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Ortega-Romero M, Rojas-Lima E, Rubio-Gutiérrez JC, Aztatzi-Aguilar OG, Narváez-Morales J, Esparza-García M, Barrera-Hernández Á, Mejia MÁ, Mendez-Hernández P, Medeiros M, Barbier OC. Associations among environmental exposure to trace elements and biomarkers of early kidney damage in the pediatric population. Biometals 2024; 37:721-737. [PMID: 38642266 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-024-00603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In kidney damage, molecular changes can be used as early damage kidney biomarkers, such as Kidney Injury Molecule-1 and Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. These biomarkers are associated with toxic metal exposure or disturbed homeostasis of trace elements, which might lead to serious health hazards. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between exposure to trace elements and early damage kidney biomarkers in a pediatric population. METHODS In Tlaxcala, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 914 healthy individuals. The participants underwent a medical review and a socio-environmental questionnaire. Five early damage kidney biomarkers were determined in the urine with Luminex, and molybdenum, copper, selenium, nickel, and iodine were measured with ICP-Mass. RESULTS The eGFR showed a median of 103.75 mL/min/1.73 m2. The median levels for molybdenum, copper, selenium, nickel, and iodine were 24.73 ng/mL, 73.35 ng/mL, 4.78 ng/mL, 83.68 ng/mL, and 361.83 ng/mL, respectively. Except for molybdenum and nickel, the other trace elements had significant associations with the eGFR and the early kidney damage biomarkers. Additionally, we report the association of different exposure scenarios with renal parameters. DISCUSSION and Conclusions. Among the explored metals, exposure to Cu and iodine impairs renal function. In contrast, Se may manifest as a beneficial metal. Interactions of Mo-Se and Mo-Iodine seem to alter the expression of NGAL; Mo-Cu for CLU; Mo-Cu, Mo-Se, and Mo-iodine for Cys-C and a-1MG; and Mo-Cu and Mo-iodine for KIM-1; were noticed. Our study could suggest that trace element interactions were associated with early kidney damage biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo Ortega-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación en Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral Óseo, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elodia Rojas-Lima
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Rubio-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Octavio Gamaliel Aztatzi-Aguilar
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juana Narváez-Morales
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mariela Esparza-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral Óseo, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ángel Barrera-Hernández
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Mejia
- Fundación Franco-Mexicana Para La Medicina, I.A.P, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pablo Mendez-Hernández
- Departamento de Calidad y Educación en Salud, Secretaría de Salud de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Mara Medeiros
- Unidad de Investigación en Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral Óseo, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Olivier Christophe Barbier
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Cui T, Wang X, Hu J, Lin T, Hu Z, Guo H, Huang G, Hu G, Zhang C. Molybdenum and cadmium co-exposure induces CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR pathway mediated-autophagy by subcellular calcium redistribution in duck renal tubular epithelial cells. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111974. [PMID: 36027844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) are toxic environmental pollutants. Our previous research confirmed excessive Mo and Cd co-induced calcium homeostasis disorder and autophagy in duck kidneys, but how calcium ion (Ca2+) regulates autophagy is unclear. The results revealed that the Mo- and/or Cd-induced cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) increase mainly came from intracellular calcium stores. Mo and/or Cd caused mitochondrial Ca2+ content ([Ca2+]mit) and [Ca2+]c increase with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ content ([Ca2+]ER) decrease and upregulated calcium homeostasis-related factor expression levels, but 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) reversed subcellular Ca2+ redistribution. Increased Phospholipase C (PLC) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) activities and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) expression level were observed in Mo- and/or Cd-treated cells, which was reversed by the PLC inhibitor U-73122. 2-APB and 1,2-Bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM) addition mitigated [Ca2+]c and autophagy (variations in microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), LC3B-II/LC3B-I, autophagy related 5 (ATG5), sequestosome-1(P62), programmed cell death-1 (Beclin-1) and Dynein expression levels, LC3 puncta, autophagosomes and acid vesicle organelles) under Mo and/or Cd treatment, respectively, while thapsigargin (TG) had the opposite impacts. Additionally, the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) inhibitor STO-609 reversed the increased CaMKKβ, adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Beclin-1, and LC3B-II/LC3B-I protein expression levels and reduced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and P62 protein expression levels in Mo- and/or Cd-exposed cells. Collectively, the results confirmed that [Ca2+]c overload resulted from PLC/IP3/IP3R pathway-mediated ER Ca2+ release, and then activated autophagy by the CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR pathway in Mo- and/or Cd-treated duck renal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cui
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xueru Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junyu Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tianjin Lin
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhisheng Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiling Guo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China..
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Chen X, Bi M, Yang J, Cai J, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Zheng Y, Liu Q, Shi G, Zhang Z. Cadmium exposure triggers oxidative stress, necroptosis, Th1/Th2 imbalance and promotes inflammation through the TNF-α/NF-κB pathway in swine small intestine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126704. [PMID: 34325292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic environmental pollutant and induces toxic effects to organism. Nevertheless, the mechanism of Cd-induced toxicity in swine remains obscure. To explore this, 10 healthy 6-week-old weaned swine were placed into two groups stochastically, the Cd group was treated with a commercial diet containing 20 mg/kg Cd for 40 days. The results of histopathological and ultrastructural observations showed typical necrosis features and inflammatory cell infiltration in Cd group. Excessive Cd suppressed T-AOC and SOD activities, increased MDA content and ROS levels. Cd diet elevated the expression of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL to activate the RIPK3-dependent necroptosis pathway. Results of Th1 and Th2 cytokines indicated that the levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IL10 was increased, while the level of IFN-γ was decreased, illustrating Th1/Th2 immune imbalance leads to aggravate inflammatory responses. Cd activated the TNF-α/NF-κB pathway and induced inflammatory responses via increasing the expression of HO-1, IL-1β, iNOS, COX2. Heat shock proteins were notably elevated in response to inflammatory reactions. And these effects were inhibited by necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Altogether, these data demonstrated that Cd induced necroptosis and inflammation to aggravate small intestine injury in swine by increasing the excessive accumulation of ROS and imbalanced Th1/Th2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Bi
- Harbin Railway Public Security Bureau Police Dog Base, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jingzeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Guangliang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China.
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China.
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Kar I, Patra AK. Tissue Bioaccumulation and Toxicopathological Effects of Cadmium and Its Dietary Amelioration in Poultry-a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3846-3868. [PMID: 33405085 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) has been recognized as one of the most toxic heavy metals, which is continuously discharged into environments through anthropogenic (industrial activities, fertilizer production, and waste disposal) and natural sources with anthropogenic sources contributing greater than the natural sources. Therefore, Cd concentration sometimes increases in feeds, fodders, water bodies, and tissues of livestock including poultry in the vicinity of the industrial areas, which causes metabolic, structural, and functional changes of different organs of all animals. In poultry, bioaccumulation of Cd occurs in several organs mainly in the liver, kidney, lung, and reproductive organs due to its continuous exposure. Intake of Cd reduces growth and egg laying performance and feed conversion efficiency in poultry. Chronic exposure of Cd at low doses can also alter the microscopic structures of tissues, particularly in the liver, kidney, brain, pancreas, intestine, and reproductive organs due to increased content of Cd in these tissues. Continuous Cd exposure causes increased oxidative stress at cellular levels due to over-production of reactive oxygen species, exhausting antioxidant defense mechanisms. This leads to disruption of biologically relevant molecules, particularly nucleic acid, protein and lipid, and subsequently apoptosis, cell damage, and necrotic cell death. The histopatholocal changes in the liver, kidneys, and other organs are adversely reflected in hemogram and serum biochemical and enzyme activities. The present review discusses about Cd bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations in different tissues, pathogenesis of Cd toxicity, blood-biochemical changes, and its different ameliorative measures in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Kar
- Department of Avian Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700037, India
| | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700037, India.
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Zhang C, Wang X, Nie G, Wei Z, Pi S, Wang C, Yang F, Hu R, Xing C, Hu G. In vivo assessment of molybdenum and cadmium co-induce nephrotoxicity via NLRP3/Caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis in ducks. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 224:111584. [PMID: 34479002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) cause toxic effects on animals, but their joint effects on pyroptosis in kidney of ducks remain unclear. 160 healthy 7-day-old ducks were randomly divided into four groups which were fed with basal diet containing different dosages of Mo or/and Cd for 16 weeks. On the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th weeks, kidney tissue and serum were collected. The results showed that Mo or/and Cd could significantly elevate their contents in kidney, disturb the homeostasis of trace elements, cause renal function impairment and histological abnormality, and oxidative stress as accompanied by increasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and decreasing glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and total-superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities. Simultaneously, Mo or/and Cd could markedly increase interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18) contents and the expression levels of pyroptosis-related genes (NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), NIMA-related kinase 7 (NEK7), Gasdermin A (GSDMA), Gasdermin E (GSDME), IL-1β and IL-18) and proteins (NLRP3, Caspase-1 p20, ASC and Gasdermin D (GSDMD)). Moreover, the changes of above these indicators were more obvious in combined group. Taken together, the results illustrate that Mo and Cd might synergistically lead to oxidative stress and induce pyroptosis via NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway, whose mechanism is somehow related to Mo and Cd accumulation in duck kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xueru Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gaohui Nie
- School of Information Technology, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, No. 665 Yuping West street, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330032, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Zejing Wei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shaoxing Pi
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ruiming Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Miao Z, Zhang K, Bao R, Li J, Tang Y, Teng X. Th1/Th2 imbalance and heat shock protein mediated inflammatory damage triggered by manganese via activating NF-κB pathway in chicken nervous system in vivo and in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:44361-44373. [PMID: 33847884 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a ubiquitous heavy metal pollutant in environment, and excess Mn can damage nervous system of humans and animals. However, molecular mechanism of Mn-induced poultry neurotoxicity on inflammatory injury is still not fully clear. Thus, the purpose of the conducted research was to explore molecular mechanism of inflammatory injury caused by Mn in chicken nervous system. Two Mn poisoning models were established in vivo and in vitro. One hundred and eighty chickens were randomly separated into four groups. One control group was raised drinking water and standard diet. Three Mn groups were raised drinking water, and the standard diet supplemented with three different concentrations of MnCl2 ∙ 4H2O. There were 45 birds and 3 replicates in each group. Neurocytes from chicken embryos were cultured in mediums without and with six different concentrations of MnCl2 ∙ 4H2O in vitro. Our experiments showed that excess Mn caused cerebral histomorphological structure alternations and damage, and increased the expressions (P < 0.05) of inflammation-related factor NF-κB, TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, and PTGEs in vivo and in vitro, meaning that excess Mn caused inflammatory damage and inflammatory response in chicken nervous system. Moreover, there were an upregulated IFN-γ mRNA expression and a downregulated IL-4 mRNA expression (P < 0.05) in bird cerebra and embryonic neurocytes after exposure to Mn, indicating that Mn exposure caused Th1/Th2 imbalance and immunosuppression. Additionally, in our research, the elevation (P < 0.05) of five HSPs (HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90) was found, suggesting that HSPs participated molecular mechanism of Mn stress. In addition, the inflammatory toxicity of Mn to chicken nervous system was time- and dose-dependent. Taken all together, our findings indicated that Th1/Th2 imbalance and HSPs mediated Mn-caused inflammatory injury via NF-κB pathway in chicken nervous system in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Miao
- Electrical and Information Engineering College, JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, 132101, Jilin, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Heihe University, Heihe, 164300, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongkun Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - You Tang
- Electrical and Information Engineering College, JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, 132101, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- Electrical and Information Engineering College, JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, 132101, Jilin, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Taghavizadeh Yazdi ME, Amiri MS, Nourbakhsh F, Rahnama M, Forouzanfar F, Mousavi SH. Bio-indicators in cadmium toxicity: Role of HSP27 and HSP70. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:26359-26379. [PMID: 33834331 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13687-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of proteins that are expressed by cells in reply to stressors. The changes in concentration of HSPs could be utilized as a bio-indicator of oxidative stress caused by heavy metal. Exposure to the different heavy metals may induce or reduce the expression of different HSPs. The exposure to cadmium ion (Cd2+) could increase HSP70 and HSP27 over 2- to 10-fold or even more. The in vitro and in vivo models indicate that the HSP70 family is more sensitive to Cd intoxication than other HSPs. The analyses of other HSPs along with HSP70, especially HSP27, could also be useful to obtain more accurate results. In this regard, this review focuses on examining the literature to bold the futuristic uses of HSPs as bio-indicators in the initial assessment of Cd exposure risks in defined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fahimeh Nourbakhsh
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rahnama
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Zhang C, Lin T, Nie G, Hu R, Pi S, Wei Z, Wang C, Xing C, Hu G. Cadmium and molybdenum co-induce pyroptosis via ROS/PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis in duck renal tubular epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116403. [PMID: 33433347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and excess molybdenum (Mo) are harmful to animals, but the combined nephrotoxic mechanism of Cd and Mo in duck remains poorly elucidated. To assess joint effects of Cd and Mo on pyroptosis via ROS/PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis in duck renal tubular epithelial cells, cells were cultured with 3CdSO4·8H2O (4.0 μM), (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O (500.0 μM), MCC950 (10.0 μM), BHA (100.0 μM) and combination of Cd and Mo or Cd, Mo and MCC950 or Cd, Mo and BHA for 12 h, and the joint cytotoxicity was explored. The results manifested that toxicity of non-equitoxic binary mixtures of Mo and Cd exhibited synergic interaction. Mo or/and Cd elevated ROS level, PTEN mRNA and protein levels, and decreased PI3K, AKT and p-AKT expression levels. Simultaneously, Mo or/and Cd upregulated ASC, NLRP3, NEK7, Caspase-1, GSDMA, GSDME, IL-18 and IL-1β mRNA levels and Caspase-1 p20, NLRP3, ASC, GSDMD protein levels, increased the percentage of pyroptotic cells, LDH, NO, IL-18 and IL-1β releases as well as relative conductivity. Moreover, NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 and ROS scavenger BHA could ameliorate the above changed factors induced by Mo and Cd co-exposure. Collectively, our results reveal that combination of Mo and Cd synergistically cause oxidative stress and trigger pyroptosis via ROS/PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis in duck tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Tianjin Lin
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Gaohui Nie
- School of Information Technology,Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, No. 665 Yuping West Street, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330032, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ruiming Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Shaoxing Pi
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Zejing Wei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chang Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
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Zhuang J, Nie G, Hu R, Wang C, Xing C, Li G, Hu G, Yang F, Zhang C. Inhibition of autophagy aggravates molybdenum-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by aggravating oxidative stress in duck renal tubular epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111771. [PMID: 33348253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Excessive molybdenum (Mo) has adverse effects on animals. To elucidate the effects of autophagy on Mo-induced nephrotoxicity, the duck renal tubular epithelial cells were cultured in medium in absence and presence of (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O (0, 480, 720, 960 μM Mo), 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) (2.5 μM), and the combination of Mo and 3-MA for 12 h. After 12 h exposure, the MDC staining, morphologic observation, LC3 puncta, cell viability, autophagy-related genes mRNA and proteins levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, antioxidant indices, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial respiratory control ratio (RCR) and oxidative phosphorylation rate (OPR) were determined. The results showed that excessive Mo exposure significantly elevated the number of autophagosome and LC3 puncta, upregulated Beclin-1, Atg5, LC3A and LC3B mRNA levels, and LC3II/LC3I and Beclin-1 protein levels, decreased mTOR, p62 and Dynein mRNA levels and p62 protein level. Besides, co-treatment with Mo and 3-MA dramatically increased LDH release, ROS level, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents as well as cell dam age, reduced cell viability, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), MMP, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial RCR and OPR compared to treatment with Mo alone. Taken together, these results suggest that excessive Mo exposure can induce autophagy in duck renal tubular epithelial cells, inhibition of autophagy aggravates Mo-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jionghan Zhuang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Gaohui Nie
- School of Information Technology, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, No. 665 Yuping West street, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330032, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ruiming Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chang Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guyue Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
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Wei Z, Nie G, Yang F, Pi S, Wang C, Cao H, Guo X, Liu P, Li G, Hu G, Zhang C. Inhibition of ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1 mediated pyroptosis attenuates cadmium-induced apoptosis in duck renal tubular epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 273:115919. [PMID: 33497945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an occupational and environmental pollutant, which mainly causes nephrotoxicity by damaging renal proximal tubular cells. To evaluate the effects of Cd on pyroptosis and the relationship between pyroptosis and apoptosis in duck renal tubular epithelial cells, the cells were cultured with 3CdSO4·8H2O (0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 μM Cd), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) (100.0 μM), Z-YVAD-FMK (10.0 μM) or the combination of Cd and NAC or Z-YVAD-FMK for 12 h, and then cytotoxicity was assessed. The results evidenced that Cd significantly increased the releases of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and nitric oxide (NO), relative conductivity and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Simultaneously, Cd also markedly upregulated NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC, NEK7, IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA levels and NLRP3, Caspase-1 p20, GSDMD and ASC protein levels. Additionally, NAC notably improved the changes of above indicators induced by Cd. Combined treatment with Cd and Z-YVAD-FMK remarkably elevated Bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels, inhibited p53, Bax, Bak-1, Cyt C, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 mRNA levels and p53, Bax, Bak-1, Caspase-9/cleaved Caspase-9 and Caspase-3/cleaved Caspase-3 protein levels, increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), decreased apoptosis ratio and cell damage compared to treatment with Cd alone. Taken together, Cd exposure induces duck renal tubular epithelial cell pyroptosis through ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway, and inhibiting Caspase-1 dependent pyroptosis attenuates Cd-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejing Wei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Gaohui Nie
- School of Information Technology, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, No. 665 Yuping West Street, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330032, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Shaoxing Pi
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chang Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Xiaoquan Guo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ping Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guyue Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
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Zhuang J, Nie G, Yang F, Cao H, Xing C, Dai X, Hu G, Zhang C. Molybdenum and Cadmium co-induced the levels of autophagy-related genes via adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in Shaoxing Duck (Anas platyrhyncha) kidney. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6533-6541. [PMID: 31424537 PMCID: PMC8913950 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate Molybdenum (Mo) and Cadmium (Cd) co-induced the levels of autophagy-related genes via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in Shaoxing Duck (Anas platyrhyncha) kidney, 60 healthy 11-day-old ducks were randomly divided into 6 groups, which were treated with Mo or/and Cd at different doses on the basal diet for 120 d. Kidney samples were collected on day 120 to determine the mRNA expression levels of adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Beclin-1, autophagy-related gene-5 (Atg5), microtubule-associated protein light chain A (LC3A), microtubule-associated protein light chain B (LC3B), sequestosome-1, and Dynein by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Meanwhile, ultrastructural changes of the kidney were observed. The results indicated that the mTOR and P62 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated, but the Atg5 and Beclin-1 mRNA levels were remarkably upregulated in all treated groups compared to control group, and their changes were greater in joint groups. Additionally, compared to control group, the Dynein mRNA expression level was apparently downregulated in co-treated groups, the LC3B, LC3A, and AMPKα1 expression levels were dramatically upregulated in single treated groups and they were not obviously different in co-treated groups. Ultrastructural changes showed that Mo and Cd could markedly increase the number of autophagosomes. Taken together, it suggested that dietary Mo and Cd might induce autophagy via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in duck kidney, and it showed a possible synergistic relationship between the 2 elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jionghan Zhuang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Gaohui Nie
- School of Information Technology, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330032, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Dai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, P. R. China
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12
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Wang C, Nie G, Yang F, Chen J, Zhuang Y, Dai X, Liao Z, Yang Z, Cao H, Xing C, Hu G, Zhang C. Molybdenum and cadmium co-induce oxidative stress and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated pathway in duck renal tubular epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 383:121157. [PMID: 31518807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
High doses of molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) cause adverse reactions on animals, but the joint toxic effects of Mo and Cd on duck renal tubular epithelial cells are not fully illustrated. To investigate the combined effects of Mo and Cd on oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis in primary duck renal tubular epithelial cells, the cells were either treated with (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O (480, 960 μM Mo), 3CdSO4·8H2O (2.5, 5.0 μM Cd) or combination of Mo and Cd for 12 h, and then the joint cytotoxicity was evaluated. The results demonstrated that Mo or/and Cd exposure could induce release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase, reactive oxygen species generation, acidification, increase levels of malondialdehyde and [Ca2+]i, decrease levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and mitochondrial membrane potential; upregulate mRNA levels of Caspase-3, Bak-1, Bax, and cytochrome C, inhibit Bcl-2 mRNA level, and induce cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the changes of these indicators in co-treated groups were more remarkable. The results indicated that exposure to Mo or/and Cd could induce oxidative stress and apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in duck renal tubular epithelial cells and the two metals may have a synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Gaohui Nie
- School of Information Technology, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, No. 665 Yuping West street, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330032, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Jian Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Xueyan Dai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Zhiyue Liao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
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Liu Y, Yuan Y, Xiao Y, Li Y, Yu Y, Mo T, Jiang H, Li X, Yang H, Xu C, He M, Guo H, Pan A, Wu T. Associations of plasma metal concentrations with the decline in kidney function: A longitudinal study of Chinese adults. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:110006. [PMID: 31812020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metals are widespread pollutants in the environment which have been reported to be associated with kidney dysfunction in many existing epidemiological studies. However, most of the studies are cross-sectional design and mainly focus on several toxic metals including arsenic, lead and cadmium. Therefore, we conducted this prospective study within the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort to evaluate the associations of plasma multiple metals with the decline in kidney function among Chinese middle-aged and elderly. In total, 1434 participants free of chronic diseases at baseline were included in analysis. We measured baseline plasma concentrations of 23 metals and calculated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation based on serum creatinine, age, sex and ethnicity. Bonferroni correction was used for multiple testing to reduce the probability of a type I error. Principal component analysis was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of multiple metal co-exposure. Most of the plasma metal concentrations were within the literature reported reference values, whereas the concentration of lead and nickel exceeded the guideline value. We found that plasma concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, barium, lead, molybdenum, rubidium, strontium, vanadium and zinc were significantly associated with the decline in kidney function measured by annual eGFR decline, rapid renal function decline (defined as an annual decline in eGFR ≥ 5 mL/min/1.73 m2) or incident eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, with the adjusted beta coefficients (95% CI) for annual eGFR decline 0.50 (0.30, 0.69), 0.98 (0.74, 1.23), 0.56 (0.32, 0.79), 0.21 (0.03, 0.39), 0.35 (0.16, 0.54), 0.94 (0.71, 1.17), 0.37 (0.15, 0.60), 0.78 (0.54, 1.02), and 0.74 (0.57, 0.91), respectively. The metals exposures were linked with increased risks of impaired kidney function. Associations of principal components representing these metals with the decline in kidney function were significant and suggest a possible additional health risk by co-exposure. Participants engaged in manufacturing had higher plasma levels of several metals compared with those who had been involved in management- or administration-related work. Our findings suggest that exposure to multiple metals contribute to the decline in kidney function among the middle-aged and elderly. Co-exposure to multiple metals may have synergetic effect on the kidney function. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings and clarify the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Yizhun Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Tingting Mo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Haijing Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xiulou Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dongfeng Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, PR China
| | - Handong Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dongfeng Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, PR China
| | - Chengwei Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dongfeng Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, PR China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
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Darwish WS, Chen Z, Li Y, Wu Y, Chiba H, Hui SP. Identification of cadmium-produced lipid hydroperoxides, transcriptomic changes in antioxidant enzymes, xenobiotic transporters, and pro-inflammatory markers in human breast cancer cells (MCF7) and protection with fat-soluble vitamins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:1978-1990. [PMID: 31768957 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that is regarded as a metallohormone with estrogen-like properties. The present study aimed at identification of lipid hydroperoxides produced in human breast cancer (MCF7) exposed to cadmium (Cd) at environmentally relevant levels. Cd induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and produced a series of 26 lipid hydroperoxide species including 14 phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides (PC-OOH), 9 triacylglycerol hydroperoxides (TG-OOH), and 3 cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides (CE-OOH). Among these hydroperoxides, PC34:2-OOH, PC34:3-OOH, TG60:14-OOH, TG48:5-OOH, TG60:15-OOH, and CE20:4-OOH were produced in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting these as possible biomarkers for Cd exposure in MCF7 cells. In addition, Cd led to significant decreases in the gene expressions of antioxidants, detoxification enzymes, and xenobiotic transporters. In a protection trial, co-exposure of MCF7 cells to fat-soluble vitamins including vitamin A, D, and E reduced Cd-induced cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Fat-soluble vitamins upregulated antioxidant and detoxification enzymes, and xenobiotic transporters. Therefore, dietary supplementation of such micronutrients is recommended for people at risk for exposure to Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wageh Sobhy Darwish
- Laboratory of Advanced Lipid Analysis, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Zhen Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Lipid Analysis, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yonghan Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Lipid Analysis, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yue Wu
- Laboratory of Advanced Lipid Analysis, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma Nishi 4-2-1-15, Higashi Ku, Sapporo, 007-0894, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Laboratory of Advanced Lipid Analysis, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
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Dai X, Nie G, Cao H, Xing C, Hu G, Zhang C. In vivo assessment of molybdenum and cadmium co-induced the mRNA levels of heat shock proteins, inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in shaoxing duck (Anas platyrhyncha) testicles. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5424-5431. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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16
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Alteration of the Antioxidant Capacity and Gut Microbiota under High Levels of Molybdenum and Green Tea Polyphenols in Laying Hens. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100503. [PMID: 31652580 PMCID: PMC6826559 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High dietary levels of molybdenum (MO) can negatively affect productive performances and health status of laying hens, while tea polyphenol (TP) can mitigate the negative impact of high MO exposure. However, our understanding of the changes induced by TP on MO challenged layers performances and oxidative status, and on the microbiota, remains limited. The aim of the present study was to better understand host (performances and redox balance) and microbiota responses in MO-challenged layers with dietary TP. In this study, 200 Lohmann laying hens (65-week-old) were randomly allocated in a 2 × 2 factorial design to receive a diet with or without MO (0 or 100 mg/kg), and supplemented with either 0 or 600 mg/kg TP. The results indicate that 100 mg/kg MO decreased egg production (p = 0.03), while dietary TP increased egg production in MO challenged layers (p < 0.01). Egg yolk color was decreased by high MO (p < 0.01), while dietary TP had no effect on yolk color (p > 0.05). Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration were increased by high MO, while total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity, glutathione s-transferase (GSH-ST), and glutathione concentration in serum were decreased (p < 0.05). Dietary TP was able to reverse the increasing effect of MO on ALT and AST (p < 0.05). High MO resulted in higher MO levels in serum, liver, kidney, and egg, but it decreased Cu and Se content in serum, liver, and egg (p < 0.05). The Fe concentration in liver, kidney, and eggs was significantly lower in MO supplementation groups (p < 0.05). High MO levels in the diet led to lower Firmicutes and higher Proteobacteria abundance, whereas dietary TP alone and/or in high MO treatment increased the Firmicutes abundance and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio at phylum level. High MO increased the abundance of Proteobacteria (phylum), Deltaproteobacteria (class), Mytococcales (order), and Nanocystaceae (family), whereas dietary TP promoted the enrichment of Lactobacillus agilis (species). Dietary TP also enhanced the enrichment of Bacilli (class), Lactobacillates (order), Lactobacillus (family), and Lactobacillus gasseri (species). Microbiota analysis revealed differentially enriched microbial compositions in the cecum caused by MO and TP, which might be responsible for the protective effect of dietary TP during a MO challenge.
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Liao Z, Cao H, Dai X, Xing C, Xu X, Nie G, Zhang C. Molybdenum and Cadmium exposure influences the concentration of trace elements in the digestive organs of Shaoxing duck (Anas platyrhyncha). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:75-83. [PMID: 30098508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the toxic effects of Molybdenum (Mo) and Cadmium (Cd) on trace elements in digestive organs of Shaoxing duck (Anas platyrhyncha), 120 Shaoxing ducks were randomly divided into control group and 5 treatment groups which were treated with a commercial diet containing different dosages of Mo and Cd. On the 60th and 120th days, the beak, esophagus, glandular stomach, muscular stomach, small intestine, large intestine and feces were collected to determine contents of Mo, Cd, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), then correlation analysis was performed. The results showed that Cd content in digestive organs significantly increased in co-treated groups compared to single treated groups and Mo concentration increased in Mo-treated groups compared to control group, whereas Cu, Fe, Zn and Se concentrations in digestive organs decreased in co-treated groups. Furthermore, Cd and Mo were mainly accumulated in the small intestine and esophagus, respectively. There was a strongly positive correlation between Cd and Mo while they had negative correlation with Cu, Fe, Zn and Se, respectively. In feces, Mo and Fe contents in high dose of Mo group and high Mo combined with Cd group were significantly higher than those in control group, and Cu content in all treated groups significantly increased and Cd, Zn and Se concentrations had no difference. The results indicated that dietary Mo or/and Cd might disturb homeostasis of trace elements in digestive organs of Shaoxing duck. Moreover, the two elements presented a synergistic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyue Liao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Xueyan Dai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Xiongwei Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Gaohui Nie
- School of Information Technology, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, No. 665 Yuping West street, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330032, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
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Intrauterine Exposure to Cadmium Reduces HIF-1 DNA-Binding Ability in Rat Fetal Kidneys. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6030053. [PMID: 30177602 PMCID: PMC6161213 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, some hypoxia occurs due to incipient vascularization. Under hypoxic conditions, gene expression is mainly controlled by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). The activity of this transcription factor can be altered by the exposure to a variety of compounds; among them is cadmium (Cd), a nephrotoxic heavy metal capable of crossing the placenta and reaching fetal kidneys. The goal of the study was to determine Cd effects on HIF-1 on embryonic kidneys. Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to a mist of isotonic saline solution or CdCl₂ (DDel = 1.48 mg Cd/kg/day), from gestational day (GD) 8 to 20. Embryonic kidneys were obtained on GD 21 for RNA and protein extraction. Results show that Cd exposure had no effect on HIF-1α and prolyl hydroxylase 2 protein levels, but it reduced HIF-1 DNA-binding ability, which was confirmed by a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA levels. In contrast, the protein levels of VEGF were not changed, which suggests the activation of additional regulatory mechanisms of VEGF protein expression to ensure proper kidney development. In conclusion, Cd exposure decreases HIF-1-binding activity, posing a risk on renal fetal development.
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Zhang M, Luo J, Zhang C, Cao H, Xia B, Hu G. Alterations in antioxidant function and cell apoptosis in duck spleen exposed to molybdenum and/or cadmium. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:193-200. [PMID: 27297413 PMCID: PMC5489466 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of molybdenum (Mo) and/or cadmium (Cd) on antioxidant function and the apoptosis-related genes in duck spleens. Sixty healthy 11-day-old ducks were randomly divided into six groups of 10 ducks (control, low Mo group, high Mo, Cd, low Mo + Cd, and high Mo + Cd groups). All were fed a basal diet containing low or high dietary doses of Mo and/or Cd. Relative spleen weight, antioxidant indices, apoptosis-related gene mRNA expression levels, and ultrastructural changes were evaluated after 120 days. The results showed that the relative spleen weight decreased significantly in the high Mo + Cd treatment group which compared with control group. Malondialdehyde levels increased and xanthine oxidase and catalase activities decreased in the Mo and/or Cd groups compared with levels in the control group. Bak-1 and Caspase-3 expressions were upregulated in the high Mo + Cd group, while Bcl-2 was downregulated. In addition, mitochondrial crest fracture, swelling, vacuolation, deformed nuclei, and karyopyknosis in both Mo + Cd treated groups were more severe than in the other groups. The results suggest that Mo and/or Cd can induce oxidative stress and apoptosis of spleen via effects on the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. Moreover, the results indicate the two elements have a possible synergistic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Junrong Luo
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Guo L, Li R, Zhang YF, Qin TY, Li QS, Li XX, Qi ZL. A comparison of two sources of methionine supplemented at different levels on heat shock protein 70 expression and oxidative stress product of Peking ducks subjected to heat stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e147-e154. [PMID: 28503893 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different sources and levels of methionine (Met) on Heat shock proteins HSP70 expression and protein carbonylation in liver, HSP70 expression and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in intestine under heat stress conditions during summer. A total of 720 (4 days old) Peking ducks were placed 20 per pen into six replicates for each of the six treatments with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, such that two sources of Met (DL-methionine [DLM] and DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyrate [HMTBA] were supplemented at three different levels (0.05%, 0.20%, or 0.35% on as-fed basis respectively). The experiment was divided into a starter (day 4-16) and a grower (day 17-35) period. Diet supplemented with 0.35% Met significantly up-regulated the HSP70 mRNA expression in duodenum, jejunum and ileum on day 16 and 35 as well as in liver on day 35 (p < .05) of ducks. HMTBA-supplemented diets increased the HSP70 mRNA expression in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and liver on day 35 (p < .01). An increased MDA concentration was detected in jejunum of birds in 0.35% DLM-supplemented treatment on day 16 (p < .05). And decreased protein carbonylation concentration was found in DLM-supplemented treatment on day 16 (p < .01). The birds fed with 0.35% Met supplemental diet displayed lower hepatic protein carbonylation on day 16 (p < .05). In conclusion, supplementation of 0.35% Met in the duck diet showed up-regulated HSP70 expression in small intestine and liver, which may provide new perspective to the mechanism of Met function. At the same time, DLM supplemented in diet may ameliorate oxidative status of liver, while HMTBA supplementation may partially improve the intestinal oxidative status of Peking ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - R Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - T Y Qin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Q S Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - X X Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Z L Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Liao Y, Cao H, Xia B, Xiao Q, Liu P, Hu G, Zhang C. Changes in Trace Element Contents and Morphology in Bones of Duck Exposed to Molybdenum or/and Cadmium. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 175:449-457. [PMID: 27392954 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and high molybdenum (Mo) can lead to adverse reactions on animals, but the coinduced toxicity of Mo and Cd to bone in ducks was not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in trace elements' contents and morphology in bones of duck exposed to Mo or/and Cd. One hundred twenty healthy 11-day-old male ducks were randomly divided into six groups and treated with commercial diet containing Cd or/and Mo. On the 60th and 120th days, the blood, excretion, and metatarsals were collected to determine alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the contents of Mo, Cd, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zine (Zn), and selenium (Se). In addition, metatarsals were subjected to histopathological analysis with the optical microscope and radiography. The results indicated that Mo and Cd contents significantly increased while Ca, P, Cu, and Se contents remarkably decreased in metatarsals in coexposure groups (P < 0.01). Contents of Fe and Zn in metatarsals had no significant difference among groups (P > 0.05). Ca content in serum had no significant difference among experimental groups (P > 0.05), but P content was significantly decreased in HMo and HMo + Cd groups (P < 0.05). Contents of Ca and P in excretion and ALP activity were significantly increased in coinduced groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, osteoporotic lesions, less and thinner trabecular bone were observed in combination groups. The findings suggested that dietary of Cd or/and Mo could lead to bone damages in ducks via disturbing the balance of Ca and P in body and homeostasis of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se in bones; moreover, the two elements showed a possible synergistic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Liao
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabin Cao
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xia
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyang Xiao
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Caiying Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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He Y, Sun B, Li S, Sun X, Guo Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Jiang G, Xing M. Simultaneous analysis 26 mineral element contents from highly consumed cultured chicken overexposed to arsenic trioxide by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21741-21750. [PMID: 27522209 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the impacts of dietary arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on 26 mineral element contents in the liver and kidney of chicken. A total of 100 male Hy-line cocks were randomly divided into 2 groups (50 chickens in each group), including an arsenic-treated group (basic diet supplemented with As2O3 at 30 mg/kg) and a control group (basal diet). The feeding experiment lasted for 90 days and the experimental animals were given free access to feed and water. We determined 26 mineral elements in the liver and kidney by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that nine element levels (Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Cd, Ba, and Pb) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the liver of chickens exposed to As2O3 compared to the control chickens where three element levels (Ni, As, and Hg) increased significantly (P < 0.05). The results in the kidney showed that nine element levels (Al, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sb, Ba, and Pb) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the chickens exposed to As2O3 compared to the control chickens where four element levels (Mo, As, Cd, and Hg) increased significantly (P < 0.05). These results suggest that supplementation of high levels of arsenic affected trace mineral levels in the liver and kidney of chicken, and the effects vary from organ to organ. The aim of this study is to provide references for further study of heavy metal poisoning by detecting the contents of minerals induced by arsenic in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Bonan Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Siwen Li
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Sun
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangshun Jiang
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
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Yang F, Zhang C, Zhuang Y, Gu X, Xiao Q, Guo X, Hu G, Cao H. Oxidative Stress and Cell Apoptosis in Caprine Liver Induced by Molybdenum and Cadmium in Combination. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 173:79-86. [PMID: 26883837 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of co-exposure to molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) on oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in caprine livers, 36 Boer goats were randomly divided into four groups with nine goats in each group. Three groups were randomly assigned with one of three oral treatments of CdCl2 (0.5 mg Cd kg(-1)·BW) and [(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O] (15 mg Mo kg(-1)·BW, 30 mg Mo kg(-1)·BW, 45 mg Mo kg(-1)·BW), while the control group received deionized water. Liver tissues on days 0, 25, and 50 were subjected to determine antioxidant activity indexes and the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of ceruloplasmin (CP), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3 (caspase-3), second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac), and cytochrome-C (Cyt-C) genes. The results showed that significant reductions were observed in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities (P < 0.05), while activities or contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were increased (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of CP, caspase-3, Smac, and Cyt-C genes were upregulated (P < 0.05). In addition, histopathological lesions showed different degrees of vacuolar degeneration and edematous and mitochondrial swelling. The results suggest that co-exposure to Mo and Cd could induce oxidative stress and cell apoptosis possibly associated with mitochondrial intrinsic pathway in goat liver and show possible synergistic effects between the two elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Gu
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyang Xiao
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Guo
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huabin Cao
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Cao H, Xing C, Zhuang Y, Gu X, Luo J, Guo X, Liu P, Zhang C, Hu G. Effect of Stress from Cadmium Combined with Different Levels of Molybdenum on Serum Free Radical and Expression of Related Apoptosis Genes in Goat Livers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:346-353. [PMID: 26758867 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element for human beings and animals; however, high dietary intake of Mo can lead to adverse reactions. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major transitional metals which have toxic effects in animals. The toxicity of simple Cd or Mo has been researched frequently. However, the toxicity of Mo combined with Cd was rarely studied. To investigate the toxicity of Mo combined with Cd in liver of goats, 36 Boer goats were randomly divided into four groups and assigned with one of the three oral treatments of CdCl2 (0.5 mg kg(-1) Cd) and [(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O] (15 mg kg(-1) Mo, group I; 30 mg kg(-1) Mo, group II; 45 mg kg(-1) Mo, group III), while the control group received deionized water. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 to determine antioxidant indices in serum. In addition, liver tissues were collected on days 0, 25, and 50 for detecting the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax. Moreover, liver tissues at 50 days were subjected to histopathological analysis with the optical microscope. The results revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), malonaldehyde (MDA), and the activity of nitrix oxide synthase (NOS) and a significant decline (P < 0.05) in the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC). The mRNA expression level of Bcl-2 was suppressed (P < 0.05), while the expression of Bax was increased (P < 0.05) in liver. The histopathological changes were observed in the liver of goats including a small amount of erythrocyte, the unclear structure of hepatic cord and hepatic sinusoid, granular degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, and steatosis. In conclusion, combined chronic toxicity of Cd with different levels of Mo might induce goat liver cell apoptosis and cause oxidative stress in serum, and it showed a possible synergistic relationship between the two elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Cao
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Gu
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrong Luo
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Guo
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao J, Xing H, Liu C, Zhang Z, Xu S. Effect of Selenium Deficiency on Nitric Oxide and Heat Shock Proteins in Chicken Erythrocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 171:208-13. [PMID: 26440477 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) deficiency induces various types of diseases, including hemolytic anemia, which is one of the basic pathologies of erythrocyte damage. To investigate the effect of Se deficiency on chicken erythrocytes, we detected the effects of Se deficiency on the nitric oxide (NO) content and the levels of heat shock proteins (Hsps) in chicken erythrocytes, including Hsp27, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, and Hsp90. One-day-old chickens (180) were randomly divided into two groups, a low-Se group (L group, fed with a 0.008 mg/kg Se diet) and a control group (C group, fed with a 0.2 mg/kg Se diet). Next, erythrocytes were collected at 35 days old, and the NO content, activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and levels of Hsps (27, 40, 60, 70, and 90) were examined. Compared with the C group, the NO and iNOS levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05), and the Hsps in the mRNA and protein levels were generally higher (P < 0.05) in the L group. Meanwhile, the correlation analysis showed that there were positive correlations between Hsps and NO. Thus, as typical damage biomarkers, NO and Hsps may play special roles in chicken erythrocyte injury by Se deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Houjuan Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunpeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Cao H, Gao F, Xia B, Zhang M, Liao Y, Yang Z, Hu G, Zhang C. Alterations in trace element levels and mRNA expression of Hsps and inflammatory cytokines in livers of duck exposed to molybdenum or/and cadmium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 125:93-101. [PMID: 26682514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of dietary Molybdenum (Mo) or/and Cadmium (Cd) on trace elements and the mRNA expression levels of heat shock proteins (Hsps) and inflammatory cytokines in duck livers. 240 healthy 11-day-old ducks were randomly divided into six groups with 40 ducks in each group, which were treated with Mo or/and Cd at different doses on the basal diet for 120 days. On days 30, 60, 90 and 120, 10 birds in each group were randomly selected and euthanized and then the livers were collected to determine the contents of Mo, Cd, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zine (Zn), Selenium (Se) and the mRNA expression levels of Hsps, inflammatory cytokines. In addition, liver tissues at 120 days were subjected to histopathological analysis with the optical microscope. The results showed that the mRNA expression of Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were significantly (P<0.01) upregulated in combination groups; Contents of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se decreased in combined groups (P<0.05) in the later period of the test while contents of Mo and Cd significantly increased (P<0.01); Furthermore severe hepatocyte diffuse fatty, hepatic cords swelling, hepatic sinusoid disappeared, and inflammatory cells infiltrated around the hepatic central vein were observed in Mo combined with Cd groups. The results indicated that dietary Mo or/and Cd might lead to stress, inflammatory response, tissue damage and disturb homeostasis of trace elements in duck livers. Moreover the two elements showed a possible synergistic relationship. And the high mRNA expression of HSPs and inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the resistance of liver toxicity induced by Mo and Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Cao
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Feiyan Gao
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Bing Xia
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yilin Liao
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
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