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Rind KH, Aslam S, Memon NH, Raza A, Saeed MQ, Mushtaq A, Ujan JA, Habib SF, Al-Rejaie SS, Mohany M. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment, and Fish Species in Chashma Barrage, Indus River: A Comprehensive Health Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04290-6. [PMID: 38956009 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The increasing levels of heavy metals in aquatic environments, driven by human activities, pose a critical threat to ecosystems' overall health and sustainability. This study investigates the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, and Cd) in water, sediment, and three fish species (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala) of different feeding zones within Chashma Barrage, located in the Mianwali district of Punjab, Pakistan, on the Indus River. A comprehensive analysis, including an assessment of associated human health risks, was conducted. Thirty samples from all three sites for each fish species, with an average body weight of 160 ± 32 g, were collected from Chashma Barrage. Water quality parameters indicated suitability for fish growth and health. Heavy metal concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results indicated elevated levels of Cd, Cr, and Cu in sediment and Pb and Cd in water, surpassing WHO standard limits. Among the fish species, bottom feeder (C. mrigala) exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher heavy metal levels in its tissues (gills, liver, and muscle) compared to column feeder (L. rohita) and surface feeder (C. catla). Liver tissues across all species showed higher heavy metal bioaccumulation, followed by gills. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed strong correlations among heavy metals in sediment, gills, muscle, and water in every fish species. However, the vector direction suggests that Cr was not correlated with other heavy metals in the system, indicating a different source. The human health risk analysis revealed lower EDI, THQ, and HI values (< 1) for the fish species, indicating no adverse health effects for the exposed population. The study emphasizes the bioaccumulation differences among fish species, underscoring the higher heavy metal concentrations in bottom feeder fish within Chashma Barrage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Hussain Rind
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh, 67450, Pakistan
| | - Sonia Aslam
- Department of Zoology, Government Girls Postgraduate College Kohat, Kohat, 26030, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nazakat Hussain Memon
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, 77150, Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Asif Raza
- Government Degree College Nasirabad, Qambar Shahdadkot District, 770020, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qamar Saeed
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Punjab, 60800, Multan , Pakistan
| | - Alia Mushtaq
- Plant and Environmental Protection, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Javed Ahmed Ujan
- Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University, KhairpurKhairpur, 66020, Sindh, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Syed Fahad Habib
- Department of Zoology, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 27200, Karak, Pakistan.
| | - Salim S Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mohany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Rajar AB, Malik Z, Ujan JA, Rind KH, Ullah R, Naz S, Ullah M, Zahid M, Khan K, Khayyam K, Al-Rejaie SS, Mohany M. Implications of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fish Feed, Water, Sediment, and Different Fish Species in a Polyculture System. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04217-1. [PMID: 38709368 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal bioaccumulation in organisms is primarily a result of dietary uptake. The current study examines the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu) in fish feed, water, sediment, and three fish species (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cyprinus carpio) from different feeding zones in a polyculture pond system. Furthermore, associated human health risks were also evaluated. The fish samples (n = 25 for each species) were collected from 10 different fish ponds in the Kohat district, Pakistan. Heavy metals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results revealed higher concentrations of heavy metals in sediment, followed by water. However, the concentration of heavy metals in fish feed was lower than the standard limits. In the case of fish, the bottom feeder (C. carpio) notably exhibited higher (P < 0.05) levels of heavy metals than the column feeder (L. rohita) and surface feeder (C. catla) fish. Moreover, in the liver of all fish species, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals was higher, followed by the gills. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated a strong correlation of heavy metals in C. carpio gills, flesh, feed, and pond water, while the heavy metals in the liver correlated with the detected metals in sediment. The human health risk analysis shows that bottom feeder fish had higher estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) values (> 1). Consequently, the exposed population may experience adverse health effects. The findings of this study suggest that the bottom feeder (C. carpio) bioaccumulates a higher concentration of heavy metals than column (L. rohita) and surface feeder (C. catla) in the polyculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah Bachayo Rajar
- Muhammad Medical College Mirpurkhas/Ibn-e-Sina University, Mirpurkhas, 69012, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Malik
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Javed Ahmed Ujan
- Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Khairpur, 66020, Sindh, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Khalid Hussian Rind
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad, 67450, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Raqeeb Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, 24540, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Saira Naz
- Centre for Research on Fish Nutrition and Environmental Ecology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Department of Zoology, University of Lahore, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Mujeeb Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Khan
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Khayyam Khayyam
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Salim S Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mohany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Channa MJ, Ayub H, Ujan JA, Habib SS, Ullah M, Attaullah S, Khayyam K, Khan K. Human Health Risk Assessment due to the Incidence of Heavy Metals in Different Commercial Feeds Used for the Culturing of Biofloc Fish (Nile tilapia: Oreochromis niloticus). Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1741-1751. [PMID: 37452268 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fish meat is a major and rich source of white protein; its quality is determined by the fish feed. However, the low-quality feed may contribute to a source of contamination if it does not fulfill the standard protocol. Biofloc is considered one of the most efficient, successful aquacultures, but this system is still under investigation for its efficiency and safety. Thus, current study focused on the heavy metal contamination in biofloc fish fed on different commercial feeds and human health risk analysis. Samples of extensively used three feeds (Supreme™, Hitech™, and MH-Aqua™), tanks water, and biofloc fish (gills, liver muscle) were collected for heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Cr) analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry. An experiment was designed by dividing the fish into three groups: group 1 (Supreme™), group 2 (Hitech™), and group 3 (MH-Aqua™). A bioaccumulation factor and human health risk assessment have been calculated to measure fish and human health. Results revealed that most of the heavy metal concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in MH-Aqua™ feed compared to others. Similarly, heavy metal concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in the water of group 3, where fish was cultured on MH-Aqua™ feed. However, in the fish gills, liver, and muscle, the heavy metal concentration was significantly greater in group 3 fed on MH-Aqua™ feed, followed by group 1. Heavy metals in all feeds were positively correlated to the heavy metal concentration of the fish muscles. The bioaccumulation factor for Cu and Pb was higher in the fish liver, Cd and Cr in the case of fish gills, and least in the fish muscle. EDI and THQ values vary in all the groups, while the HI value was found lower than 1 in group 1 and group 2 but higher in group 3 fed on MH-Aqua™ feed. Strict checks and balances in formulating a diet will be helpful to progressively lower the amount of dangerous heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huma Ayub
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Javed Ahmed Ujan
- Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, 66111, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sikandar Habib
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Mujeeb Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Attaullah
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Khayyam Khayyam
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Khan
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Inayat I, Batool AI, Rehman MFU, Ahmad KR, Kanwal MA, Ali R, Khalid R, Habib SS. Seasonal Variation and Association of Heavy Metals in the Vital Organs of Edible Fishes from the River Jhelum in Punjab, Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1203-1211. [PMID: 37335443 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of heavy metals are drastic, including accumulation. Fish species are important bio-indicators of heavy metal pollution in aquatic bodies. The current study aimed to assess the seasonal variation of heavy metals in the vital organs of mostly consumed fishes in River Jhelum, Pakistan. Samples of fish, including Wallago attu (Malhi), Rita rita (Khagga), and Mystus seenghala (Singhari), were collected from four different sites, i.e., Khushab, Muhammad Wala (M. Wala), 8.R.D and Rasool barrage during summer and winter seasons. Heavy metals such as iron (Fe), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd) were estimated through acid digestion and spectrometric analysis. Results showed a significantly higher (P < 0.05) amount of these metals in the liver, followed by the kidneys of fish species. There were seasonal variations in the absorption of these metals as well. Cr (11.71) and Fe (58.66) were detected in higher amounts in Khagga which showed the greatest affinity for certain metals in some cases. In contrast, Singhari showed the greatest affinity to other metals in other cases. Comparative analysis revealed that there was a highly significant (P < 0.05) difference for the accumulation of almost all metals in both seasons and summer had the highest concentration of Cd, Pb, Co, Cr and Fe as compared to winter in all four sampling stations in the case of kidney and liver of all the three fishes. Elevated levels of heavy metals were detected in the summer due to increased temperature. Heavy metals found in the River Jhelum may demonstrate that metals can significantly affect the fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Inayat
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Aima Iram Batool
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Khawaja Raees Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Kanwal
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rabiyah Ali
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rameen Khalid
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sikandar Habib
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Habib SS, Naz S, Fazio F, Cravana C, Ullah M, Rind KH, Attaullah S, Filiciotto F, Khayyam K. Assessment and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Water, Fish (wild and Farmed) and Associated Human Health Risk. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:725-735. [PMID: 37178449 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, anthropogenic activities are causing the natural environment and aquaculture systems to become heavily contaminated with heavy metals, which can lead to consumer's health problems. In the current study, wild and farmed fish (n = 30) and water samples (n = 6) have been collected from the Chashma barrage and fish farm to assess the heavy metals concentration, i.e., Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cr, in the water and some important organs (gills, liver, muscle, brain and bones) of wild and farmed fish (Labeo rohita) using Graphite furnace Atomic absorption spectrometry. Bioaccumulation factor and human health risk assessment were calculated to measure the health status of both fish and humans. Results show that in wild and farm fish's gills, muscles and bones, the trend of the heavy metals was Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd > Cr. On the other hand, the brain and liver show Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Cr trend. Comparatively, the heavy metals concentration was mostly higher (P < 0.05) in wild fish. Further; in both fish habitats (water) the heavy metals (Cd and Pb) concentration was higher than the WHO standard level, while in the body, Cd was higher (P < 0.05) in all studied organs except the muscle, Cr was only lower (P > 0.05) in muscle and brain. Pb was higher (P < 0.05) in all studied organs of both fish. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals was mostly higher (P < 0.05) in wild fish than in farmed. EDI and THQ were higher in wild fish, but the HI value was lower than 1 for both fish. Moreover, the PCA analysis suggests a positive correlation between heavy metals concentration in fish organs and the water of both fish (wild and farmed). Results indicated that farmed fish showed less potential risk to humans than wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sikandar Habib
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saira Naz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore Sargodha Campus, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatuccisnc, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Cristina Cravana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatuccisnc, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Mujeeb Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hussain Rind
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Shaheed Benazirabad, Nawabshah, 67450, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Attaullah
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Francesco Filiciotto
- Institute of Polar Science, National Research Council, Unit of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Khayyam Khayyam
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Tasleem S, Masud S, Habib SS, Naz S, Fazio F, Aslam M, Ullah M, Attaullah S. Investigation of the incidence of heavy metals contamination in commonly used fertilizers applied to vegetables, fish ponds, and human health risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:100646-100659. [PMID: 37639089 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Overuse of fertilizers on agricultural lands and fish ponds may result in serious pollution problems, such as heavy metals that can enter the food chain and pose serious health problems. Due to this, the present study investigates the incidence of heavy metals in commonly used fertilizers and its association with heavy metals in vegetables, soil, fish species, and pond water. Samples were collected from different sites (fields and ponds) in district Kohat, where the application of fertilizers was common and control groups (no fertilizers used). Heavy metal analysis was carried out through a spectrophotometer. Results showed higher Cd and Cr concentrations in triple superphosphate (TSP), Cu and Pb in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), while lower concentrations were found in gypsum. In vegetables (onion, tomato, brinjal, and potato) and associated soil, most of the heavy metals concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fertilizer-applied sites than in the control. Also, the Cd concentration in potatoes and Pb level in all vegetables obtained from sites were greater than the WHO/FAO standard limit. In the case of fish species (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio) muscles and their habitat (water), all the understudy heavy metals were notably higher (P < 0.05) in fertilizer-applied sites (ponds) than the control group. Collectively, in all vegetables and muscles of fish species, the bioaccumulation factor was higher in sites compared to the control. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) values were also higher in fertilizer-applied sites (fields and ponds) than control. The health index (HI) value was > 1 in vegetables (onion, tomato, and potato) and fish muscles collected from different sites compared to the control. Thus, there is the possibility of severe health risks. The use of fertilizers must be carefully monitored in order to ensure that humans and animals are safe from exposure to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiyah Tasleem
- Department of Biotechnology, Hafiz Ilayas Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Herbal Sciences Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Samrah Masud
- Institute of Zoology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sikandar Habib
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Saira Naz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore Sargodha Campus, Sargodha, Punjab, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Via Palatuccisnc, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Mujeeb Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Attaullah
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan
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Jamil Emon F, Rohani MF, Sumaiya N, Tuj Jannat MF, Akter Y, Shahjahan M, Abdul Kari Z, Tahiluddin AB, Goh KW. Bioaccumulation and Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Fishes-A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:510. [PMID: 37368610 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals, the most potent contaminants of the environment, are discharged into the aquatic ecosystems through the effluents of several industries, resulting in serious aquatic pollution. This type of severe heavy metal contamination in aquaculture systems has attracted great attention throughout the world. These toxic heavy metals are transmitted into the food chain through their bioaccumulation in different tissues of aquatic species and have aroused serious public health concerns. Heavy metal toxicity negatively affects the growth, reproduction, and physiology of fish, which is threatening the sustainable development of the aquaculture sector. Recently, several techniques, such as adsorption, physio-biochemical, molecular, and phytoremediation mechanisms have been successfully applied to reduce the toxicants in the environment. Microorganisms, especially several bacterial species, play a key role in this bioremediation process. In this context, the present review summarizes the bioaccumulation of different heavy metals into fishes, their toxic effects, and possible bioremediation techniques to protect the fishes from heavy metal contamination. Additionally, this paper discusses existing strategies to bioremediate heavy metals from aquatic ecosystems and the scope of genetic and molecular approaches for the effective bioremediation of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Jamil Emon
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Fazle Rohani
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Sumaiya
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Fatema Tuj Jannat
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Yeasmin Akter
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
| | - Albaris B Tahiluddin
- College of Fisheries, Mindanao State University-Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography, Sanga-Sanga, Bongao 7500, Philippines
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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Habib SS, Batool AI, Rehman MFU, Naz S. Evaluation and Association of Heavy Metals in Commonly Used Fish Feed with Metals Concentration in Some Tissues of O. niloticus Cultured in Biofloc Technology and Earthen Pond System. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:3006-3016. [PMID: 35939231 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For successful aquaculture, the primary need is the quality of fish feed, which determines fish flesh quality. The current study was conducted to evaluate the number and concentration of heavy metals in commonly used fish feeds and fish gills, liver, and muscle of biofloc technology and earthen pond systems. Besides this, the correlation between heavy metals in fish feeds with detected metals in the gills, liver, and muscle of fish was also determined. Results revealed that heavy metals concentration, including Cu and Cd, in feed B was significantly greater than in feed A, but the Zn level in feed A was significantly higher than in feed B. Furthermore, the concentration of heavy metals in fish of both aquaculture systems was significantly higher in the liver than in the gills and muscle. The metal concentration in fish feeds and fish edible parts (muscle) was lower than the WHO standard level; however, the amount of Pb was higher in the fish muscle, which is harmful for human consumption. Though the correlation test revealed that all of the metals from the feeds were positively correlated to the metals detected in the fish, but most of the estimated correlation was insignificant. From the current study, it can be concluded that the fish feed producers need to measure feed quality adequately to avoid hazardous contamination by heavy metals in the feed. The ultimate consumer, fish and humans, may, otherwise, be predisposed to assimilate and accumulate these heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sikandar Habib
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, 40100, Pakistan.
| | - Aima Iram Batool
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Saira Naz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore Sargodha Campus, Sargodha, Punjab, 40100, Pakistan
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