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Ruparell A, Alexander JE, Eyre R, Carvell-Miller L, Leung YB, Evans SJM, Holcombe LJ, Heer M, Watson P. Glycine supplementation can partially restore oxidative stress-associated glutathione deficiency in ageing cats. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1947-1961. [PMID: 38418414 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular levels of glutathione, the major mammalian antioxidant, are reported to decline with age in several species. To understand whether ageing affects circulating glutathione levels in cats, blood was sampled from two age groups, < 3 years and > 9 years. Further, to determine whether dietary supplementation with glutathione precursor glycine (GLY) affects glutathione concentrations in senior cats (> 8 years), a series of free GLY inclusion level dry diets were fed. Subsequently, a 16-week GLY feeding study was conducted in senior cats (> 7 years), measuring glutathione, and markers of oxidative stress. Whole blood and erythrocyte total, oxidised and reduced glutathione levels were significantly decreased in senior cats, compared with their younger counterparts (P ≤ 0·02). The inclusion level study identified 1·5 % free GLY for the subsequent dry diet feeding study. Significant increases in erythrocyte total and reduced glutathione were observed between senior cats fed supplemented and control diets at 4 weeks (P ≤ 0·03; maximum difference of 1·23 µM). Oxidative stress markers were also significantly different between groups at 8 (P = 0·004; difference of 0·68 nG/ml in 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine) and 12 weeks (P ≤ 0·049; maximum difference of 0·62 nG/mG Cr in F2-isoprostane PGF2α). Senior cats have lower circulating glutathione levels compared with younger cats. Feeding senior cats a complete and balanced dry diet supplemented with 1·5 % free GLY for 12 weeks elevated initial erythrocyte glutathione and altered markers of oxidative stress. Dietary supplementation with free GLY provides a potential opportunity to restore age-associated reduction in glutathione in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avika Ruparell
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Janet E Alexander
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Ryan Eyre
- Royal Canin Pet Health and Nutrition Centre, 6574 State Route 503N, Lewisburg, OH, USA
| | | | - Y Becca Leung
- Royal Canin Research & Development Center, Aimargues, France
| | | | - Lucy J Holcombe
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Martina Heer
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Phillip Watson
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
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Firdous SM, Khan SA, Maity A. Oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03188-3. [PMID: 38832985 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are metabolic by-products that constitute an indispensable component of physiological processes, albeit their heightened presence may proffer substantial perils to biological entities. Such a proliferation gives rise to a gradual escalation of oxidative stress within the organism, thereby compromising mitochondrial functionality and inflicting harm upon various bodily systems, with a particular predilection for the central nervous system. In its nascent stages, it is plausible that inflammation has been a facilitator in the progression of the malady. The precise role of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains somewhat enigmatic, although it is conceivable that activated microglia and astrocytes might be implicated in the removal of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits. Nonetheless, prolonged microglial activation is associated with Tau phosphorylation and Aβ aggregation. Research studies have indicated that AD brains upregulate complementary molecules, inflammatory cytokines, acute phase reacting agents, and other inflammatory mediators that may cause neurodegeneration. In this review, oxidative damage products will be discussed as potential peripheral biomarkers for AD and its early stages. The disordered excretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, oxygen, and nitrogen-reactive species, along with the stimulation of the complement system by glial cells, has the potential to disrupt the functionality of neuronal termini. This perturbation, in turn, culminates in compromised synaptic function, a phenomenon empirically linked to the manifestation of cognitive impairments. The management of neurodegenerative conditions in the context of dementia necessitates therapeutic interventions that specifically target the excessive production of inflammatory and oxidative agents. Furthermore, we shall deliberate upon the function of microglia and oxidative injury in the etiology of AD and the ensuing neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mohammed Firdous
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & AHS, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sahabaj Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & AHS, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316, West Bengal, India
| | - Amritangshu Maity
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & AHS, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316, West Bengal, India
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An evaluation of aging measures: from biomarkers to clocks. Biogerontology 2022; 24:303-328. [PMID: 36418661 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing number of aged population and growing burden of healthy aging demands, a rational standard for evaluation aging is in urgent need. The advancement of medical testing technology and the prospering of artificial intelligence make it possible to evaluate the biological status of aging from a more comprehensive view. In this review, we introduced common aging biomarkers and concluded several famous aging clocks. Aging biomarkers reflect changes in the organism at a molecular or cellular level over time while aging clocks tend to be more of a generalization of the overall state of the organism. We expect to construct a framework for aging evaluation measurement from both micro and macro perspectives. Especially, population-specific aging clocks and multi-omics aging clocks may better fit the demands to evaluate aging in a comprehensive and multidimensional manner and make a detailed classification to represent different aging rates at tissue/organ levels. This framework will promisingly provide a crucial basis for disease diagnosis and intervention assessment in geroscience.
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The pupil constriction to light is associated with cognitive measures in middle-aged and older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:1655-1662. [PMID: 35267180 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02097-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The evidence relating the pupil light reflex (PLR) and cognition have been inconsistent. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the association between the PLR and cognition in community-dwelling middle-aged and older individuals. METHODS Pupil reactivity was recorded in a subgroup of 403 participants (mean age 60.7 years, 57.3% females) in an epidemiologic study of aging. Ten pupil parameters were calculated to describe pupil constriction to light stimuli. A principal component analysis (PCA) score was used to calculate an overall performance over four cognitive testings. Linear regression was used to assess the association between pupil parameters and PCA scores, adjusting for age, sex, education, medications, health-related quality of life questionnaire, and systemic and ocular comorbidities. RESULTS The PCA scores decreased by 0.039 [95% CI (- 0.050, - 0.028)] per year increase in age and were lower in males than females by 0.76 [95% CI (- 0.96, - 0.55)] (p < 0.001). Pupil constriction amplitude in millimeters and the duration from stimulus onset to maximal constriction velocity were significantly associated with cognition after adjusting for (1) age and sex and (2) age, sex, and multiple covariates (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we provided moderate evidence suggesting the association between PLR and neuropsychological cognitive measures. The findings suggest the potential of pupil reactivity to serve as a biomarker of brain aging and warrant further longitudinal study to assess if changes in the PLR can predict cognitive decline over time.
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Tomatoes: An Extensive Review of the Associated Health Impacts of Tomatoes and Factors That Can Affect Their Cultivation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020239. [PMID: 35205105 PMCID: PMC8869745 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The research outlined in this review paper discusses potential health benefits associated with a diet enriched with tomatoes and tomato products. This includes details of previous studies investigating the anticancer properties of tomatoes, protection against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes, maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome, and improved skin health, fertility, immune response, and exercise recovery. The specific parts of a tomato fruit that contribute these health benefits are also outlined. The potential disadvantages to a tomato-rich diet are detailed, especially the consumption of supplements that contain compounds found in tomatoes, such as lycopene. This review also discusses how the cultivation of tomato plants can affect the nutritional value of the fruit harvested. Different environmental growing conditions such as light intensity, growing media, and temperature are explained in terms of the impact they have on the quality of fruit, its nutrient content, and hence the potential health benefits acquired from eating the fruit. Abstract This review outlines the health benefits associated with the regular consumption of tomatoes and tomato products. The first section provides a detailed account of the horticultural techniques that can impact the quality of the fruit and its nutritional properties, including water availability, light intensity, temperature, and growing media. The next section provides information on the components of tomato that are likely to contribute to its health effects. The review then details some of the health benefits associated with tomato consumption, including anticancer properties, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and skin health. This review also discusses the impact tomatoes can have on the gut microbiome and associated health benefits, including reducing the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases. Other health benefits of eating tomatoes are also discussed in relation to effects on diabetes, the immune response, exercise recovery, and fertility. Finally, this review also addresses the negative effects that can occur as a result of overconsumption of tomato products and lycopene supplements.
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Hooke MC, Mathiason MA, Kunin-Batson AS, Blommer A, Hutter J, Mitby PA, Moore IM, Whitman S, Taylor O, Scheurer ME, Hockenberry MJ. Biomarkers and Cognitive Function in Children and Adolescents During Maintenance Therapy for Leukemia. Oncol Nurs Forum 2021; 48:623-633. [PMID: 34673759 DOI: 10.1188/21.onf.623-633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship between biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflmmation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cognitive function in children receiving maintenance therapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). SAMPLE & SETTING 30 participants aged 4-17 years receiving ALL maintenance therapy at two pediatric cancer centers in the United States. METHODS & VARIABLES F2-isoprostane (F2-ISoP) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were evaluated in CSF samples, and cognitive function measures were completed during the first and last cycles of ALL maintenance. The Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test (Flanker) and Dimensional Change Card Sort were completed during the last cycle. RESULTS During maintenance therapy, IL-8 decreased, and parent reports of children's cognitive function improved. Higher IL-8 was associated with better parent reports of children's cognitive function at each timepoint. Higher F2-ISoP levels were associated with lower Flanker scores. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING F2-ISoP may be a useful biomarker in evaluating cognitive dysfunction in children with ALL and merits further investigation.
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Díaz M, Mesa-Herrera F, Marín R. DHA and Its Elaborated Modulation of Antioxidant Defenses of the Brain: Implications in Aging and AD Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060907. [PMID: 34205196 PMCID: PMC8228037 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is perhaps the most pleiotropic molecule in nerve cell biology. This long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acid has evolved to accomplish essential functions ranging from structural components allowing fast events in nerve cell membrane physiology to regulation of neurogenesis and synaptic function. Strikingly, the plethora of DHA effects has to take place within the hostile pro-oxidant environment of the brain parenchyma, which might suggest a molecular suicide. In order to circumvent this paradox, different molecular strategies have evolved during the evolution of brain cells to preserve DHA and to minimize the deleterious effects of its oxidation. In this context, DHA has emerged as a member of the “indirect antioxidants” family, the redox effects of which are not due to direct redox interactions with reactive species, but to modulation of gene expression within thioredoxin and glutathione antioxidant systems and related pathways. Weakening or deregulation of these self-protecting defenses orchestrated by DHA is associated with normal aging but also, more worryingly, with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present review, we elaborate on the essential functions of DHA in the brain, including its role as indirect antioxidant, the selenium connection for proper antioxidant function and their changes during normal aging and in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Díaz
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSP), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
- Unidad Asociada ULL-CSIC “Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales”, 38206 Tenerife, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Fátima Mesa-Herrera
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Raquel Marín
- Unidad Asociada ULL-CSIC “Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales”, 38206 Tenerife, Spain;
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
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Berben L, Floris G, Wildiers H, Hatse S. Cancer and Aging: Two Tightly Interconnected Biological Processes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1400. [PMID: 33808654 PMCID: PMC8003441 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is one of the main risk factors of cancer; several biological changes linked with the aging process can explain this. As our population is progressively aging, the proportion of older patients with cancer is increasing significantly. Due to the heterogeneity of general health and functional status amongst older persons, treatment of cancer is a major challenge in this vulnerable population. Older patients often experience more side effects of anticancer treatments. Over-treatment should be avoided to ensure an optimal quality of life. On the other hand, under-treatment due to fear of toxicity is a frequent problem and can lead to an increased risk of relapse and worse survival. There is a delicate balance between benefits of therapy and risk of toxicity. Robust biomarkers that reflect the body's biological age may aid in outlining optimal individual treatment regimens for older patients with cancer. In particular, the impact of age on systemic immunity and the tumor immune infiltrate should be considered, given the expanding role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge concerning the mechanistic connections between aging and cancer, as well as aging biomarkers that could be helpful in the field of geriatric oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieze Berben
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Giuseppe Floris
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Wildiers
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Hatse
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Shaffer RM, Sheppard L, Peskind ER, Zhang J, Adar SD, Li G. Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers of Vascular Injury. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:1015-1025. [PMID: 31476158 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular diseases play an important role in dementia. Air pollution is associated with cardiovascular disease, with growing links to neurodegeneration. Prior studies demonstrate associations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and biomarkers of endothelial injury in the blood; however, no studies have evaluated these biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). OBJECTIVE We evaluate associations between short-term and long-term PM2.5 exposure with CSF vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and e-selectin in cognitively normal and mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/Alzheimer's disease (AD) individuals. METHODS We collected CSF from 133 community volunteers at VA Puget Sound between 2001-2012. We assigned short-term PM2.5 from central monitors and long-term PM2.5 based on annual average exposure predictions linked to participant addresses. We performed analyses stratified by cognitive status and adjusted for key covariates with tiered models. Our primary exposure windows for the short-term and long-term analyses were 7-day and 1-year averages, respectively. RESULTS Among cognitively normal individuals, a 5 μg/m3 increase in 7-day and 1-year average PM2.5 was associated with elevated VCAM-1 (7-day: 35.4 (9.7, 61.1) ng/ml; 1-year: 51.8 (6.5, 97.1) ng/ml). A 5 μg/m3 increase in 1-year average PM2.5, but not 7-day average, was associated with elevated e-selectin (53.3 (11.0, 95.5) pg/ml). We found no consistent associations among MCI/AD individuals. CONCLUSIONS We report associations between short-term and long term PM2.5 and CSF biomarkers of vascular damage in cognitively normal adults. These results are aligned with prior research linking PM2.5 to vascular damage in other biofluids as well as emerging evidence of the role of PM2.5 in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Shaffer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- VA Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara D Adar
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, WA, USA
| | - Ge Li
- VA Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ekroos K, Lavrynenko O, Titz B, Pater C, Hoeng J, Ivanov NV. Lipid-based biomarkers for CVD, COPD, and aging - A translational perspective. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 78:101030. [PMID: 32339553 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many diseases, there is an unmet need for new or better biomarkers for improved disease risk assessment and monitoring, as available markers lack sufficient specificity. Lipids are drawing major interest as potential candidates for filling these gaps. This has recently been demonstrated by the identification of selective ceramides for prediction of cardiovascular mortality, enabling improved risk assessment of cardiovascular disease compared with conventional clinical markers. In this review, we discuss current lipid biomarker findings and the possible connection between cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and aging. Moreover, we discuss how to overcome the current roadblocks facing lipid biomarker research. We stress the need for improved quantification, standardization of methodologies, and establishment of initial reference values to allow for an efficient transfer path of research findings into the clinical landscape, and, ultimately, to put newly identified biomarkers into practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ekroos
- Lipidomics Consulting Ltd., Irisviksvägen 31D, 02230 Esbo, Finland.
| | - Oksana Lavrynenko
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Calin Pater
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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New screening approach for Alzheimer's disease risk assessment from urine lipid peroxidation compounds. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14244. [PMID: 31578419 PMCID: PMC6775072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer Disease (AD) standard biological diagnosis is based on expensive or invasive procedures. Recent research has focused on some molecular mechanisms involved since early AD stages, such as lipid peroxidation. Therefore, a non-invasive screening approach based on new lipid peroxidation compounds determination would be very useful. Well-defined early AD patients and healthy participants were recruited. Lipid peroxidation compounds were determined in urine using a validated analytical method based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical studies consisted of the evaluation of two different linear (Elastic Net) and non-linear (Random Forest) regression models to discriminate between groups of participants. The regression models fitted to the data from some lipid peroxidation biomarkers (isoprostanes, neuroprostanes, prostaglandines, dihomo-isoprostanes) in urine as potential predictors of early AD. These prediction models achieved fair validated area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUC-ROCs > 0.68) and their results corroborated each other since they are based on different analytical principles. A satisfactory early screening approach, using two complementary regression models, has been obtained from urine levels of some lipid peroxidation compounds, indicating the individual probability of suffering from early AD.
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Peña-Bautista C, Durand T, Oger C, Baquero M, Vento M, Cháfer-Pericás C. Assessment of lipid peroxidation and artificial neural network models in early Alzheimer Disease diagnosis. Clin Biochem 2019; 72:64-70. [PMID: 31319065 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipid peroxidation constitutes a molecular mechanism involved in early Alzheimer Disease (AD) stages, and artificial neural network (ANN) analysis is a promising non-linear regression model, characterized by its high flexibility and utility in clinical diagnosis. ANN simulates neuron learning procedures and it could provide good diagnostic performances in this complex and heterogeneous disease compared with linear regression analysis. DESIGN AND METHODS In our study, a new set of lipid peroxidation compounds were determined in urine and plasma samples from patients diagnosed with early Alzheimer Disease (n = 70) and healthy controls (n = 26) by means of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass-spectrometry. Then, a model based on ANN was developed to classify groups of participants. RESULTS The diagnostic performances obtained using an ANN model for each biological matrix were compared with the corresponding linear regression model based on partial least squares (PLS), and with the non-linear (radial and polynomial) support vector machine (SVM) models. Better accuracy, in terms of receiver operating characteristic-area under curve (ROC-AUC), was obtained for the ANN models (ROC-AUC 0.882 in plasma and 0.839 in urine) than for PLS and SVM models. CONCLUSION Lipid peroxidation and ANN constitute a useful approach to establish a reliable diagnosis when the prognosis is complex, multidimensional and non-linear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Miguel Baquero
- Neurology Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Máximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Chen Y, Pinto AA, Paulsen AJ, Schubert CR, Hancock LM, Klein BE, Klein R, Cruickshanks KJ. The Post-illumination Pupil Response (PIPR) Is Associated With Cognitive Function in an Epidemiologic Cohort Study. Front Neurol 2019; 10:682. [PMID: 31297083 PMCID: PMC6607919 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study on 403 participants in the 10-year follow-up examination of the Beaver Dam Offspring Study. The participants included 172 male and 231 female, with age ranging from 33 to 81 years (mean ± SD, 60.7 ± 9.3). The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) was recorded using binocular infrared pupillometer (Neur-Optics, Inc., Irvine, CA). Cognitive testing consisted of Trail Making Test (TMT) Parts A and B, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) (F, A, and S). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to calculate an overall cognitive function score. There was a significant reduction in the mean baseline pupil diameter by 0.21 mm for every 5-year increase in age (95% CI: -0.25, -0.17). There was also a significant increase in the PCA cognitive score by 0.20 (linear regression, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.32) for every 0.1 unit increase in the PIPR. The association remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, education, medications, systemic and ocular disease, and short form-12 physical and mental component score. The results of this study demonstrated a modest association between the PIPR and cognitive function, warranting longitudinal studies to evaluate the role of the PIPR in predicting cognitive function in the middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Alex A. Pinto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Adam J. Paulsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Carla R. Schubert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Laura M. Hancock
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Barbara E. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ron Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Karen J. Cruickshanks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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Camfield DA, Nolidin K, Savage K, Timmer J, Croft K, Tangestani Fard M, Simpson T, Downey L, Scholey A, Pipingas A, Deleuil S, Stough C. Higher plasma levels of F2-isoprostanes are associated with slower psychomotor speed in healthy older adults. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:377-386. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1513133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Camfield
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Nolidin
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Savage
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jorinde Timmer
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin Croft
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Tamara Simpson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luke Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Saurenne Deleuil
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Duarte LF, Farías MA, Álvarez DM, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, González PA. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection of the Central Nervous System: Insights Into Proposed Interrelationships With Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:46. [PMID: 30863282 PMCID: PMC6399123 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is highly prevalent in humans and can reach the brain without evident clinical symptoms. Once in the central nervous system (CNS), the virus can either reside in a quiescent latent state in this tissue, or eventually actively lead to severe acute necrotizing encephalitis, which is characterized by exacerbated neuroinflammation and prolonged neuroimmune activation producing a life-threatening disease. Although HSV-1 encephalitis can be treated with antivirals that limit virus replication, neurological sequelae are common and the virus will nevertheless remain for life in the neural tissue. Importantly, there is accumulating evidence that suggests that HSV-1 infection of the brain both, in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals could lead to neuronal damage and eventually, neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review and discuss acute and chronic infection of particular brain regions by HSV-1 and how this may affect neuron and cognitive functions in the host. We review potential cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration, such as protein aggregation, dysregulation of autophagy, oxidative cell damage and apoptosis, among others. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of HSV-1 infection on brain inflammation and its potential relationship with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica A Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana M Álvarez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Cummings J. The Role of Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease Drug Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1118:29-61. [PMID: 30747416 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers have a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug development. Biomarkers can assist in diagnosis, demonstrate target engagement, support disease modification, and monitor for safety. The amyloid (A), tau (T), neurodegeneration (N) Research Framework emphasizes brain imaging and CSF measures relevant to disease diagnosis and staging and can be applied to drug development and clinical trials. Demonstration of target engagement in Phase 2 is critical before advancing a treatment candidate to Phase 3. Trials with biomarker outcomes are shorter and smaller than those required to show clinical benefit and are important to understanding the biological impact of an agent and inform go/no-go decisions. Companion diagnostics are required for safe and effective use of treatments and may emerge in AD drug development programs. Complementary biomarkers inform the use of therapies but are not mandatory for use. Biomarkers promise to de-risk AD drug development, attract sponsors to AD research, and accelerate getting new drugs to those with or at risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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17
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Peña-Bautista C, Vigor C, Galano JM, Oger C, Durand T, Ferrer I, Cuevas A, López-Cuevas R, Baquero M, López-Nogueroles M, Vento M, Hervás D, García-Blanco A, Cháfer-Pericás C. Plasma lipid peroxidation biomarkers for early and non-invasive Alzheimer Disease detection. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:388-394. [PMID: 29969716 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer Disease (AD) standard diagnosis is based on evaluations and biomarkers that are non-specific, expensive, or requires invasive sampling. Therefore, an early, and non-invasive diagnosis is required. As regards molecular mechanisms, recent research has shown that lipid peroxidation plays an important role. METHODS Well-defined participants groups were recruited. Lipid peroxidation compounds were determined in plasma using a validated analytical method. Statistical studies consisted of an elastic-net-penalized logistic regression adjustment. RESULTS The regression model fitted to the data included six variables (lipid peroxidation biomarkers) as potential predictors of early AD. This model achieved an apparent area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUC-ROCs) of 0.883 and a bootstrap-validated AUC-ROC of 0.817. Calibration of the model showed very low deviations from real probabilities. CONCLUSION A satisfactory early diagnostic model has been obtained from plasma levels of 6 lipid peroxidation compounds, indicating the individual probability of suffering from early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Inés Ferrer
- Neurology Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Cuevas
- Neurology Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Baquero
- Neurology Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Máximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Hervás
- Biostatistical Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana García-Blanco
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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18
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Furman R, Lee JV, Axelsen PH. Analysis of eicosanoid oxidation products in Alzheimer brain by LC-MS with uniformly 13C-labeled internal standards. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 118:108-118. [PMID: 29476920 PMCID: PMC5884722 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acyl (PUFA) chain oxidation products in tissue samples by mass spectrometry is hindered by the lack of durable internal standards for the large number of possible products. To address this problem in a study of oxidative PUFA degradation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, uniformly 13C-labeled arachidonic acid (ARA) was produced biosynthetically, and allowed to oxidize under controlled conditions into a mixture of U-13C-labeled ARA oxidation products. The components of this mixture were characterized with respect to their partitioning behavior during lipid extraction, their durability during saponification, trends in mouse brain tissue concentrations during post mortem intervals, and their overall suitability as internal standards for multiple-reaction monitoring tandem mass spectrometry. This mixture has now been used as a set of internal standards to determine the relative abundance of ARA and 54 non-stereospecific oxidation products in milligram samples of brain tissue. Many of these oxidation products were recovered from both healthy mouse and healthy human brain, although some of them were unique to each source, and some have not heretofore been described. The list of oxidation products detected in AD brain tissue was the same as in healthy human brain, although simple hydroxy-eicosanoids were significantly increased in AD brain. while more complex oxidation products were not. These results are consistent with an increased level of chemically-mediated oxidative ARA degradation in Alzheimer's disease. However, they also point to the existence of processes that selectively produce or eliminate specific oxidation products, and those processes may account for some of the inconsistencies in previously reported results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Furman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jin V Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Paul H Axelsen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Oxidant/Antioxidant Imbalance in Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic and Diagnostic Prospects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6435861. [PMID: 29636850 PMCID: PMC5831771 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6435861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and a great socioeconomic burden in the aging society. Compelling evidence demonstrates that molecular change characteristics for AD, such as oxidative stress and amyloid β (Aβ) oligomerization, precede by decades the onset of clinical dementia and that the disease represents a biological and clinical continuum of stages, from asymptomatic to severely impaired. Nevertheless, the sequence of the early molecular alterations and the interplay between them are incompletely understood. This review presents current knowledge about the oxidative stress-induced impairments and compromised oxidative stress defense mechanisms in AD brain and the cross-talk between various pathophysiological insults, with the focus on excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and Aβ overproduction at the early stages of the disease. Prospects for AD therapies targeting oxidant/antioxidant imbalance are being discussed, as well as for the development of novel oxidative stress-related, blood-based biomarkers for early, noninvasive AD diagnostics.
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Zolochevska O, Taglialatela G. Non-Demented Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology: Resistance to Cognitive Decline May Reveal New Treatment Strategies. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 22:4063-8. [PMID: 27189599 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160518142110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a terminal neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the central nervous system. However, certain individuals remain cognitively intact despite manifestation of substantial plaques and tangles consistent with what would be normally associated with fully symptomatic AD. Mechanisms that allow these subjects to escape dementia remain unresolved and understanding such protective biological processes could reveal novel targets for the development of effective treatments for AD. In this review article we discuss potential compensatory mechanisms that allow these individuals to remain cognitively intact despite the typical AD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zolochevska
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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21
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The phospholipid composition of the human entorhinal cortex remains relatively stable over 80 years of adult aging. GeroScience 2017; 39:73-82. [PMID: 28299641 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane lipid composition is altered in the brain during the pathogenesis of several age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. The entorhinal cortex is one of the first regions of the brain to display the neuropathology typical of Alzheimer's disease, yet little is known about the changes that occur in membrane lipids within this brain region during normal aging (i.e., in the absence of dementia). In the present study, the phospholipid composition of mitochondrial and microsomal membranes from human entorhinal cortex was examined for any changes over the adult lifespan (18-98 years). Overall, changes in several molecular phospholipids were seen with age in the entorhinal cortex across both membranes. The proportion of total phosphatidylcholine within the mitochondrial fraction increased within the entorhinal cortex with age, while total mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine decreased. Many mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamines containing docosahexaenoic acid increased with age; however, this did not translate into an overall age-related increase in total mitochondrial docosahexaenoic acid. The most abundant phospholipid present within the human brain, PC 16:0_18:1, also increased with age within the mitochondrial membranes of the entorhinal cortex. When compared to other regions of the brain, the phospholipid composition of the entorhinal cortex remains relatively stable in adults over the lifespan in the absence of dementia.
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Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of rheumatologic conditions are increasing and the rheumatology workforce must be aware of aging-specific issues. This article reviews specific barriers to understanding the biology of aging and aging-related mechanisms that may underlie development of rheumatologic diseases in older adults. It summarizes gaps in the assessment, outcomes measurement, and treatment of these diseases in this unique population. It also highlights potential solutions to these barriers and suggests possible ways to bridge the gap, from a research and education standpoint, so that clinicians can be better prepared to effectively manage older adults with rheumatologic conditions.
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Expression of Iron Transporters and Pathological Hallmarks of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases in the Brain of Young, Adult, and Aged Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5213-5224. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Loeffler DA, Klaver AC, Coffey MP, Aasly JO, LeWitt PA. Age-Related Decrease in Heat Shock 70-kDa Protein 8 in Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Associated with Increased Oxidative Stress. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:178. [PMID: 27507943 PMCID: PMC4960228 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated declines in protein homeostasis mechanisms (“proteostasis”) are thought to contribute to age-related neurodegenerative disorders. The increased oxidative stress which occurs with aging can activate a key proteostatic process, chaperone-mediated autophagy. This study investigated age-related alteration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of heat shock 70-kDa protein 8 (HSPA8), a molecular chaperone involved in proteostatic mechanisms including chaperone-mediated autophagy, and its associations with indicators of oxidative stress (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG] and 8-isoprostane) and total anti-oxidant capacity. We examined correlations between age, HSPA8, 8-OHdG, 8-isoprostane, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in CSF samples from 34 healthy subjects ranging from 20 to 75 years of age. Age was negatively associated with HSPA8 (ρ = –0.47; p = 0.005). An age-related increase in oxidative stress was indicated by a positive association between age and 8-OHdG (ρ = 0.61; p = 0.0001). HSPA8 was moderately negatively associated with 8-OHdG (ρ = –0.58; p = 0.0004). Age and HSPA8 were weakly associated with 8-isoprostane and TAC (range of ρ values: –0.15 to 0.16). Our findings in this exploratory study suggest that during healthy aging, CSF HSPA8 may decrease, perhaps due in part to an increase in oxidative stress. Our results also suggest that 8-OHdG may be more sensitive than 8-isoprostane for measuring oxidative stress in CSF. Further studies are indicated to determine if our findings can be replicated with a larger cohort, and if the age-related decrease in HSPA8 in CSF is reflected by a similar change in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Departments of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak MI, USA
| | - Andrea C Klaver
- Departments of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak MI, USA
| | - Mary P Coffey
- Departments of Biostatistics, Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak MI, USA
| | - Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter A LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford West Bloomfield Hospital, West Bloomfield TownshipMI, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, DetroitMI, USA
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Alberdi A, Aztiria A, Basarab A. On the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease from multimodal signals: A survey. Artif Intell Med 2016; 71:1-29. [PMID: 27506128 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients is increasing with increased life expectancy and 115.4 million people are expected to be affected in 2050. Unfortunately, AD is commonly diagnosed too late, when irreversible damages have been caused in the patient. OBJECTIVE An automatic, continuous and unobtrusive early AD detection method would be required to improve patients' life quality and avoid big healthcare costs. Thus, the objective of this survey is to review the multimodal signals that could be used in the development of such a system, emphasizing on the accuracy that they have shown up to date for AD detection. Some useful tools and specific issues towards this goal will also have to be reviewed. METHODS An extensive literature review was performed following a specific search strategy, inclusion criteria, data extraction and quality assessment in the Inspec, Compendex and PubMed databases. RESULTS This work reviews the extensive list of psychological, physiological, behavioural and cognitive measurements that could be used for AD detection. The most promising measurements seem to be magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for AD vs control (CTL) discrimination with an 98.95% accuracy, while electroencephalogram (EEG) shows the best results for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) vs CTL (97.88%) and MCI vs AD distinction (94.05%). Available physiological and behavioural AD datasets are listed, as well as medical imaging analysis steps and neuroimaging processing toolboxes. Some issues such as "label noise" and multi-site data are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The development of an unobtrusive and transparent AD detection system should be based on a multimodal system in order to take full advantage of all kinds of symptoms, detect even the smallest changes and combine them, so as to detect AD as early as possible. Such a multimodal system might probably be based on physiological monitoring of MRI or EEG, as well as behavioural measurements like the ones proposed along the article. The mentioned AD datasets and image processing toolboxes are available for their use towards this goal. Issues like "label noise" and multi-site neuroimaging incompatibilities may also have to be overcome, but methods for this purpose are already available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Alberdi
- Mondragon University, Electronics and Computing Department, Goiru Kalea, 2, Arrasate 20500, Spain.
| | - Asier Aztiria
- Mondragon University, Electronics and Computing Department, Goiru Kalea, 2, Arrasate 20500, Spain.
| | - Adrian Basarab
- Université de Toulouse, Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5505, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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Mangum LC, Mangum LH, Chambers JE, Ross MK, Meek EC, Wills RW, Crow JA. The association of serum trans-nonachlor levels with atherosclerosis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:210-220. [PMID: 26953872 PMCID: PMC4902318 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1143901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies suggest a strong association between exposure to environmental contaminants, including organochlorine (OC) insecticides or their metabolites, and development of pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, in which oxidative stress plays a significant etiological role. Biomarkers of systemic oxidative stress have the potential to link production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are formed as a result of exposure to xenobiotic toxicants, and underlying pathophysiological states. Measurement of F2-isoprostane concentrations in body fluids is the most accurate and sensitive method currently available for assessing in vivo steady-state oxidative stress levels. In the current study, urinary concentrations of F2-isoprostanes and serum levels of persistent OC compounds p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE), trans-nonachlor (a component of the technical chlordane mixture), and oxychlordane (a chlordane metabolite) were quantified in a cross-sectional study sample and the association of these factors with a clinical diagnosis of atherosclerosis determined. Urinary isoprostane levels were not associated with atherosclerosis or serum concentrations of OC compounds in this study sample. However, occurrence of atherosclerosis was found to be associated with serum trans-nonachlor levels. DDE and oxychlordane were not associated with atherosclerosis. This finding supports current evidence that exposure to environmental factors is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, in addition to other known risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee C. Mangum
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Lauren H. Mangum
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Janice E. Chambers
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Matthew K. Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Edward C. Meek
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Robert W. Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - J. Allen Crow
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
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Chen JC, Wang X, Wellenius GA, Serre ML, Driscoll I, Casanova R, McArdle JJ, Manson JE, Chui HC, Espeland MA. Ambient air pollution and neurotoxicity on brain structure: Evidence from women's health initiative memory study. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:466-76. [PMID: 26075655 PMCID: PMC4546504 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the putative adverse effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5 : PM with aerodynamic diameters <2.5μm) on brain volumes in older women. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of 1,403 community-dwelling older women without dementia enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study, 1996-1998. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed at the age of 71-89 years in 2005-2006 to obtain volumetric measures of gray matter (GM) and normal-appearing white matter (WM). Given residential histories and air monitoring data, we used a spatiotemporal model to estimate cumulative PM2.5 exposure in 1999-2006. Multiple linear regression was employed to evaluate the associations between PM2.5 and brain volumes, adjusting for intracranial volumes and potential confounders. RESULTS Older women with greater PM2.5 exposures had significantly smaller WM, but not GM, volumes, independent of geographical region, demographics, socioeconomic status, lifestyles, and clinical characteristics, including cardiovascular risk factors. For each interquartile increment (3.49μg/m(3) ) of cumulative PM2.5 exposure, the average WM volume (WMV; 95% confidence interval) was 6.23cm(3) (3.72-8.74) smaller in the total brain and 4.47cm(3) (2.27-6.67) lower in the association areas, equivalent to 1 to 2 years of brain aging. The adverse PM2.5 effects on smaller WMVs were present in frontal and temporal lobes and corpus callosum (all p values <0.01). Hippocampal volumes did not differ by PM2.5 exposure. INTERPRETATION PM2.5 exposure may contribute to WM loss in older women. Future studies are needed to determine whether exposures result in myelination disturbance, disruption of axonal integrity, damages to oligodendrocytes, or other WM neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Chiuan Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Gregory A. Wellenius
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A
| | - Marc L. Serre
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Ira Driscoll
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Ramon Casanova
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - John J. McArdle
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Helena C. Chui
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Mark A. Espeland
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
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Bono R, Tassinari R, Bellisario V, Gilli G, Pazzi M, Pirro V, Mengozzi G, Bugiani M, Piccioni P. Urban air and tobacco smoke as conditions that increase the risk of oxidative stress and respiratory response in youth. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:141-146. [PMID: 25531819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution and tobacco smoke can induce negative effects on the human health and often leads to the formation of oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of the urbanization degree and of passive exposure to tobacco smoke in the formation of oxidative stress. Thus, a group of non-smoking adolescents was recruited among those who live and attend school in areas with three different population densities. To each subject a spot of urine was collected to quantify 15-F2t isoprostane as a marker of oxidative stress and cotinine as a marker of passive exposure to tobacco smoke. Furthermore, respiratory functionality was also measured. RESULTS Multiple linear regression analysis results showed a direct correlation (p<0.0001) of 15-F2t isoprostane with both the urbanization and passive smoke. Lung function parameters proved significantly lower for the subjects living in the most populous city of Torino. CONCLUSION This remarks the negative effect that urbanization has on the respiratory conditions. Lastly, lung functionality presented a low inverse correlation with 15-F2t isoprostane, suggesting an independent mechanism than that of the urban factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bono
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Roberta Tassinari
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Gilli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Pazzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Mengozzi
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Pavilio Piccioni
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, National Health Service (ASL TO2), Torino, Italy
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Bauer J, Ripperger A, Frantz S, Ergün S, Schwedhelm E, Benndorf RA. Pathophysiology of isoprostanes in the cardiovascular system: implications of isoprostane-mediated thromboxane A2 receptor activation. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3115-31. [PMID: 24646155 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprostanes are free radical-catalysed PG-like products of unsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, which are widely recognized as reliable markers of systemic lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo. Moreover, activation of enzymes, such as COX-2, may contribute to isoprostane formation. Indeed, formation of isoprostanes is considerably increased in various diseases which have been linked to oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), and may predict the atherosclerotic burden and the risk of cardiovascular complications in the latter patients. In addition, several isoprostanes may directly contribute to the functional consequences of oxidant stress via activation of the TxA2 prostanoid receptor (TP), for example, by affecting endothelial cell function and regeneration, vascular tone, haemostasis and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. In this context, experimental and clinical data suggest that selected isoprostanes may represent important alternative activators of the TP receptor when endogenous TxA2 levels are low, for example, in aspirin-treated individuals with CVD. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of isoprostane formation, biochemistry and (patho) physiology in the cardiovascular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Bauer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Durazzo TC, Mattsson N, Weiner MW, Korecka M, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM. History of cigarette smoking in cognitively-normal elders is associated with elevated cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of oxidative stress. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 142:262-8. [PMID: 25037769 PMCID: PMC4144023 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking in adults is associated with abnormalities in brain neurobiology. Smoking-induced central nervous system oxidative stress (OxS) is a potential mechanism associated with these abnormalities. The goal of this study was to compare cognitively-normal elders on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of F2-isoprostane biomarkers of OxS. METHODS Elders with a lifetime history of smoking (smokers; n=50; 75±5 years of age; 34±28 pack-years; approximately 12% were actively smoking at the time of study) were compared to never-smokers (n=61; 76±6 years of age) on CSF iPF2α-III and 8,12, iso-iPF2α-VI F2-isoprostanes levels. F2-isoprostanes levels were quantitated with HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between F2-isoprostanes levels, hippocampal volumes, and cigarette exposure measures were also evaluated. RESULTS Smokers showed higher iPF2α-III level than never-smokers. An age×smoking status interaction was observed for 8,12, iso-iPF2α-VI, where smokers demonstrate a significantly greater concentration with increasing age than never-smokers. In smokers only, higher 8,12, iso-iPF2α-VI concentration was associated with smaller hippocampal volume, and greater iPF2α-III level was related to greater pack years. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that a history of cigarette smoking in cognitively-normal elders was associated with significantly elevated CSF F2-isoprostane levels and greater age-related increases in F2-isoprostanes, and that higher F2-isoprostane levels in smokers were related to smaller hippocampal volume. These findings provide additional novel evidence that a history of chronic smoking during adulthood is associated with adverse effects on the human brain that are potentially enduring even with extended smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Durazzo
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine, and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Magdalena Korecka
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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Multimarker screening of oxidative stress in aging. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:562860. [PMID: 25147595 PMCID: PMC4124763 DOI: 10.1155/2014/562860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process of organism decline in physiological functions. There is no clear theory explaining this phenomenon, but the most accepted one is the oxidative stress theory of aging. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, substances, which are formed during oxidative damage of phospholipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are present in body fluids of diseased people as well as the healthy ones (in a physiological concentration). 8-iso prostaglandin F2α is the most prominent biomarker of phospholipid oxidative damage, o-tyrosine, 3-chlorotyrosine, and 3-nitrotyrosine are biomarkers of protein oxidative damage, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and 8-hydroxyguanosine are biomarkers of oxidative damage of nucleic acids. It is thought that the concentration of biomarkers increases as the age of people increases. However, the concentration of biomarkers in body fluids is very low and, therefore, it is necessary to use a sensitive analytical method. A combination of HPLC and MS was chosen to determine biomarker concentration in three groups of healthy people of a different age (twenty, forty, and sixty years) in order to find a difference among the groups.
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Vigor C, Bertrand-Michel J, Pinot E, Oger C, Vercauteren J, Le Faouder P, Galano JM, Lee JCY, Durand T. Non-enzymatic lipid oxidation products in biological systems: assessment of the metabolites from polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:65-78. [PMID: 24856297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids notably omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have become important biomarkers of lipid products. Especially the arachidonic acid-derived F2-isoprostanes are the classic in vivo biomarker for oxidative stress in biological systems. In recent years other isoprostanes from eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, adrenic and α-linolenic acids have been evaluated, namely F3-isoprostanes, F4-neuroprostanes, F2-dihomo-isoprostanes and F1-phytoprostanes, respectively. These have been gaining interest as complementary specific biomarkers in human diseases. Refined extraction methods, robust analysis and elucidation of chemical structures have improved the sensitivity of detection in biological tissues and fluids. Previously the main reliable instrumentation for measurement was gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), but now the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and immunological techniques is gaining much attention. In this review, the types of prostanoids generated from non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation of some important omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and biological samples that have been determined by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- Plateau de lipidomique, Bio-Medical Federative Research Institute of Toulouse, INSERM, Plateforme MetaToul, Toulouse, France
| | - Edith Pinot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France
| | - Joseph Vercauteren
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France
| | - Pauline Le Faouder
- Plateau de lipidomique, Bio-Medical Federative Research Institute of Toulouse, INSERM, Plateforme MetaToul, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- The University of Hong Kong, School of Biological Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France.
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33
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Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:233-42. [PMID: 24733653 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that takes about a decade to develop, making early diagnosis possible. Clinically, the diagnosis of AD is complicated, costly, and inaccurate, so it is urgent to find specific biomarkers. Due to its multifactorial nature, a panel of biomarkers for the multiple pathologies of AD, such as cerebral amyloidogenesis, neuronal dysfunction, synapse loss, oxidative stress, and inflammation, are most promising for accurate diagnosis. Highly sensitive and high-throughput proteomic techniques can be applied to develop a panel of novel biomarkers for AD. In this review, we discuss the metabolism and diagnostic performance of the well-established core candidate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (β-amyloid, total tau, and hyperphosphorylated tau). Meanwhile, novel promising CSF biomarkers, especially those identified by proteomics, updated in the last five years are also extensively discussed. Furthermore, we provide perspectives on how biomarker discovery for AD is evolving.
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Serum uric acid levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94084. [PMID: 24714617 PMCID: PMC3979756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serum uric acid (UA) could exert neuro-protective effects against Alzheimer's disease (AD) via its antioxidant capacities. Many studies investigated serum UA levels in AD patients, but to date, results from these observational studies are conflicting. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis to compare serum UA levels between AD patients and healthy controls by the random-effects model. Studies were identified by searching PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library databases from 1966 through July 2013 using the Medical Subject Headings and keywords without restriction in languages. Only case-control studies were included if they had data on serum UA levels in AD patients and healthy controls. Begg's funnel plot and Egger's regression test were applied to assess the potential publication bias. Sensitivity analyses and meta-regression were conducted to explore possible explanations for heterogeneity. Results A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria including 2708 participants were abstracted. Serum UA levels were not significantly different in AD patients compared to healthy controls (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.50; 95% confidence interval (CI): −1.23 to 0.22). Little evidence of publication bias was observed. Sensitivity analyses showed that the combined SMD was consistent every time omitting any one study, except only one study which greatly influenced the overall results. Meta-regression showed that year of publication, race, sample size, and mean age were not significant sources of heterogeneity. Conclusion Our meta-analysis of case-control studies suggests that serum UA levels do not differ significantly in AD patients, but there may be a trend toward decreased UA in AD after an appropriate interpretation. More well-designed investigations are needed to demonstrate the potential change of serum UA levels in AD patients.
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35
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Lamberson CR, Xu L, Muchalski H, Montenegro-Burke JR, Shmanai VV, Bekish AV, McLean JA, Clarke CF, Shchepinov MS, Porter NA. Unusual kinetic isotope effects of deuterium reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids in tocopherol-mediated free radical chain oxidations. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:838-41. [PMID: 24380377 DOI: 10.1021/ja410569g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of -CD2- at the reactive centers of linoleic and linolenic acids reduces the rate of abstraction of D by a tocopheryl radical by as much as 36-fold, compared to the abstraction of H from a corresponding -CH2- center. This H atom transfer reaction is the rate-determining step in the tocopherol-mediated peroxidation of lipids in human low-density lipoproteins, a process that has been linked to coronary artery disease. The unanticipated large kinetic isotope effects reported here for the tocopherol-mediated oxidation of linoleic and linolenic acids and esters suggests that tunneling makes this process favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor R Lamberson
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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36
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Bekhit AEDA, Hopkins DL, Fahri FT, Ponnampalam EN. Oxidative Processes in Muscle Systems and Fresh Meat: Sources, Markers, and Remedies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 12:565-597. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David L. Hopkins
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development; PO Box 129; Cowra; NSW; Australia
| | - Fahri T. Fahri
- Australian Meat Processor Corp. Ltd., 460 Pacific Highway; St Leonards; NSW 2065; Australia
| | - Eric N. Ponnampalam
- Future Farming Systems Research Div.; Dept. of Primary Industries; Werribee; Victoria 3030; Australia
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Randall C, Mosconi L, de Leon M, Glodzik L. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in healthy elderly. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2013; 18:1150-73. [PMID: 23747874 PMCID: PMC3904672 DOI: 10.2741/4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology begins before the onset of clinical symptoms. Because therapies are likely to be more effective if they are implemented early in the disease progression, it is necessary to identify reliable biomarkers to detect AD pathology in the early stages of the disease, ideally in presymptomatic individuals. Recent research has identified three candidate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers that reflect AD pathology: amyloid beta, total tau protein (t-tau), and tau protein phosphorylated at AD-specific epitopes (p-tau). They are useful in supporting the AD diagnosis and have predictive value for AD when patients are in the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, their predictive utility in cognitively healthy subjects is still being evaluated. We conducted a review of studies published between 1993 and 2011 and summarized their findings on the role of CSF biomarkers for AD in healthy elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Randall
- Center for Brain Health, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th floor. New York, NY 10016
| | - Lisa Mosconi
- Center for Brain Health, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th floor. New York, NY 10016
| | - Mony de Leon
- Center for Brain Health, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th floor. New York, NY 10016
| | - Lidia Glodzik
- Center for Brain Health, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th floor. New York, NY 10016
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Alzheimer's disease biomarkers: correspondence between human studies and animal models. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 56:116-30. [PMID: 23631871 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an escalating global threat as life expectancy and disease prevalence continue to increase. There is a considerable need for earlier diagnoses to improve clinical outcomes. Fluid biomarkers measured from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, or imaging biomarkers have considerable potential to assist in the diagnosis and management of AD. An additional important utility of biomarkers is in novel therapeutic development and clinical trials to assess efficacy and side effects of therapeutic interventions. Because many biomarkers are initially examined in animal models, the extent to which markers translate from animals to humans is an important issue. The current review highlights many existing and pipeline biomarker approaches, focusing on the degree of correspondence between AD patients and animal models. The review also highlights the need for greater translational correspondence between human and animal biomarkers.
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Jacob KD, Hooten NN, Trzeciak AR, Evans MK. Markers of oxidant stress that are clinically relevant in aging and age-related disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:139-57. [PMID: 23428415 PMCID: PMC3664937 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the long held hypothesis that oxidant stress results in accumulated oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules and subsequently to aging and age-related chronic disease, it has been difficult to consistently define and specifically identify markers of oxidant stress that are consistently and directly linked to age and disease status. Inflammation because it is also linked to oxidant stress, aging, and chronic disease also plays an important role in understanding the clinical implications of oxidant stress and relevant markers. Much attention has focused on identifying specific markers of oxidative stress and inflammation that could be measured in easily accessible tissues and fluids (lymphocytes, plasma, serum). The purpose of this review is to discuss markers of oxidant stress used in the field as biomarkers of aging and age-related diseases, highlighting differences observed by race when data is available. We highlight DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid oxidation as measures of oxidative stress, as well as other well-characterized markers of oxidative damage and inflammation and discuss their strengths and limitations. We present the current state of the literature reporting use of these markers in studies of human cohorts in relation to age and age-related disease and also with a special emphasis on differences observed by race when relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D. Jacob
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Noren Hooten
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrzej R. Trzeciak
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Mao P. Oxidative Stress and Its Clinical Applications in Dementia. JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2012; 2013:319898. [PMID: 26316986 PMCID: PMC4437276 DOI: 10.1155/2013/319898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a complex disorder that mostly affects the elderly and represents a significant and growing public health burden in the world. Alzheimer's disease (AD)- associated dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are the most common forms of dementia, in which oxidative stress is significantly involved. Oxidative stress mechanisms may have clinical applications, that is, providing information for potential biomarkers. Thus brain-rich peptides with an antioxidant property, such as CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript), may be promising new markers. This paper summarizes the progress in research regarding oxidative stress in dementia with a focus on potential biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the main forms of dementia. Other central and peripheral biomarkers, especially those considered oxidative stress related, are also discussed. This paper aims to provide information to improve current understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of dementia. It also offers insight into the differential diagnosis of AD and DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhong Mao
- The Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- The Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Dorjgochoo T, Gao YT, Chow WH, Shu XO, Yang G, Cai Q, Rothman N, Cai H, Li H, Deng X, Franke A, Roberts LJ, Milne G, Zheng W, Dai Q. Major metabolite of F2-isoprostane in urine may be a more sensitive biomarker of oxidative stress than isoprostane itself. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:405-14. [PMID: 22760572 PMCID: PMC3396448 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited literature on the contributors to isoprostane metabolite 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-15-F(2t)-isoprostane (15-F(2t)-IsoP-M) compared with F(2)-isoprostanes (F(2)-IsoPs) as an oxidative stress biomarker. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma concentrations of antioxidants, urinary excretion rates of polyphenols, and antioxidants in food and dietary supplements are attributable to both urinary F(2)-IsoP and 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M concentrations. DESIGN Dietary intake information and blood and urine samples were obtained from 845 healthy middle-aged and elderly female participants of the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Urinary isoprostanes (F(2)-IsoPs and 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M) were measured and adjusted for creatinine concentrations. RESULTS Urinary 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M and F(2)-IsoP concentrations were lower in subjects who used a multivitamin. Lower F(2)-IsoP concentrations were observed in ginseng users, whereas lower concentrations of 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M were shown in subjects who used a vitamin E supplement. Plasma concentrations of several antioxidants (ie, β-carotenes, both trans and cis β-carotenes, lycopene other than trans, 5-cis and 7-cis isomers, cis anhydrolutein, and cis β-cryptoxanthin) were inversely associated with 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M but not with F(2)-IsoPs, whereas β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols were positively associated with 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M but not with F(2)-IsoPs. Urinary polyphenol quercetin was positively associated with both F(2)-IsoPs and 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the F(2)-IsoP major metabolite 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M may be a more sensitive marker of endogenous oxidative stress status than are F(2)-IsoPs in the assessment of effects of antioxidants on age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsogzolmaa Dorjgochoo
- Divisions of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Exercise Training Reduces Inflammatory Mediators in the Intestinal Tract of Healthy Older Adult Mice. Can J Aging 2012; 31:161-71. [DOI: 10.1017/s0714980812000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
RÉSUMÉLe vieillissement s’allie à une augmentation d’inflammation intestinale et le risque élevé de maladies chroniques, y compris les maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin et le cancer du côlon; nombreuses études épidémiologiques indiquent que l’exercice régulier réduit les risques. Cette étude a examiné les effets à long terme de l’exercice volontaire sur les médiateurs inflammatoires dans les intestins des souris âgées et en bonne santé C57BL/6 (âgées de 15–16 mois). On a désigné les animaux soit à quatre mois de roue d’exercice à souris (RES ; n – 20), soit à une groupe de contrôle « sédentaire » (NRL ; n = 20). Les lymphocytes intestinaux ont été récoltés et analysés pour la présence de (1) pro-inflammatoire (TNF-a, IL-1β) et de cytokines pléotropes (IL-6), et (2) de pro-(caspase-3/-7) et d’anti-(Bcl-2) protéines apoptotiques. L’efficacité d’exercise a été confirmée par l’activité des enzymes dans les muscles squelettiques ; l’évidence de stress a été confirmée par un plasma 8-iso-PGF2α et la corticostérone. Les RES souris ont réalisés une incidence inférieure de TNF-α, de la caspase-7, et de 8-isoprostanes (p < .05) par rapport aux contrôles sédentaires, ce qui suggère que l’exercice à long terme peut « protéger » l’intestin en réduisant la manifestation de cytokines inflammatoires et du protéine apoptotique.
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Frisardi V, Panza F, Seripa D, Farooqui T, Farooqui AA. Glycerophospholipids and glycerophospholipid-derived lipid mediators: A complex meshwork in Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:313-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gonzalez-Cuyar LF, Sonnen JA, Montine KS, Keene CD, Montine TJ. Role of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders and mild cognitive impairment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2011; 11:455-63. [PMID: 21725901 PMCID: PMC3213691 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-011-0212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are one type of laboratory testing being developed in response to the therapeutic imperative for diseases that cause cognitive impairment and dementia. The role of biomarkers is already transforming the organization and conduct of clinical trials, and if successful will likely contribute in the future to the medical management of patients with these diseases. Despite the obvious utility of practicality of blood- or urine-based biomarkers, so far results from these fluid compartments have not been reproducible. In contrast, substantial progress has been made in cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Here we review the stages of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker development for several common and unusual diseases that cause cognitive impairment and dementia, stressing the distinction between diagnostic and mechanistic biomarkers. Future applications will likely focus on diagnosis of latent or early-stage disease, assessment of disease progression, mechanism of injury, and response to experimental therapeutics.
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Dorjgochoo T, Gao YT, Chow WH, Shu XO, Yang G, Cai Q, Rothman N, Cai H, Li H, Deng X, Shrubsole MJ, Murff H, Milne G, Zheng W, Dai Q. Obesity, age, and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older women. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2453-60. [PMID: 21043829 PMCID: PMC3096497 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that urinary F(2)-isoprostanes (F(2)-IsoPs) are more accurate markers of oxidative stress than other available biomarkers. Most previous studies used unmetabolized F(2)-IsoPs as a biomarker. Few previous studies measured 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M, a metabolite of one of the most common F(2)-IsoPs, 15-F(2t)-IsoP. Unlike 15-F(2t)-IsoP, 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M is not subject to autoxidation and renal production. To our knowledge, no study has compared the associations of age and body mass index (BMI) with F(2)-IsoPs to those with 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M. Urinary levels of F(2)-IsoPs and 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for 845 healthy women aged 40-70 years. Both F(2)-IsoPs and 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M were elevated among smokers. The level of 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M increased with age, particularly after menopause, and with BMI. In contrast, F(2)-IsoPs decreased with age, regardless of menopausal status, and was not related to BMI. The association of 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M with age or menopausal status did not differ by BMI category, and the association with BMI was also independent of age or menopausal status. 15-F(2t)-IsoP-M appears to be a valuable biomarker of oxidative stress in age- and obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsogzolmaa Dorjgochoo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Ave., Nashville, TN 37203-1738, USA
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Bayer-Carter JL, Green PS, Montine TJ, VanFossen B, Baker LD, Watson GS, Bonner LM, Callaghan M, Leverenz JB, Walter BK, Tsai E, Plymate SR, Postupna N, Wilkinson CW, Zhang J, Lampe J, Kahn SE, Craft S. Diet intervention and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY 2011; 68:743-52. [PMID: 21670398 PMCID: PMC3175115 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of a 4-week high-saturated fat/high-glycemic index (HIGH) diet with a low-saturated fat/low-glycemic index (LOW) diet on insulin and lipid metabolism, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of Alzheimer disease, and cognition for healthy adults and adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Veterans Affairs Medical Center clinical research unit. PARTICIPANTS Forty-nine older adults (20 healthy adults with a mean [SD] age of 69.3 [7.4] years and 29 adults with aMCI with a mean [SD] age of 67.6 [6.8] years). INTERVENTION Participants received the HIGH diet (fat, 45% [saturated fat, > 25%]; carbohydrates, 35%-40% [glycemic index, > 70]; and protein, 15%-20%) or the LOW diet (fat, 25%; [saturated fat, < 7%]; carbohydrates, 55%-60% [glycemic index, < 55]; and protein, 15%-20%) for 4 weeks. Cognitive tests, an oral glucose tolerance test, and lumbar puncture were conducted at baseline and during the fourth week of the diet. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The CSF concentrations of β-amyloid (Aβ42 and Aβ40), tau protein, insulin, F2-isoprostanes, and apolipoprotein E, plasma lipids and insulin, and measures of cognition. RESULTS For the aMCI group, the LOW diet increased CSF Aβ42 concentrations, contrary to the pathologic pattern of lowered CSF Aβ42 typically observed in Alzheimer disease. The LOW diet had the opposite effect for healthy adults, ie, decreasing CSF Aβ42, whereas the HIGH diet increased CSF Aβ42. The CSF apolipoprotein E concentration was increased by the LOW diet and decreased by the HIGH diet for both groups. For the aMCI group, the CSF insulin concentration increased with the LOW diet, but the HIGH diet lowered the CSF insulin concentration for healthy adults. The HIGH diet increased and the LOW diet decreased plasma lipids, insulin, and CSF F2-isoprostane concentrations. Delayed visual memory improved for both groups after completion of 4 weeks of the LOW diet. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that diet may be a powerful environmental factor that modulates Alzheimer disease risk through its effects on central nervous system concentrations of Aβ42, lipoproteins, oxidative stress, and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Bayer-Carter
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR, Kaye J, Montine TJ, Park DC, Reiman EM, Rowe CC, Siemers E, Stern Y, Yaffe K, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Morrison-Bogorad M, Wagster MV, Phelps CH. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7:280-92. [PMID: 21514248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4711] [Impact Index Per Article: 362.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to begin many years before the diagnosis of AD dementia. This long "preclinical" phase of AD would provide a critical opportunity for therapeutic intervention; however, we need to further elucidate the link between the pathological cascade of AD and the emergence of clinical symptoms. The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association convened an international workgroup to review the biomarker, epidemiological, and neuropsychological evidence, and to develop recommendations to determine the factors which best predict the risk of progression from "normal" cognition to mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia. We propose a conceptual framework and operational research criteria, based on the prevailing scientific evidence to date, to test and refine these models with longitudinal clinical research studies. These recommendations are solely intended for research purposes and do not have any clinical implications at this time. It is hoped that these recommendations will provide a common rubric to advance the study of preclinical AD, and ultimately, aid the field in moving toward earlier intervention at a stage of AD when some disease-modifying therapies may be most efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reisa A Sperling
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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