1
|
Zuo Q, Lin L, Zhang Y, Ommati MM, Wang H, Zhao J. The Footprints of Mitochondrial Fission and Apoptosis in Fluoride-Induced Renal Dysfunction. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4125-4135. [PMID: 38057486 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride (F) is widely distributed in the environment and poses serious health risks to humans and animals. Although a good body of literature demonstrates a close relationship between F content and renal system performance, there is no satisfactory information on the involved intracellular routes. Hence, this study used histopathology and mitochondrial fission to explore fluorine-induced nephrotoxicity further. For this purpose, mice were exposed to the F ion (0, 25, 50, 100 mg/L) for 90 days. The effects of different F levels on renal pathomorphology and ion metabolism were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS), periodic acid-silver methenamine (PASM), Prussian blue (PB), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining. The results showed that F could lead to glomerular atrophy, tubular degeneration, and vacuolization. Meanwhile, F also could increase glomerular and tubular glycoproteins; made thickening of the renal capsule membrane and thickening of the tubular basement membrane; led to the accumulation of iron ions in the tubules; and increased in glomerular alp and decreased tubular alp. Concomitantly, IHC results showed that F significantly upregulated the expression levels of mitochondrial fission-related proteins, including mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), fission 1 (Fis1), and mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 kDa (MiD49) and 51 kDa (MiD51), ultimately caused apoptosis. To sum up, excessive fluorine has a strong nephrotoxicity effect, disrupting the balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion, interfering with the process of mitochondrial fission, and then causing damage to renal tissue structure and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyong Zuo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu Y, Li Y, Li M, Zhao T, Zhang W, Wang Y, He Y, Zhao H, Li H, Wang T, Zhao Y, Wang J, Wang J. Calcium supplementation attenuates fluoride-induced bone injury via PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133411. [PMID: 38181596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Excessive consumption of fluoride can cause skeletal fluorosis. Mitophagy has been identified as a novel target for bone disorders. Meanwhile, calcium supplementation has shown great potential for mitigating fluoride-related bone damage. Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the association between mitophagy and skeletal fluorosis and the precise mechanisms through which calcium alleviates these injuries. A 100 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure model in Parkin knockout (Parkin-/-) mice and a 100 mg/L NaF exposure mouse model with 1% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) intervention were established in the current study. Fluoride exposure caused the impairment of mitochondria and activation of PTEN-induced putative kinase1 (PINK1)/E3 ubiquitin ligase Park2 (Parkin)-mediated mitophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis in the bones, which were restored after blocking Parkin. Additionally, the intervention model showed fluoride-exposed mice exhibited abnormal bone trabecula and mechanical properties. Still, these bone injuries could be effectively attenuated by adding 1% calcium to their diet, which reversed fluoride-activated mitophagy and apoptosis. To summarize, fluoride can activate bone mitophagy through the PINK1/Parkin pathway and mitochondrial apoptosis. Parkin-/- and 1% calcium provide protection against fluoride-induced bone damage. Notably, this study provides theoretical bases for the prevention and therapy of animal and human health and safety caused by environmental fluoride contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Tianrui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Haojie Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yangfei Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jundong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jinming Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Salama RHM, Ali SS, Salama THM, Almged MA, Alsanory TA, Alsanory AA, Aboutaleb H, Ezzat GM. Dietary Effects of Nanopowder Eggshells on Mineral Contents, Bone Turnover Biomarkers, and Regulators of Bone Resorption in Healthy Rats and Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis Rat Model. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5034-5052. [PMID: 35895253 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a critical issue for female health worldwide. This current study was designed to evaluate the role of nanopowder eggshell (NPES) in healthy and ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rats. Fifty-six female rats were divided into healthy rats (35) and ovariectomized rats (21). The healthy rats were subdivided into five groups (G1-G5) and received one of the following treatments: saline, 20 or 40 mg/kg of calcium carbonate, and 20 or 40 mg/kg of NPES. The 21 ovariectomized rats were divided into three groups (G6-G8) and received either saline, 40 mg/kg of calcium carbonate, or 40 mg/kg of NPES. Biochemical and histopathological assessments of bone formation and resorption were performed. Biomarkers of bone formation (calcium and osteocalcin (OCN)) and calcium content in left femur ashes were significantly higher in healthy rats given 40-mg/kg NPES than in healthy control rats and healthy rats given 40-mg/kg calcium carbonate. The ovariectomized groups had significantly lower levels of vitamin D3, OCN, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) than the healthy control. Alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) were significantly increased in the ovariectomized group than in the healthy control group. Treatment with NPES and calcium carbonate reduced liver enzymes in ovariectomized rats. NPES treatment significantly increased Vit D3, OCN, OPG, and bone ash mineral content (calcium, magnesium, zinc, and phosphorus) in ovariectomized rats. NPES also increased femur cortical thickness, osteoblast number, and collagen fiber. The current study suggests that NPES can modulate bone turnover biomarkers and increase bone trace elements. Moreover, NPES alleviates bone resorption in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa H M Salama
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt.
| | - Safaa S Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | | | - Tasneem A Alsanory
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Aya A Alsanory
- Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hesham Aboutaleb
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Ezzat
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu Z, Xu W, Zhang J, Tang Y, Xing H, Xu P, Ma Y, Niu Q. TFE3-mediated impairment of lysosomal biogenesis and defective autophagy contribute to fluoride-induced hepatotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114674. [PMID: 36827899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fluoride exposure can cause liver injury, but the specific mechanisms need further investigation. We aimed to explore the role of impaired lysosomal biogenesis and defective autophagy in fluoride-induced hepatotoxicity and its potential mechanisms, focusing on the role of transcription factor E3 (TFE3) in regulating hepatocyte lysosomal biogenesis. To this end, we established a Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model exposed to sodium fluoride (NaF) and a rat liver cell line (BRL3A) model exposed to NaF. The results showed that NaF exposure diminished liver function and led to apoptosis as well as autophagosome accumulation and impaired autophagic degradation. In addition, NaF exposure caused compromised lysosome biogenesis and decreased lysosomal degradation, and inhibited TFE3 nuclear translocation. Notably, the mTOR inhibitors rapamycin (RAPA) and Ad-TFE3 promoted lysosomal biogenesis and enhanced lysosomal degradation function. Furthermore, RAPA and Ad-TFE3 reduced NaF-induced apoptosis by alleviating impaired autophagic degradation. In conclusion, NaF impairs lysosomal biogenesis by inhibiting TFE3 nuclear translocation, decreasing lysosomal degradation function, resulting in impaired autophagic degradation, and ultimately inducing apoptosis. Therefore, TFE3 may be a promising therapeutic target for fluoride-induced hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjing Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Tang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Hengrui Xing
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Niu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song C, Zhang A, Zhang M, Song Y, Huangfu H, Jin S, Sun Y, Zhang C, Shi D, Wang J, Peng W, Luo Q. Nrf2/PINK1-mediated mitophagy induction alleviates sodium fluoride-induced hepatic injury by improving mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and inflammation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114646. [PMID: 36791501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy has distinct functions, which can lead to either protection or damage of tissues. Though current evidence indicated that NaF triggers mitophagy, the role and regulation of mitophagy in sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced liver injury still remain unclear. Therefore, we exployed the cell and mouse models and confirmed that NaF treatment activates mitophagy. Knocking down PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1) expression attenuated mitophagy and increased the degree of mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in NaF-treated HepG2 cells. In vivo experiments indicated that PINK1 deficiency weakened NaF-induced mitophagy. Moreover, PINK1-deficient mices aggravated NaF-induced hepatic mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation in livers, evidenced by the increased number of abnormal mitochondria, decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glutathione (GSH) levels, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, enhanced hepatic macrophage infiltration and inflammatory cytokine levels. Notably, NaF exposure activated Nrf2 signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Nrf2 siRNA transfection blocked the upregulation of PINK1 expression and the induction of mitophagy in NaF-treated HepG2 cells. Also, ML385 (Nrf2 inhibitor) partially blocked the upregulation of PINK1 expression caused by NaF in mice livers. To sum up, the present study provided the demonstration that Nrf2/PINK1-mediated mitophagy activation offers a hepatoprotective effect by inhibiting NaF-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China.
| | - Aiguo Zhang
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Yuzhen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Heping Huangfu
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Shuangxing Jin
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Yanting Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization, Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Xining 810016, Qinghai, China.
| | - Qin Luo
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li D, Tu S, Le Y, Zhou Y, Yang L, Ding Y, Huang L, Liu L. Development of carbazole-based fluorescent probe for highly sensitive application in fluoride ion detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121816. [PMID: 36115305 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine is a necessary element for human, which is closely related to life activities, such as metabolism of teeth and bone tissue. A small amount of fluoride ions can promote the strengthen of our body. However, a large amount of fluoride ions will damage the human immune system to produce organ diseases. Sensitive and rapid detection of fluoride ions has attracted great interests for researchers. In this work, a reactive fluorescent probe SCP for detection of fluoride ions with high quantum yield was designed and synthesized based on the carbazole ring. Subsequently, the photophysical properties of the probe SCP were carefully studied. At last, SCP performed 62.8% quantum yield in physiological condition, excellent ability of quantitative analysis, well selectivity, and distinguishing features for HepG2 cell imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - San Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Le
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuyu Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions & Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province & Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu W, Hu Z, Zhang J, Tang Y, Xing H, Xu P, Ma Y, Niu Q. Cross-talk between autophagy and ferroptosis contributes to the liver injury induced by fluoride via the mtROS-dependent pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 250:114490. [PMID: 36628887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride can induce hepatotoxicity, but the mechanisms responsible are yet to be investigated. This study sought to investigate the role and mechanism of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), autophagy, and ferroptosis in fluoride-induced hepatic injury with a focus on the role of mtROS-mediated cross-talk between autophagy and ferroptosis. To this end, an in vivo Sprague-Dawley rat model and in vitro BRL3A cells were exposed to sodium fluoride (NaF). The results revealed that NaF exposure diminished the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mtROS production and TOMM20 expression, and induced autophagic flux blockage and ferroptosis in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the autophagy activator (RAPA) enhanced GPX4 expression while inhibiting ACSL4 expression, reduced the accumulation of ferrous ions in BRL3A cells, and restored lipid peroxidation levels, thus inhibiting ferroptosis. Fer-1, a ferritinase inhibitor, downregulated the expression of LC3-II and p62, increased the number of autolysosomes while decreasing the number of autophagosomes, and alleviated the blockage of autophagic flux by improving autophagic degradation. These results suggest the occurrence of a cross-talk between autophagy and ferroptosis. The mtROS inhibitor (Mito-TEMPO) could alleviate autophagic flux blockage and inhibit ferroptosis in NaF-induced liver injury. In addition, the cross-talk between NaF-induced autophagy and ferroptosis was dependent on the mtROS pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Tang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Hengrui Xing
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Niu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Redox and biometal status in Wistar rats after subacute exposure to fluoride and selenium counter-effects. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2022; 73:207-222. [PMID: 36226821 PMCID: PMC9837529 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of 150 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) on redox status parameters and essential metals [copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn)] in the blood, liver, kidney, brain, and spleen of Wistar rats and to determine the protective potential of selenium (Se) against fluoride (F-) toxicity. Male Wistar rats were randomly distributed in groups of five (n=5) receiving tap water (control) or water with NaF 150 mg/L, NaF 150 mg/L + Se 1.5 mg/L, and Se 1.5 mg/L solutions ad libitum for 28 days. Fluorides caused an imbalance in the redox and biometal (Cu, Fe, and Zn) status, leading to high superoxide anion (O2 .-) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the blood and brain and a drop in superoxide dismutase (SOD1) activity in the liver and its increase in the brain and kidneys. Se given with NaF improved MDA, SOD1, and O2 .- in the blood, brain, and kidneys, while alone it decreased SH group levels in the liver and kidney. Biometals both reduced and increased F- toxicity. Further research is needed before Se should be considered as a promising strategy for mitigating F- toxicity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen L, Gu T, Wu T, Ding L, Ge Q, Zhang Y, Ma S. Proteotranscriptomic Integration analyses reveals new mechanistic insights regarding Bombyx mori fluorosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113414. [PMID: 36174832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The commercial value of silkworms has been widely explored and the effects of fluoride exposure on silkworms' breeding and silk production cannot be ignored. Bombyx mori is a commonly used model to explore the mechanisms of fluorosis. In the present study, we analyzed the differences in physiological and biochemical indicators after exposing larva to NaF, then evaluated differential genes and proteins. Compared to control, larvae exposed to 600 mg L-1 NaF presented decreased bodyweight, damaged midgut tissue, and were accompanied by oxidative stress. The RNA-seq showed 1493 differentially expressed genes (574 upregulated and 919 downregulated). Meanwhile, the TMT detected 189 differentially expressed proteins (133 upregulated and 56 downregulated). The integrative analysis led to 4 upregulated and 9 downregulated genes and proteins. Finally, we hypothesized that fluoride exposure might affect the intestinal digestion of silkworms, inhibit the gene expression of detoxification enzymes and stimulate cellular immune responses. Our current findings provided new insights into insect fluorosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Tongyu Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lei Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qi Ge
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu Y, Li L, Yu W, Guan Z. Fluoride Exposure Suppresses Proliferation and Enhances Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis Pathways in Hepatocytes by Downregulating Sirtuin-1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7380324. [PMID: 36046439 PMCID: PMC9420589 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7380324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the function and mechanism of Sirt-1 in fluorine-induced liver injury. Method Fluorosis rats were first established. The fluorine content, pathological structure, collagen fibers, and fibrosis in liver tissues were tested through the fluoride ion selective electrode method, H&E, Masson, and Sirius red staining; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), interleukin 18 (IL-18), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in rat serum were also analyzed using ELISA kits. Then, the fluorosis cell model was built, which was also alleviated with NaF, Sirt-1 siRNAs, or endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) alleviator (4-PBA). CCK-8 also assessed cell proliferation; RT-qPCR or Western blots detect sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1), protein kinase R- (PKR-) like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis-related protein levels in liver tissue. Results Our results uncovered that fluorine exposure could aggravate the pathological damage and fibrosis of rat liver tissues and increase indicators related to liver injury. And fluoride exposure also could downregulate Sirt-1 and upregulate ERS-related proteins (PERK, 78-kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)) and apoptosis-related protein (caspase-3 and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP)) in rat liver tissues. Besides, we proved that fluoride exposure could suppress proliferation and enhances ERS and apoptotic pathways in AML12 cells by downregulating Sirt-1. Moreover, we revealed that ERS alleviator (4-PBA) could induce proliferation and prevent ERS and apoptosis in fluorine-exposed AML12 cells. Conclusions We suggested that fluorine exposure can induce hepatocyte ERS and apoptosis through downregulation of Sirt-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Wenfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Zhizhong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Babu S, Manoharan S, Ottappilakkil H, Perumal E. Role of oxidative stress-mediated cell death and signaling pathways in experimental fluorosis. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110106. [PMID: 35985521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals and other oxidants have enticed the interest of researchers in the fields of biology and medicine, owing to their role in several pathophysiological conditions, including fluorosis (Fluoride toxicity). Radical species affect cellular biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, resulting in oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative stress is a common denominator in fluoride toxicity. Fluorosis is a global health concern caused by excessive fluoride consumption over time. Fluoride alters the cellular redox homeostasis, and its toxicity leads to the activation of cell death mechanisms like apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. Even though a surfeit of signaling pathways is involved in fluorosis, their toxicity mechanisms are not fully understood. Thus, this review aims to understand the role of reactive species in fluoride toxicity with an outlook on the effects of fluoride in vitro and in vivo models. Also, we emphasized the signal transduction pathways and the mechanism of cell death implicated in fluoride-induced oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srija Babu
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suryaa Manoharan
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harsheema Ottappilakkil
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Avila-Rojas SH, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Sanchez-Guerra MA, Barbier OC. Effects of fluoride exposure on mitochondrial function: Energy metabolism, dynamics, biogenesis and mitophagy. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103916. [PMID: 35738460 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is ubiquitous in the environment. Furthermore, drinking water represents the main source of exposure to fluoride for humans. Interestingly, low fluoride concentrations have beneficial effects on bone and teeth development; however, chronic fluoride exposure has harmful effects on human health. Besides, preclinical studies associate fluoride toxicity with oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. On the other hand, it is well-known that mitochondria play a key role in reactive oxygen species production. By contrast, fluoride's effect on processes such as mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and mitophagy are little known. These processes modulate the size, content, and distribution of mitochondria and their depuration help to counter the reactive oxygen species production and cytochrome c release, thereby allowing cell survival. However, a maladaptive response could enhance fluoride-induced toxicity. The present review gives a brief account of fluoride-induced mitochondrial alterations on soft and hard tissues, including liver, reproductive organs, heart, brain, lung, kidney, bone, and tooth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Hazael Avila-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Departamento de Toxicología (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col., San Pedro Zacatenco, México CP 07360, Mexico.
| | | | - Marco Antonio Sanchez-Guerra
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Perinatology, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Mexico 1100, Mexico.
| | - Olivier Christophe Barbier
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Departamento de Toxicología (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col., San Pedro Zacatenco, México CP 07360, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li X, Zhou D, Yang D, Fu Y, Tao X, Hu X, Dai Y, Yue H. Isoquercitrin Attenuates Osteogenic Injury in MC3T3 Osteoblastic Cells and the Zebrafish Model via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Pathway. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113459. [PMID: 35684398 PMCID: PMC9182080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoquercitrin (IQ) widely exists in natural products, with a variety of pharmacological activities. In this study, the anti-apoptotic and antioxidative activities of IQ were evaluated. IQ showed protective activity against 2, 2′-azobis [2-methylpropionamidine] dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced cell damage, as well as a marked reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS). The evidence of IQ regulating Keap1-Nrf2-ARE and the mitochondrial-mediated Caspase 3 pathway were found in the MC3T3 osteoblastic cell line. Furthermore, IQ significantly decreased ROS production, apoptosis, and lipid peroxidation in AAPH-treated 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish, as observed via DCFH-DA, acridine orange (AO), and a 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino) propane (DPPP) probe, respectively. In AAPH-treated 9 day post-fertilization (dpf) zebrafish, IQ strongly promoted osteogenic development, with increased concentrations by calcein staining, compared with the untreated group. In a molecular docking assay, among all signal proteins, Keap1 showed the strongest affinity with IQ at −8.6 kcal/mol, which might be the reason why IQ regulated the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway in vitro and in vivo. These results indicated that IQ promotes bone development and repairs bone injury, which is valuable for the prevention and treatment of bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yulin Dai
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +86-431-8676-3986 (H.Y.); Fax: +86-431-8676-3986 (H.Y.)
| | - Hao Yue
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +86-431-8676-3986 (H.Y.); Fax: +86-431-8676-3986 (H.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Wu J, Jiang L, Lu C, Huang Z, Liu B. Prospects for the Role of Ferroptosis in Fluorosis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:773055. [PMID: 34950051 PMCID: PMC8688990 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As a strong oxidant, fluorine can induce oxidative stress resulting in cellular damage. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent type of cell death caused by unrestricted lipid peroxidation (LPO) and subsequent plasma membrane rupture. This article indicated a relationship between fluorosis and ferroptosis. Evidence of the depletion of glutathione (GSH) and increased oxidized GSH can be found in a variety of organisms in high fluorine environments. Studies have shown that high fluoride levels can reduce the antioxidant capacity of antioxidant enzymes, while increasing the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), resulting in oxidative stress and fluoride-induced oxidative stress, which are related to iron metabolism disorders. Excessive fluorine causes insufficient GSH, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) inhibition, and oxidative stress, resulting in ferroptosis, which may play an important role in the occurrence and development of fluorosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialong Wu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenkang Lu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|