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A Practical Guide to Rodent Islet Isolation and Assessment Revisited. Biol Proced Online 2021; 23:7. [PMID: 33641671 PMCID: PMC7919091 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-021-00143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient insulin secretion is a key component of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Since insulin is released by the islets of Langerhans, obtaining viable and functional islets is critical for research and transplantation. The effective and efficient isolation of these small islands of endocrine cells from the sea of exocrine tissue that is the rest of the pancreas is not necessarily simple or quick. Choosing and administering the digestive enzyme, separation of the islets from acinar tissue, and culture of islets are all things that must be considered. The purpose of this review is to provide a history of the development of islet isolation procedures and to serve as a practical guide to rodent islet research for newcomers to islet biology. We discuss key elements of mouse islet isolation including choosing collagenase, the digestion process, purification of islets using a density gradient, and islet culture conditions. In addition, this paper reviews techniques for assessing islet viability and function such as visual assessment, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and intracellular calcium measurements. A detailed protocol is provided that describes a common method our laboratory uses to obtain viable and functional mouse islets for in vitro study. This review thus provides a strong foundation for successful procurement and purification of high-quality mouse islets for research purposes.
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Akolpoglu MB, Inceoglu Y, Bozuyuk U, Sousa AR, Oliveira MB, Mano JF, Kizilel S. Recent advances in the design of implantable insulin secreting heterocellular islet organoids. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120627. [PMID: 33401104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation has proved one of the most remarkable transmissions from an experimental curiosity into a routine clinical application for the treatment of type I diabetes (T1D). Current efforts for taking this technology one-step further are now focusing on overcoming islet donor shortage, engraftment, prolonged islet availability, post-transplant vascularization, and coming up with new strategies to eliminate lifelong immunosuppression. To this end, insulin secreting 3D cell clusters composed of different types of cells, also referred as heterocellular islet organoids, spheroids, or pseudoislets, have been engineered to overcome the challenges encountered by the current islet transplantation protocols. β-cells or native islets are accompanied by helper cells, also referred to as accessory cells, to generate a cell cluster that is not only able to accurately secrete insulin in response to glucose, but also superior in terms of other key features (e.g. maintaining a vasculature, longer durability in vivo and not necessitating immunosuppression after transplantation). Over the past decade, numerous 3D cell culture techniques have been integrated to create an engineered heterocellular islet organoid that addresses current obstacles. Here, we first discuss the different cell types used to prepare heterocellular organoids for islet transplantation and their contribution to the organoids design. We then introduce various cell culture techniques that are incorporated to prepare a fully functional and insulin secreting organoids with select features. Finally, we discuss the challenges and present a future outlook for improving clinical outcomes of islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Birgul Akolpoglu
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Inceoglu
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Bozuyuk
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ana Rita Sousa
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials. University of Aveiro. Campus Universitário de Santiago. 3810-193 Aveiro. Portugal
| | - Mariana B Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials. University of Aveiro. Campus Universitário de Santiago. 3810-193 Aveiro. Portugal.
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials. University of Aveiro. Campus Universitário de Santiago. 3810-193 Aveiro. Portugal
| | - Seda Kizilel
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Wu SY, Liang J, Yang BC, Leung PS. SIRT1 Activation Promotes β-Cell Regeneration by Activating Endocrine Progenitor Cells via AMPK Signaling-Mediated Fatty Acid Oxidation. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1416-1428. [PMID: 31400234 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Induction of β-cell regeneration from endogenous cells represents a highly promising strategy in stem cell-based treatment for patients with diabetes. Recently, calorie restriction has been shown to affect the regulation of tissue and cell regeneration, including β cells, via metabolic related mechanisms. Here, we examined the potential utility of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a calorie restriction mimetic, for stimulating β-cell regeneration and the underlying mechanisms of such stimulation. The present results showed that SIRT1 activation with SRT1720 promoted β-cell regeneration in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced β-cell-deficient neonatal rats. This beneficial effect involved enhanced activation of neurogenin3 (NGN3)-positive endocrine progenitors from pancreatic ductal cells, rather than an expansion of residual β cells. A dynamic expression profile of SIRT1 was observed in endocrine progenitors both during β-cell regeneration in neonatal rats and in the second transition phase of mouse pancreas development. Consistently, SRT1720 treatment upregulated endocrine progenitor differentiation in cultured pancreatic rudiments. Upregulation of NGN3 by SIRT1 activation was through stimulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling-mediated fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in human pancreatic progenitor cells; AMPK inhibition abolished these effects. The present findings demonstrate a promotional effect of SIRT1 activation on β-cell restoration and endocrine progenitor differentiation that involves regulation of AMPK signaling-mediated FAO. Stem Cells 2019;37:1416-1428.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Ying Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bao Chen Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Human Fetal Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote the Proliferation and Differentiation of Pancreatic Progenitor Cells and the Engraftment Function of Islet-Like Cell Clusters. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174083. [PMID: 31438545 PMCID: PMC6747176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic progenitor cells (PPCs) are the primary source for all pancreatic cells, including beta-cells, and thus the proliferation and differentiation of PPCs into islet-like cell clusters (ICCs) opens an avenue to providing transplantable islets for diabetic patients. Meanwhile, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can enhance the development and function of different cell types of interest, but their role on PPCs remains unknown. We aimed to explore the mechanism-of-action whereby MSCs induce the in vitro and in vivo PPC/ICC development by means of our established co-culture system of human PPCs with human fetal bone marrow-derived MSCs. We examined the effect of MSC-conditioned medium on PPC proliferation and survival. Meanwhile, we studied the effect of MSC co-culture enhanced PPC/ICC function in vitro and in vivo co-/transplantation. Furthermore, we identified IGF1 as a critical factor responsible for the MSC effects on PPC differentiation and proliferation via IGF1-PI3K/Akt and IGF1-MEK/ERK1/2, respectively. In conclusion, our data indicate that MSCs stimulated the differentiation and proliferation of human PPCs via IGF1 signaling, and more importantly, promoted the in vivo engraftment function of ICCs. Taken together, our protocol may provide a mechanism-driven basis for the proliferation and differentiation of PPCs into clinically transplantable islets.
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Elham H, Fardin F, Mahmod H. The roles of the co-culture of mEScs with pancreatic islets and liver stromal cells in the differentiation of definitive endoderm cells. Biologicals 2017; 45:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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Okere B, Lucaccioni L, Dominici M, Iughetti L. Cell therapies for pancreatic beta-cell replenishment. Ital J Pediatr 2016; 42:62. [PMID: 27400873 PMCID: PMC4940879 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-016-0273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment approach for type 1 diabetes is based on daily insulin injections, combined with blood glucose monitoring. However, administration of exogenous insulin fails to mimic the physiological activity of the islet, therefore diabetes often progresses with the development of serious complications such as kidney failure, retinopathy and vascular disease. Whole pancreas transplantation is associated with risks of major invasive surgery along with side effects of immunosuppressive therapy to avoid organ rejection. Replacement of pancreatic beta-cells would represent an ideal treatment that could overcome the above mentioned therapeutic hurdles. In this context, transplantation of islets of Langerhans is considered a less invasive procedure although long-term outcomes showed that only 10 % of the patients remained insulin independent five years after the transplant. Moreover, due to shortage of organs and the inability of islet to be expanded ex vivo, this therapy can be offered to a very limited number of patients. Over the past decade, cellular therapies have emerged as the new frontier of treatment of several diseases. Furthermore the advent of stem cells as renewable source of cell-substitutes to replenish the beta cell population, has blurred the hype on islet transplantation. Breakthrough cellular approaches aim to generate stem-cell-derived insulin producing cells, which could make diabetes cellular therapy available to millions. However, to date, stem cell therapy for diabetes is still in its early experimental stages. This review describes the most reliable sources of stem cells that have been developed to produce insulin and their most relevant experimental applications for the cure of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Okere
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena Policlinic, Modena, 41100, Italy
| | - Laura Lucaccioni
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena Policlinic, Modena, 41100, Italy.,Child Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena Policlinic, Modena, 41100, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena Policlinic, Modena, 41100, Italy.
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Liang J, Wu SY, Zhang D, Wang L, Leung KK, Leung PS. NADPH Oxidase-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species Stimulate β-Cell Regeneration Through Differentiation of Endocrine Progenitors in Murine Pancreas. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:419-33. [PMID: 26464216 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as second messengers for redox modification of transcription factors essential for differentiation. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, a major source of ROS, has been shown to regulate differentiation of various progenitor cells, while its role in pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation is unclear. This study was aimed at this knowledge gap. RESULTS Our results showed that ROS levels were dynamically changed during pancreas development concomitant with endocrine cell differentiation induced by modest exogenous ROS in rudiment cultures. NOX4, but not NOX2, the member of NADPH oxidase, was expressed persistently in endocrine lineage and showed high activity in critical pancreas development phase. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity impeded the differentiation of endocrine progenitors in vitro, and exogenous ROS reversed this effect. Studies performed in streptozotocin (STZ)-injected neonatal rats showed that diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) obstructed β-cell regeneration through the suppression of neurogenin 3 (NGN3) expression, but not Ki67-labeling β-cells, indicating that ROS stimulation promoted differentiation beyond proliferation of β-cells. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase also reduced expression of SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), a transcriptional regulator of Ngn3, in endocrine precursor cells, both in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of SOX9 attenuated the reduction of NGN3 induced by suppression of NADPH oxidase. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate NADPH oxidase, especially NOX4-dependent ROS that promotes pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation into endocrine cells both in vitro and in vivo, probably through the regulation of SOX9. We provide evidence that NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS-mediated signaling is necessary for endocrine cell differentiation, which provides a potential strategy for efficient generation of insulin-producing cells in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Shang Ying Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwan Keung Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
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The Potential Protective Action of Vitamin D in Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Pancreatic Islet Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2016; 8:147. [PMID: 26959059 PMCID: PMC4808876 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency (i.e., hypovitaminosis D) is associated with increased insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and poorly controlled glucose homeostasis, and thus is correlated with the risk of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The liver plays key roles in glucose and lipid metabolism, and its dysregulation leads to abnormalities in hepatic glucose output and triglyceride accumulation. Meanwhile, the pancreatic islets are constituted in large part by insulin-secreting β cells. Consequently, islet dysfunction, such as occurs in T2DM, produces hyperglycemia. In this review, we provide a critical appraisal of the modulatory actions of vitamin D in hepatic insulin sensitivity and islet insulin secretion, and we discuss the potential roles of a local vitamin D signaling in regulating hepatic and pancreatic islet functions. This information provides a scientific basis for establishing the benefits of the maintenance, or dietary manipulation, of adequate vitamin D status in the prevention and management of obesity-induced T2DM and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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