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Tian H, Hou L, Xiong Y, Cheng Q, Huang J. Effect of Dexmedetomidine-Mediated Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) Signal Pathway on Immune Function and Invasion and Migration of Cancer Cells in Rats with Ovarian Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:4655-4664. [PMID: 31230061 PMCID: PMC6604677 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to explore the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX)-mediated insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) signal pathway on immune function and cancer cell invasion and migration in rats with ovarian cancer. Material/Methods Forty rats with ovarian cancer were divided into 4 groups: model group, and low dose (0.2 μg/kg/hour DEX), medium dose (1.0 μg/kg/hour DEX), and high dose (5.0 μg/kg/hour DEX) DEX groups. In addition, 10 Fischer344 rats were selected as a normal group. Human NUTU-19 poorly differentiated epithelial ovarian cancer cell line cells were divided into 4 groups: a blank group and low dose, medium dose, and high dose DEX NUTU-19 groups. Results Compared with the normal group, in the other groups the serum interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon gamma (INF-γ) levels, CD4+ and CD8+ percentages, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and transformation rate of splenic lymphocytes were decreased, and the serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level, IGF2, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) mRNA, and protein expressions in ovarian tissue were increased (all P<0.05). Results in the DEX groups compared with model group were the opposite of those in the other groups compared with normal group (all P<0.05). Compared with the blank group, in the other groups the proliferation, invasion, and migration of ovarian cancer cells were reduced significantly (all P<0.05). Compared with the low dose DEX NUTU-19 group, in the high dose DEX NUTU-19 group the invasion and migration of ovarian cancer cells weakened significantly (both P<0.05). Conclusions A certain dose of DEX can effectively inhibit IGF2 signal pathway activation to improve the immune function of rats with ovarian cancer, inhibiting the invasion and migration of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yumei Xiong
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Qiuju Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Junking Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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Chlorogenic acid protects against aluminum toxicity via MAPK/Akt signaling pathway in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 190:113-120. [PMID: 30428426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al), which may bring about damage to the macrophages, has been implicated in the development of immunological diseases. It has been reported that chlorogenic acid (CGA, 5‑caffeoylquinic acid, chemical formula: C16H18O9) is a natural antioxidant and chelating agent with the capacity against Al (III)-induced biotoxicity. The present study was carried out to investigate whether CGA could reduce AlCl3-induced cellular damage in RAW264.7 cells. After treatment with AlCl3, the inhibition rate of viability and phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells was 54.5% and 27.6%, respectively. Administration of CGA significantly improved the integrity and phagocytic activity, and attenuated the accumulation of intracellular Al(III) level and oxidative stress in Al(III)-treated cells. Furthermore, CGA significantly inhibited Al(III)-induced increase of phospho-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein (Bad), cytochrome c and decrease of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (Akt) protein expressions. These results showed that CGA has a protective effect against Al(III)-induced cytotoxicity through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/Akt-mediated caspase pathways in RAW264.7 cells.
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Zhuang C, She Y, Zhang H, Song M, Han Y, Li Y, Zhu Y. Cytoprotective effect of deferiprone against aluminum chloride-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in lymphocytes. Toxicol Lett 2018; 285:132-138. [PMID: 29309810 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a toxic metal, and excessive Al accumulation causes immunosuppression. Deferiprone (DFP) is a well-known chelator and used in dialysis patients for removing Al from tissues. The present study aimed to investigate whether DFP treatment can attenuate immunotoxicity induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in cultured lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were treated with 0 and 0.6 mmol/L AlCl3∙6H2O (pH 7.2) and/or 1.8 mmol/L DFP, respectively. Immune function of lymphocytes was assessed by T and B lymphocytes proliferation rates, T lymphocyte subpopulations and IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α contents. In addition, lymphocyte damage was assessed by LDH activity, NO and MDA contents, NOS, SOD and GSH-Px activities, lymphocyte apoptosis index. These results showed that AlCl3 exposure reduced T and B lymphocyte proliferation rates, CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte subpopulations, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α contents, SOD and GSH-Px activities, early and later lymphocyte apoptosis indexes while enhanced CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation, NO and MDA contents, LDH activity. DFP treatment attenuated the immunotoxicity of lymphocytes and reduced oxidative stress and lymphocyte apoptosis induced by AlCl3, indicating that DFP could protect lymphocytes against immunosuppression induced by AlCl3 through attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue She
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yanzhu Zhu
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
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Radovanovic Z, Djindjic B, Dzopalic T, Veljkovic A, Dunjic M, Krstic D, Djindjic N, Nedeljkovic BB. Effect of silicon-rich water intake on the systemic and peritoneal inflammation of rats with chronic low levels of aluminum ingestion. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 46:96-102. [PMID: 29413116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Study evaluated effect of silicon-rich water intake on systemic inflammation and functional characteristics of peritoneal macrophages (PMs) of rats that were chronically exposed to dietary aluminum. METHODS One month-old female Wistar Albino rats were administered aluminum chloride dissolved in distilled water (1.6mg/kg body weight in 0.5mL) by gavage for 90days. The rats were then given standard (6mg/L) or silicon-rich water (19mg/L silicon) (n=7/group). Control rats underwent sham gavage and received standard or silicon-rich water (n=7/group). Blood was assessed for cytokine levels. Unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated PMs were assessed in terms of phagocytic activity and cytokine secretion in vitro. RESULTS Chronic exposition to dietary aluminum and silicon-rich drinking water did not change serum TNF-α levels. Aluminum increased serum IL-2 and this was reversed by silicon-rich water. The aluminum-exposed rats had higher serum sICAM-1 than sham-gavaged, unrelated to type of water. LPS-stimulated PMs from aluminum-intoxicated animals exhibited low phagocytic activity and release of TNF-α, this was significantly improved by silicon-rich water intake. In the presence of silicon-rich water, LPS-stimulated and unstimulated PMs from aluminum-exposed rats produced significantly more IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Chronic ingestion of aluminum, increases systemic and peritoneal inflammation and PM dysfunction. The presence of high levels of the natural aluminum antagonist silicon in the drinking water restored IL-10 and TNF-α PM secretion, preventing prolonged inflammation. Thus, silicon intake can decrease the immunotoxicity of aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Radovanovic
- Institute of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia
| | - Boris Djindjic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia.
| | - Tanja Dzopalic
- Institute of Biomedical research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia
| | - Andrej Veljkovic
- Institute of Biomedical research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Dejan Krstic
- Faculty of Occupational Safety, University of Nis, Serbia
| | - Natasa Djindjic
- Institute of Biomedical research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia
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Yang X, Xu F, Zhuang C, Bai C, Huang W, Song M, Han Y, Li Y. Effects of Corticosterone on Immune Functions of Cultured Rat Splenic Lymphocytes Exposed to Aluminum Trichloride. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 173:399-404. [PMID: 27008427 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) exposure is toxic to immune system. Studies have implicated that glucocorticoids (GCs) exert the dual regulation effect on the immune function depending on the concentration. However, it is unknown whether a dual effect of GCs exists in the AlCl3-treated lymphocytes. Corticosterone (Cort) is one kind of GCs. To investigate the effect of different concentration Cort on AlCl3-treated lymphocytes, rat splenic lymphocyte was isolated and cultured with 0.55 mmol/L AlCl3, simultaneously administrated Cort at final concentration of 0 (control group, CG), 10(-8) (low-level group, LG), and 10(-6) (high-level group, HG) mol/L, respectively. Another group without AlCl3 and Cort served as the blank group (BG). We found that low concentration Cort increased the T and B lymphocyte proliferation rate, proportions of CD4(+) T lymphocyte subset, IgG, IL-2, and TNF-α contents, whereas high concentration Cort decreased those in AlCl3-treated lymphocytes. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that low concentration Cort relieves the immunotoxicity of AlCl3 on the splenic lymphocytes, whereas high concentration Cort aggravates it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Feibo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Cuicui Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chongsheng Bai
- Yulin animal disease control center, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Zhuang C, Liu D, Yang X, Wang H, Han L, Li Y. The immunotoxicity of aluminum trichloride on rat peritoneal macrophages via β2-adrenoceptors/cAMP pathway acted by norepinephrine. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:34-40. [PMID: 26844663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The previous research found that norepinephrine (NE) enhanced the immunotoxicity of aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) on rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro through activating the β2-adrenoceptors (β2-AR)/cAMP pathway. On that basis, the experiment in vivo was conducted in this experiment. Eighty Wistar rats were orally exposed to 0 (control group); 0.4 mg/mL (low-dose group); 0.8 mg/mL (mid-dose group) and 1.6 mg/mL (high-dose group) AlCl3 for 120 days, respectively. Aluminum (Al), NE, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) contents in serum, cAMP content, β2-AR density, mRNA expressions of TNF-α, MIF and β2-AR in rat peritoneal macrophages were examined. These results showed that AlCl3 increased serum Al and NE contents, peritoneal macrophages cAMP content, the density and mRNA expression of the β2-AR, and decreased serum MIF and TNF-α contents, peritoneal macrophages mRNA expressions of MIF and TNF-α. Serum NE content was negatively correlated with serum TNF-α and MIF contents and peritoneal macrophages mRNA expressions of TNF-α and MIF, but positively correlated with cAMP content, density of β2-AR and mRNA expression of β2-AR of peritoneal macrophages. It indicated that AlCl3 suppresses peritoneal macrophages function of rats through β2-AR/cAMP pathway acted by NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150036, China; School Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lulu Han
- ICareVet Pet Hospital, Shenyang 110014, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Xu F, Wang J, Cao Z, Song M, Fu Y, Zhu Y, Li Y. cAMP/PKA Signaling Pathway Induces Apoptosis by Inhibited NF-κB in Aluminum Chloride-Treated Lymphocytes In Vitro. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 170:424-31. [PMID: 26280903 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To explore the apoptosis mechanism in lymphocytes of rats induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl3) by activating cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, the splenic lymphocytes of rats were cultured and exposed to different concentrations of AlCl3 for 24 h. The final concentrations of AlCl3 (AlCl3 · 6H2O) in supernatant were 0 (control group, CG), 0.3 mmol/L (low-dose group, LG), 0.6 mmol/L (mid-dose group, MG), and 1.2 mmol/L (high-dose group, HG), respectively. Lymphocytes Apoptosis rate, intracellular cAMP content, PKA, survivin, B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) mRNA expressions, and the mRNA and protein expressions of nuclear factor-κ-gene binding (NF-κB, p65) were detected, respectively. The results showed that apoptosis index of lymphocytes, cAMP content in intracellular and PKA mRNA expression were significantly upregulated, whereas NF-κB and survivin mRNA expressions, nuclear NF-κB (p65) protein expression, and the ratio of Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA expression were downregulated in the AlCl3-treated groups compared with those in CG. The results indicated that the activated cAMP/PKA signaling pathway induces apoptosis by inhibited NF-κB in AlCl3-treated lymphocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feibo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanzhu Zhu
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Li M, Song M, Ren LM, Xiu CY, Liu JY, Zhu YZ, Li YF. AlCl3 induces lymphocyte apoptosis in rats through the mitochondria-caspase dependent pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:385-394. [PMID: 25263842 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate apoptosis mechanisms in lymphocytes induced by aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) through the mitochondria-caspase dependent pathway, the spleen lymphocytes of rats were cultured with RPMI-1640 medium and exposed to AlCl3·6H2O in the final concentrations of 0 (control group, CG), 0.3 (low-dose group, LG), 0.6 (mid-dose group, MG), and 1.2 (high-dose group, HG) mmol·L(-1) for 24 h, respectively. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), cytochrome C (Cyt C) protein expression in cytoplasm, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 activity, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 mRNA expressions, DNA ladder and lymphocytes apoptosis index were detected. The results showed that Cyt C protein expression in cytoplasm, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 activity, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 mRNA expressions, the ratio of Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA expression, lymphocytes apoptosis index increased, while ΔΨm decreased in the AlCl3-treated groups compared with those in CG. The results indicate that AlCl3 induces lymphocyte apoptosis in rats through the mitochondria-caspase dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Li-Min Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chun-Yu Xiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jian-Yu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Police Dog Technical School of the Ministry of Public Security, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Yan-zhu Zhu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Yan-Fei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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Fluegge KR, Fluegge KR. Glyphosate Use Predicts ADHD Hospital Discharges in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Net (HCUPnet): A Two-Way Fixed-Effects Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133525. [PMID: 26287729 PMCID: PMC4543553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable international study on the etiology of rising mental disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in human populations. As glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide in the world, we sought to test the hypothesis that glyphosate use in agriculture may be a contributing environmental factor to the rise of ADHD in human populations. State estimates for glyphosate use and nitrogen fertilizer use were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). We queried the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project net (HCUPNET) for state-level hospitalization discharge data in all patients for all-listed ADHD from 2007 to 2010. We used rural-urban continuum codes from the USDA-Economic Research Service when exploring the effect of urbanization on the relationship between herbicide use and ADHD. Least squares dummy variable (LSDV) method and within method using two-way fixed effects was used to elucidate the relationship between glyphosate use and all-listed ADHD hospital discharges. We show that a one kilogram increase in glyphosate use, in particular, in one year significantly positively predicts state-level all-listed ADHD discharges, expressed as a percent of total mental disorders, the following year (coefficient = 5.54E-08, p<.01). A study on the effect of urbanization on the relationship between glyphosate and ADHD indicates that the relationship is marginally significantly positive after multiple comparison correction only in urban U.S. counties (p<.025). Furthermore, total glyphosate use is strongly positively associated with total farm use of nitrogen fertilizers from 1992 to 2006 (p<.001). We present evidence from the biomedical research literature of a plausible link among glyphosate, nitrogen dysbiosis and ADHD. Glyphosate use is a significant predictor of state hospitalizations for all-listed ADHD hospital discharges, with the effect concentrated in urban U.S. counties. This effect is seen even after controlling for individual state characteristics, strong correlations over time, and other significant associations with ADHD in the literature. We draw upon the econometric results to propose unique mechanisms, borrowing principles from soil and atmospheric sciences, for how glyphosate-based herbicides may be contributing to the rise of ADHD in all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R. Fluegge
- Institute of Health and Environmental Research (IHER), Cleveland, Ohio, 44118 United States of America
- Graduate School, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Kyle R. Fluegge
- Institute of Health and Environmental Research (IHER), Cleveland, Ohio, 44118 United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States of America
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Li M, Yang X, Zhuang C, Cao Z, Ren L, Xiu C, Li Y, Zhu Y. NE strengthens the immunosuppression induced by AlCl₃ through β₂-AR/cAMP pathway in cultured rat peritoneal macrophages. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 164:234-41. [PMID: 25556934 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of noradrenaline (NE) on the immunosuppression induced by aluminum trichloride (AlCl3), the peritoneal macrophages were cultured with RPMI-1640 medium containing 0.97 mM AlCl3 (1/10 IC50). NE was added to the medium at the final concentrations of 0 (control group, N-C), 0.1 (low-dose group, N-L), 1 (mid-dose group, N-M), and 10 (high-dose group, N-H) nM, respectively. No addition of both AlCl3 and NE serviced as blank group (D-C). Chemotaxis, adhesion, phagocytosis, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) secretion, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content, β2 adrenergic receptors (β2-AR) density, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of macrophages were detected. The results showed that AlCl3 reduced the chemotaxis, adhesion, phagocytosis, and TNF-α secretion and increased the cAMP content, β2-AR density, and mRNA expression of peritoneal macrophages. Meanwhile, the chemotaxis, adhesion, phagocytosis, TNF-α secretion, β2-AR density, and mRNA expression were reduced while the cAMP content was increased in NE-treated groups than those in N-C group. The results indicated that NE strengthens the immunosuppression induced by AlCl3 in cultured rat peritoneal macrophages through the β2-AR/cAMP pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Aluminum Chloride
- Aluminum Compounds/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Chemotaxis/immunology
- Chlorides/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/immunology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/immunology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, China
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11
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Xiu C, Ren L, Li M, Liu S, Zhu Y, Liu J, Li Y. Aluminum chloride- and norepinephrine-induced immunotoxicity on splenic lymphocytes by activating β2-AR/cAMP/PKA/NF-κB signal pathway in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 162:168-74. [PMID: 25326265 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We found in our previous research that aluminum (Al) exposure induced immunotoxicity on spleen and increased norepinephrine (NE) content in serum from rats. However, it is unclear how NE is involved in the AlCl3 immunotoxicity on rats. Therefore, this experiment was designed to explore the mechanism of AlCl3 and NE-induced immunotoxicity on the splenic lymphocytes. Eighty male Wistar rats were orally exposed to AlCl3 (0, 64, 128, and 256 mg/kg BW) through drinking water for 120 days. Al contents in brain and spleen; NE contents in serum and in the hypothalamus; β2-AR density; cAMP content; β2-AR, PKA, and NF-κB mRNA expression levels; and protein expressions of PKA and nuclear NF-κB in splenic lymphocytes of AlCl3-treated rats were examined. The results showed that AlCl3 increased NE content in serum, the β2-AR density, the β2-AR and PKA (C-subunits) mRNA expression levels, cAMP content and the PKA (C-subunits) protein expression levels in lymphocytes, whereas, decreased NE content in the hypothalamus, the NF-κB (p65) mRNA expression level and nuclear NF-κB (p65) protein expression level in lymphocytes. These results indicated that the accumulated AlCl3 in spleen and the increased NE in serum induced the immunotoxicity on splenic lymphocytes by activating β2-AR/cAMP/PKA/NF-κB signal pathway in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Xiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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