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Yang W, Lu C, Chu F, Bu K, Ma H, Wang Q, Jiao Z, Wang S, Yang X, Gao Y, Sun D, Sun H. Fluoride-induced hypertension by regulating RhoA/ROCK pathway and phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells: In vitro and in vivo evidence. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116681. [PMID: 38964063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Fluoride exposure has been implicated as a potential risk factor for hypertension, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the role of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in fluoride-induced hypertension. Male Wistar rats were divided into different groups and exposed to varying concentrations of sodium fluoride (NaF) or sodium chloride (NaCl) via drinking water. The rats' blood pressure was measured, and their aortic tissue was utilized for high-throughput sequencing analysis. Additionally, rat and A7r5 cell models were established using NaF and/or Fasudil. The study evaluated the effects of fluoride exposure on blood pressure, pathological changes in the aorta, as well as the protein/mRNA expression levels of phenotypic transformation indicators (a-SMA, calp, OPN) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), along with the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway (RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, MLC/p-MLC). The results demonstrated that fluoride exposure in rats led to increased blood pressure. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed differential gene expression associated with vascular smooth muscle contraction, with the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway emerging as a key regulator. Pathological changes in the rat aorta, such as elastic membrane rupture and collagen fiber deposition, were observed following NaF exposure. However, fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor, mitigated these pathological changes. Both in vitro and in vivo models confirmed the activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and the phenotypic transformation of VSMCs from a contractile to a synthetic state upon fluoride exposure. Fasudil effectively inhibited the activities of ROCK1 and ROCK2 and attenuated the phenotypic transformation of VSMCs. In conclusion, fluoride has the potential to induce hypertension through the activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and phenotypic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of fluoride-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Chunqing Lu
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Fang Chu
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Keming Bu
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Hao Ma
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Qiaoyu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China; Teaching Center of Morphology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Zhe Jiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China; Institute for Kashin Beck Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Xiyue Yang
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Hongna Sun
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China.
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Fishta A, Thakur R, Sharma KC, Thakur N, Patial B. Effects of Fluoride Toxicity on Female Reproductive System of Mammals: A Meta-Analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04203-7. [PMID: 38709367 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Considerable integrative efforts have been made to investigate the effects of fluoride on female reproductive organs since the last years. The ingestion of fluoride causes adverse effects on human health like causing skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, bone fractures, kidney problems, decrease birth rates, weakening of thyroid functionality, and impair intelligence, particularly in children. In this review, we discuss the adverse effects of fluoride on female reproductive organs and presented certain remedies. A total of 53 papers on the effect of fluoride on female reproductive organs, including 6 population surveys were examined. Google Scholar, Google, Research Gate, PubMed, and the International Journal of Fluoride have all been searched for fluoride research papers. Various doses and pathological effects have been described in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Fishta
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Ruhi Thakur
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India.
| | | | - Neha Thakur
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Bhavna Patial
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
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Geng N, Dong S, Xie P, Zhang Y, Shi R, Chen C, Xu Z, Chen Q. Excessive fluoride induces ovarian function impairment by regulating levels of ferroptosis in fluorosis women and ovarian granulosa cells. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 125:108556. [PMID: 38342390 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ferroptosis in fluorosis women and the in vitro molecular mechanisms leading to ovarian dysfunction and abnormal hormone secretion by sodium fluoride (NaF) treatment of KGN cells. Fifty women with fluorosis as Fluorosis group and fifty healthy women as Control group were included in this study. The levels of lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzyme were assessed by photometric methods. The content of iron and glutathione (GSH) in serum was measured by microplate method. KGN cells were treated by different concentration of NaF (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 ×10-3 M) for 24 h. The mRNA and protein expression levels of ferroptosis-related molecules, including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), solute carrier family 7 member (SLC7A11), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) and p53, were assessed by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Fluorosis group women had a significant higher levels of iron, Malondialdehyde (MDA), FSH and LH, and a lower levels of E2 and antioxidant enzyme in serum than that in the control group. The representative molecular changes of ferroptosis, such as the decrease in GPX4, Nrf2 and SLC7A11 expression (mRNA and protein expression), the increase in protein expression of p53, and a reduced level of E2 were observed in KGN cells treated by excessive NaF.It is concluded therefore that NaF increases the expression of p53 and inhibits ovarian granulosa cell ferroptosis preventive protein expression, resulting in abnormal hormone secretion and the ovarian dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Geng
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Department of rheumatism and immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Medical College, PR China.
| | - Siyuan Dong
- Class S0141, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, PR China.
| | - Pengpeng Xie
- Class S1121, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, PR China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Class S1121, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, PR China.
| | - Rong Shi
- Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, PR China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Endocrinology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
| | - Zhao Xu
- College of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University.
| | - Qun Chen
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the P.R. China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
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Zhao Q, Zhou GY, Niu Q, Chen JW, Li P, Tian ZY, Li DJ, Xia T, Zhang S, Wang AG. SIRT1, a target of miR-708-3p, alleviates fluoride-induced neuronal damage via remodeling mitochondrial network dynamics. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00371-5. [PMID: 38036217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurological dysfunction induced by fluoride contamination is still one of major concern worldwide. Recently, neuroprotective roles of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) focusing on mitochondrial function have been highlighted. However, what roles SIRT1 exerts and the underlying regulative mechanisms, remain largely uncharacterized in such neurotoxic process of fluoride. OBJECTIVES We aimed at evaluating the regulatory roles of SIRT1 in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and Sprague-Dawley rats with fluoride treatment, and to further identify potential miRNA directly targeting SIRT1. METHODS Pharmacological suppression of SIRT1 by nicotinamide (NIC) and promotion of SIRT1 by adenovirus (Ad-SIRT1) or resveratrol (RSV) were employed to assess the effects of SIRT1 in mitochondrial dysfunction induced by fluoride. Also, miRNAs profiling and bioinformatic prediction were used to screen the miRNAs which can regulate SIRT1 directly. Further, chemical mimic or inhibitor of chosen miRNA was applied to validate the modulation of chosen miRNA. RESULTS NIC exacerbated defects in mitochondrial network dynamics and cytochrome c (Cyto C) release-driven apoptosis, contributing to fluoride-induced neuronal death. In contrast, the ameliorative effects were observed when overexpressing SIRT1 by Ad-SIRT1 in vitro or RSV in vivo. More importantly, miR-708-3p targeting SIRT1 directly was identified. And interestingly, moreover, treatment with chemically modified miR-708-3p mimic aggravated, while miR-708-3p inhibitor suppressed fluoride-caused neuronal death. Further confirmedly, overexpressing SIRT1 effectively neutralized miR-708-3p mimic-worsened fluoride neuronal death via correcting mitochondrial network dynamics. On contrary, inhibiting SIRT1 counteracted the promotive effects of miR-708-3p inhibitor against neurotoxic response by fluoride through aggravating abnormal mitochondrial network dynamics. CONCLUSION These data underscore the functional importance of SIRT1 to mitochondrial network dynamics in neurotoxic process of fluoride and further screen a novel unreported neuronal function of miR-708-3p as an upstream regulator of targeting SIRT1, which has important theoretical implications for a potential therapeutic and preventative target for treatment of neurotoxic progression by fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yu Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Niu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Wen Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Jie Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Guo Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Naik AQ, Zafar T, Shrivastava VK. The impact of non-caloric artificial sweetener aspartame on female reproductive system in mice model. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:73. [PMID: 37580716 PMCID: PMC10424399 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial sweeteners, used as sugar substitutes have found their ways into almost all the food items due to the notion that they are non-caloric. Aspartame is used in numerous food products throughout the world. The primary users of aspartame include diabetics and calorie conscious people who intend to limit their calorie intake. METHODS Female Swiss albino mice were divided into three groups (12 mice each) for the duration of 30 and 60 days consecutively. The treatment groups received 40 mg/kg b. w. aspartame orally. Hormone assays using ELISA and tissue histopathology have been performed along with the fertility assay to access the treatment outcomeon the fertility of treated mice in comparison to controls. RESULTS Present study reports that female mice treated with aspartame for 30 and 60 days showed significant reduction in body weight, relative organ weight of (liver and kidney) and gonadosomatic index. These changes were more significantly recorded in 60 days treatment group. Aspartame treated animals for 30 and 60 days showed duration-dependent decrease gonandotropins (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone), and steroids (estradiol and progesterone). Moreover, severe histopathological changes, reduction in number of growing follicles, degenerative changes in follicular structure, corona radiata and zonagranulosa were also observed. Besides, histomorphological changes were also observed in the uterine structure including atrophic uterine endometrial glands, contracted endometrial lining, disruption of the endometrial structure and the shapes of blood vessels were also altered. CONCLUSION Non-nutritive artificial sweeteners including aspartame negatively impact the function of ovaries and feedback mechanism of reproductive hormones by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In light of present findings the aspartame negatively impacted the reproductive system of female mice. More studies are required to identify the molecular mechanism and the pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ab Qayoom Naik
- Department of Zoology, Govt. Degree College, Paloura Mishriwala, Jammu, J & K, 180018, India.
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, M. P, 462026, India.
| | - Tabassum Zafar
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, M. P, 462026, India.
| | - Vinoy K Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, M. P, 462026, India
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