthOsaka Medical CollegeJapan
| | - Kazuya Adachi
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthOsaka Medical CollegeJapan
| | - Emi Yamadori
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthOsaka Medical CollegeJapan
| | | | - Hiroshi Tsuji
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthOsaka Medical CollegeJapan
| | - Eri Tanida
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthOsaka Medical CollegeJapan
| | - Koichi Kono
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthOsaka Medical CollegeJapan
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