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Hristovska I, Binette AP, Kumar A, Gaiteri C, Karlsson L, Strandberg O, Janelidze S, van Westen D, Stomrud E, Palmqvist S, Ossenkoppele R, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Vogel JW, Hansson O. Identification of distinct and shared biomarker panels in different manifestations of cerebral small vessel disease through proteomic profiling. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.10.24308599. [PMID: 38947084 PMCID: PMC11213103 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.24308599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The pathophysiology underlying various manifestations of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) remains obscure. Using cerebrospinal fluid proximity extension assays and co-expression network analysis of 2,943 proteins, we found common and distinct proteomic signatures between white matter lesions (WML), microbleeds and infarcts measured in 856 living patients, and validated WML-associated proteins in three additional datasets. Proteins indicative of extracellular matrix dysregulation and vascular remodeling, including ELN, POSTN, CCN2 and MMP12 were elevated across all cSVD manifestations, with MMP12 emerging as an early cSVD indicator. cSVD-associated proteins formed a co-abundance network linked to metabolism and enriched in endothelial and arterial smooth muscle cells, showing elevated levels at early disease manifestations. Later disease stages involved changes in microglial proteins, associated with longitudinal WML progression, and changes in neuronal proteins mediating WML-associated cognitive decline. These findings provide an atlas of novel cSVD biomarkers and a promising roadmap for the next generation of cSVD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hristovska
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexa Pichet Binette
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Atul Kumar
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Chris Gaiteri
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Rush University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Linda Karlsson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olof Strandberg
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Danielle van Westen
- Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University
- Imaging and Function, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Stomrud
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Palmqvist
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jacob W Vogel
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, SciLifeLab, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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2
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Nordengen K, Kirsebom BE, Richter G, Pålhaugen L, Gísladóttir B, Siafarikas N, Nakling A, Rongve A, Bråthen G, Grøntvedt GR, Gonzalez F, Waterloo K, Sharma K, Karikari T, Vromen EM, Tijms BM, Visser PJ, Selnes P, Kramberger MG, Winblad B, Blennow K, Fladby T. Longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid measurements show glial hypo- and hyperactivation in predementia Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:298. [PMID: 38093257 PMCID: PMC10720118 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain innate immune activation is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but degrees of activation may vary between disease stages. Thus, brain innate immune activation must be assessed in longitudinal clinical studies that include biomarker negative healthy controls and cases with established AD pathology. Here, we employ longitudinally sampled cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) core AD, immune activation and glial biomarkers to investigate early (predementia stage) innate immune activation levels and biomarker profiles. METHODS We included non-demented cases from a longitudinal observational cohort study, with CSF samples available at baseline (n = 535) and follow-up (n = 213), between 1 and 6 years from baseline (mean 2.8 years). We measured Aβ42/40 ratio, p-tau181, and total-tau to determine Ab (A+), tau-tangle pathology (T+), and neurodegeneration (N+), respectively. We classified individuals into these groups: A-/T-/N-, A+/T-/N-, A+/T+ or N+, or A-/T+ or N+. Using linear and mixed linear regression, we compared levels of CSF sTREM2, YKL-40, clusterin, fractalkine, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-1, IL-18, and IFN-γ both cross-sectionally and longitudinally between groups. A post hoc analysis was also performed to assess biomarker differences between cognitively healthy and impaired individuals in the A+/T+ or N+ group. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, CSF sTREM2, YKL-40, clusterin and fractalkine were higher only in groups with tau pathology, independent of amyloidosis (p < 0.001, A+/T+ or N+ and A-/T+ or N+, compared to A-/T-/N-). No significant group differences were observed for the cytokines CSF MCP-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL18 or IFN-γ. Longitudinally, CSF YKL-40, fractalkine and IFN-γ were all significantly lower in stable A+/T-/N- cases (all p < 0.05). CSF sTREM2, YKL-40, clusterin, fractalkine (p < 0.001) and MCP-1 (p < 0.05) were all higher in T or N+, with or without amyloidosis at baseline, but remained stable over time. High CSF sTREM2 was associated with preserved cognitive function within the A+/T+ or N+ group, relative to the cognitively impaired with the same A/T/N biomarker profile (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Immune hypoactivation and reduced neuron-microglia communication are observed in isolated amyloidosis while activation and increased fractalkine accompanies tau pathology in predementia AD. Glial hypo- and hyperactivation through the predementia AD continuum suggests altered glial interaction with Ab and tau pathology, and may necessitate differential treatments, depending on the stage and patient-specific activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Nordengen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjørn-Eivind Kirsebom
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Faculty Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Grit Richter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lene Pålhaugen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Berglind Gísladóttir
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikias Siafarikas
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Arne Nakling
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arvid Rongve
- Department of Research and Innovation, Haugesund Hospital, Helse Fonna, Haugesund, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Bråthen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gøril Rolfseng Grøntvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fernando Gonzalez
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Knut Waterloo
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Faculty Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kulbhushan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Eleonora M Vromen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vumc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Betty M Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vumc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vumc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Per Selnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Milicia G Kramberger
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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3
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Zhang Y, Tian J, Ni J, Wei M, Li T, Shi J. Peripheral Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of YKL-40 in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1364. [PMID: 37891733 PMCID: PMC10605482 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is particularly complicated, and early diagnosis and course monitoring of the disease are not ideal based on the available core biomarkers. As a biomarker closely related to neuroinflammation, YKL-40 provides a potential scalable approach in AD, but its association remains controversial and inconclusive with AD. We conducted this study to assess the utility of YKL-40 levels in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients and healthy controls (HCs) by meta-analysis. We systematically searched and screened relevant trials for comparing YKL-40 levels between AD patients and HCs in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science, with a search deadline of 14 March 2023 for each database. A total of 17 eligible and relevant studies involving 1811 subjects, including 949 AD patients and 862 HCs, were included. The results showed that YKL-40 levels in the peripheral blood of AD patients and HCs did not possess significant differences. Subgroup analysis showed YKL-40 significantly differed in plasma (SMD = 0.527, 95%CI: [0.302, 0.752]; p = 0.000), but did not in serum. In the case of comparison with HCs, YKL-40 was significantly higher in CSF of AD patients (SMD = 0.893, 95%CI: [0.665, 1.121]; p = 0.000). Besides that, when we performed a combined analysis of total YKL-40 in both peripheral blood and CSF, overall YKL-40 concentrations were also significantly increased among AD patients (SMD = 0.608, 95%CI: [0.272, 0.943]; p = 0.000). YKL-40 provides support and rationale for the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of AD. The significance of CSF levels of YKL-40 for early screening of AD is definite. Plasma levels of YKL-40 also appear to assist in discriminating AD patients from HCs, which facilitates early screening and monitoring of the natural course of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Shi
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; (Y.Z.); (J.T.); (J.N.); (M.W.); (T.L.)
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4
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Lapp HS, Freigang M, Hagenacker T, Weiler M, Wurster CD, Günther R. Biomarkers in 5q-associated spinal muscular atrophy-a narrative review. J Neurol 2023; 270:4157-4178. [PMID: 37289324 PMCID: PMC10421827 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
5q-associated spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene, resulting in a loss of functional SMN protein and consecutive degeneration of motor neurons in the ventral horn. The disease is clinically characterized by proximal paralysis and secondary skeletal muscle atrophy. New disease-modifying drugs driving SMN gene expression have been developed in the past decade and have revolutionized SMA treatment. The rise of treatment options led to a concomitant need of biomarkers for therapeutic guidance and an improved disease monitoring. Intensive efforts have been undertaken to develop suitable markers, and numerous candidate biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive values have been identified. The most promising markers include appliance-based measures such as electrophysiological and imaging-based indices as well as molecular markers including SMN-related proteins and markers of neurodegeneration and skeletal muscle integrity. However, none of the proposed biomarkers have been validated for the clinical routine yet. In this narrative review, we discuss the most promising candidate biomarkers for SMA and expand the discussion by addressing the largely unfolded potential of muscle integrity markers, especially in the context of upcoming muscle-targeting therapies. While the discussed candidate biomarkers hold potential as either diagnostic (e.g., SMN-related biomarkers), prognostic (e.g., markers of neurodegeneration, imaging-based markers), predictive (e.g., electrophysiological markers) or response markers (e.g., muscle integrity markers), no single measure seems to be suitable to cover all biomarker categories. Hence, a combination of different biomarkers and clinical assessments appears to be the most expedient solution at the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lapp
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Freigang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hagenacker
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M Weiler
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C D Wurster
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - René Günther
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Zhou F, Sun Y, Xie X, Zhao Y. Blood and CSF chemokines in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:107. [PMID: 37291639 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemokines, which are chemotactic inflammatory mediators involved in controlling the migration and residence of all immune cells, are closely associated with brain inflammation, recognized as one of the potential processes/mechanisms associated with cognitive impairment. We aim to determine the chemokines which are significantly altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as well as the respective effect sizes, by performing a meta-analysis of chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood (plasma or serum). METHODS We searched three databases (Pubmed, EMBASE and Cochrane library) for studies regarding chemokines. The three pairwise comparisons were as follows: AD vs HC, MCI vs healthy controls (HC), and AD vs MCI. The fold-change was calculated using the ratio of mean (RoM) chemokine concentration for every study. Subgroup analyses were performed for exploring the source of heterogeneity. RESULTS Of 2338 records identified from the databases, 61 articles comprising a total of 3937 patients with AD, 1459 with MCI, and 4434 healthy controls were included. The following chemokines were strongly associated with AD compared with HC: blood CXCL10 (RoM, 1.92, p = 0.039), blood CXCL9 (RoM, 1.78, p < 0.001), blood CCL27 (RoM, 1.34, p < 0.001), blood CCL15 (RoM, 1.29, p = 0.003), as well as CSF CCL2 (RoM, 1.19, p < 0.001). In the comparison of AD with MCI, there was significance for blood CXCL9 (RoM, 2.29, p < 0.001), blood CX3CL1 (RoM, 0.77, p = 0.017), and blood CCL1 (RoM, 1.37, p < 0.001). Of the chemokines tested, blood CX3CL1 (RoM, 2.02, p < 0.001) and CSF CCL2 (RoM, 1.16, p = 0.004) were significant for the comparison of MCI with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Chemokines CCL1, CCL2, CCL15, CCL27, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CX3CL1 might be most promising to serve as key molecular markers of cognitive impairment, although more cohort studies with larger populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futao Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China.
| | - Yangyan Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
| | - Xinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Yushi Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
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6
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Russo C, Valle MS, Casabona A, Malaguarnera L. Chitinase Signature in the Plasticity of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076301. [PMID: 37047273 PMCID: PMC10094409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several reports have pointed out that Chitinases are expressed and secreted by various cell types of central nervous system (CNS), including activated microglia and astrocytes. These cells play a key role in neuroinflammation and in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders. Increased levels of Chitinases, in particular Chitotriosidase (CHIT-1) and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), have been found increased in several neurodegenerative disorders. Although having important biological roles in inflammation, to date, the molecular mechanisms of Chitinase involvement in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders is not well-elucidated. Several studies showed that some Chitinases could be assumed as markers for diagnosis, prognosis, activity, and severity of a disease and therefore can be helpful in the choice of treatment. However, some studies showed controversial results. This review will discuss the potential of Chitinases in the pathogenesis of some neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, to understand their role as distinctive biomarkers of neuronal cell activity during neuroinflammatory processes. Knowledge of the role of Chitinases in neuronal cell activation could allow for the development of new methodologies for downregulating neuroinflammation and consequently for diminishing negative neurological disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Valle
- Laboratory of Neuro-Biomechanics, Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonino Casabona
- Laboratory of Neuro-Biomechanics, Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Malaguarnera
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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7
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Tzioras M, McGeachan RI, Durrant CS, Spires-Jones TL. Synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:19-38. [PMID: 36513730 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline in older individuals accompanied by the presence of two pathological protein aggregates - amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau - in the brain. The disease results in brain atrophy caused by neuronal loss and synapse degeneration. Synaptic loss strongly correlates with cognitive decline in both humans and animal models of AD. Indeed, evidence suggests that soluble forms of amyloid-β and tau can cause synaptotoxicity and spread through neural circuits. These pathological changes are accompanied by an altered phenotype in the glial cells of the brain - one hypothesis is that glia excessively ingest synapses and modulate the trans-synaptic spread of pathology. To date, effective therapies for the treatment or prevention of AD are lacking, but understanding how synaptic degeneration occurs will be essential for the development of new interventions. Here, we highlight the mechanisms through which synapses degenerate in the AD brain, and discuss key questions that still need to be answered. We also cover the ways in which our understanding of the mechanisms of synaptic degeneration is leading to new therapeutic approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makis Tzioras
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert I McGeachan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire S Durrant
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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8
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Di Francesco AM, Verrecchia E, Manna S, Urbani A, Manna R. The chitinases as biomarkers in immune-mediate diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022:cclm-2022-0767. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of chitinases has been focused as potential biomarkers in a wide number of inflammatory diseases, in monitoring active disease state, and predicting prognosis and response to therapies. The main chitinases, CHIT1 and YKL-40, are derived from 18 glycosyl hydrolases macrophage activation and play important roles in defense against chitin-containing pathogens and in food processing. Moreover, chitinases may have organ- as well as cell-specific effects in the context of infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders and able to induce tissue remodelling. The CHIT1 measurement is an easy, reproducible, reliable, and cost-effective affordable assay. The clinical use of CHIT1 for the screening of lysosomal storage disorders is quite practical, when proper cut-off values are determined for each laboratory. The potential of CHIT1 and chitinases has not been fully explored yet and future studies will produce many surprising discoveries in the immunology and allergology fields of research. However, since the presence of a null CHIT1 gene in a subpopulation would be responsible of false-negative values, the assay should be completed with the other markers such ACE and, if necessary, by genetic analysis when CHIT1 is unexpected low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maria Di Francesco
- Periodic Fever and Rare Diseases Research Centre, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Elena Verrecchia
- Periodic Fever and Rare Diseases Research Centre, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Stefano Manna
- Periodic Fever and Rare Diseases Research Centre, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Policlinico A. Gemelli Foundation IRCCS , Rome , Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Policlinico A. Gemelli Foundation IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Raffaele Manna
- Periodic Fever and Rare Diseases Research Centre, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Policlinico A. Gemelli Foundation IRCCS , Rome , Italy
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9
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Zakharova NV, Bugrova AE, Indeykina MI, Fedorova YB, Kolykhalov IV, Gavrilova SI, Nikolaev EN, Kononikhin AS. Proteomic Markers and Early Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:762-776. [PMID: 36171657 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922080089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common socially significant neurodegenerative pathology, which currently affects more than 30 million elderly people worldwide. Since the number of patients grows every year and may exceed 115 million by 2050, and due to the lack of effective therapies, early prediction of AD remains a global challenge, solution of which can contribute to the timely appointment of a preventive therapy in order to avoid irreversible changes in the brain. To date, clinical assays for the markers of amyloidosis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been developed, which, in conjunction with the brain MRI and PET studies, are used either to confirm the diagnosis based on obligate clinical criteria or to predict the risk of AD developing at the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the problem of predicting AD at the asymptomatic stage remains unresolved. In this regard, the search for new protein markers and studies of proteomic changes in CSF and blood plasma are of particular interest and may consequentially identify particular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Studies of specific proteomic changes in blood plasma deserve special attention and are of increasing interest due to the much less invasive method of sample collection as compared to CSF, which is important when choosing the object for large-scale screening. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge on proteomic markers of AD and considers the prospects of developing reliable methods for early identification of AD risk factors based on the proteomic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Zakharova
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Anna E Bugrova
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Maria I Indeykina
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Evgeny N Nikolaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 121205, Russia
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10
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Hok-A-Hin YS, Hoozemans JJM, Hu WT, Wouters D, Howell JC, Rábano A, van der Flier WM, Pijnenburg YAL, Teunissen CE, Del Campo M. YKL-40 changes are not detected in post-mortem brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:100. [PMID: 35879733 PMCID: PMC9310415 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background YKL-40 (Chitinase 3-like I) is increased in CSF of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) patients and is therefore considered a potential neuroinflammatory biomarker. Whether changed YKL-40 levels in the CSF reflect dysregulation of YKL-40 in the brain is not completely understood yet. We aimed to extensively analyze YKL-40 levels in the brain of AD and different FTLD pathological subtypes. The direct relationship between YKL-40 levels in post-mortem brain and ante-mortem CSF was examined in a small set of paired brain-CSF samples. Method YKL-40 was analyzed in post-mortem temporal and frontal cortex of non-demented controls and patients with AD and FTLD (including FTLD-Tau and FTLD-TDP) pathology by immunohistochemistry (temporal cortex: 51 controls and 56 AD and frontal cortex: 7 controls and 24 FTLD patients), western blot (frontal cortex: 14 controls, 5 AD and 67 FTLD patients), or ELISA (temporal cortex: 11 controls and 7 AD and frontal cortex: 14 controls, 5 AD and 67 FTLD patients). YKL-40 levels were also measured in paired post-mortem brain and ante-mortem CSF samples from dementia patients (n = 9, time-interval collection: 1.4 years) by ELISA. Results We observed that YKL-40 post-mortem brain levels were similar between AD, FTLD, and controls as shown by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and ELISA. Interestingly, strong YKL-40 immunoreactivity was observed in AD cases with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA; n = 6). In paired CSF-brain samples, YKL-40 concentration was 8-times higher in CSF compared to brain. Conclusion Our data suggest that CSF YKL-40 changes may not reflect YKL-40 changes within AD and FTLD pathological brain areas. The YKL-40 reactivity associated with classical CAA hallmarks indicates a possible relationship between YKL-40, neuroinflammation, and vascular pathology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-022-01039-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanaika S Hok-A-Hin
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Dorine Wouters
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer C Howell
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Alberto Rábano
- CIEN Tissue Bank, Alzheimer's Centre Reina Sofía-CIEN Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Centre Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, VU University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Centre Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Del Campo
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Mavroudis I, Chowdhury R, Petridis F, Karantali E, Chatzikonstantinou S, Balmus IM, Luca IS, Ciobica A, Kazis D. YKL-40 as a Potential Biomarker for the Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 58:medicina58010060. [PMID: 35056368 PMCID: PMC8777884 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, associated with extensive neuronal loss, dendritic and synaptic changes resulting in significant cognitive impairment. An increased number of studies have given rise to the neuroinflammatory hypothesis in AD. It is widely accepted that AD brains show chronic inflammation, probably triggered by the presence of insoluble amyloid beta deposits and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and is also related to the activation of neuronal death cascade. In the present study we aimed to investigate the role of YKL-40 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the diagnosis of AD, and to discuss whether there are further potential roles of this protein in the management and treatment of AD. We conducted an online search on PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library databases from 1990 to 2021. The quantitative analysis showed that the levels of YKL-40 were significantly higher in Alzheimer’s disease compared to controls, to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) AD (MCI-AD) and to stable MCI. They were also increased in MCI-AD compared to stable MCI. The present study shows that the CSF levels of YKL-40 could be potentially used as a biomarker for the prognosis of mild cognitive impairment and the likelihood of progression to AD, as well as for the differential diagnosis between AD and MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mavroudis
- Department of Neurology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (I.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Rumana Chowdhury
- Department of Neurology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (I.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Foivos Petridis
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (F.P.); (E.K.); (S.C.); (D.K.)
| | - Eleni Karantali
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (F.P.); (E.K.); (S.C.); (D.K.)
| | - Symela Chatzikonstantinou
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (F.P.); (E.K.); (S.C.); (D.K.)
| | - Ioana Miruna Balmus
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, ”Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Alexandru Lapsuneanu Street, No. 26, 700057 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Iuliana Simona Luca
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I Avenue, No. 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.S.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I Avenue, No. 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.S.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Dimitrios Kazis
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (F.P.); (E.K.); (S.C.); (D.K.)
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12
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Hao Y, Liu X, Zhu R. Neurodegeneration and Glial Activation Related CSF Biomarker as the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and an Updated Meta-analysis. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 19:32-46. [PMID: 34879804 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211208142702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, neuron specific enolase (NSE), Visinin-like protein-1 (VLP-1), neurogranin (Ng), and YKL-40 have been identified as candidates for neuronal degeneration and glial activation biomarkers. Therefore, we perform a comprehensive meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic value of CSF NSE, VLP-1, Ng and YKL-40 in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We searched Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE databases for research about the levels of CSF NSE, VLP-1, Ng and YKL-40 in AD patients compared with controls or other dementia diseases until Dec 2020. RESULTS The present meta-analysis contained a total of 51 studies comprising 6248 patients with dementia disorders and 3861 controls. Among them, there were 3262 patients with AD, 2456 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 173 patients with vascular dementia (VaD), 221 patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and 136 with Lewy bodies dementia (DLB). Our study demonstrated that CSF NSE, VLP-1, Ng and YKL-40 levels were increased in AD as compared to healthy controls. We also observed that the CSF NSE level was higher in AD than VaD, suggesting CSF NSE might act as a key role in distinguishing between AD and VaD. Interestingly, there was a higher VLP-1 expression in AD, and a lower expression in DLB patients. Moreover, we found the CSF Ng level was increased in AD than MCI, implying CSF Ng might be a biomarker for identifying the progression of AD. Additionally, a significantly higher CSF YKL-40 level was detected not only in AD, but also in FTD, DLB, VaD, signifying YKL-40 was not sensitive in the diagnosis of AD. CONCLUSION Our study confirmed that CSF levels of NSE, VLP-1, and Ng could be valuable biomarkers for identifying patients who are more susceptible to AD and distinguishing AD from other neurodegenerative dementia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001. China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001. China
| | - Ruixia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001. China
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13
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Kim S, Whitley CB, Jarnes JR. Chitotriosidase as a biomarker for gangliosidoses. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 29:100803. [PMID: 34646735 PMCID: PMC8498089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum chitotriosidase (CHITO) is an indication of macrophage activation, and its capacity have been explored as a marker of inflammation in a number of disease states. For over a decade, CHITO plasma levels have been used by clinicians as a biomarker of inflammation in the lysosomal disease, Gaucher disease, including monitoring response to therapies in patients with Gaucher disease type I. Although it is becoming increasingly recognized that inflammation is a prominent component of many lysosomal diseases, the relation of CHITO levels to disease burden has not been well-characterized in the large majority of lysosomal diseases. Moreover, the role of CHITO in lysosomal diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS) has not been systematically studied. In this study, one hundred and thirty-four specimens of CSF and serum were collected from 34 patients with lysosomal diseases affecting the CNS. This study included patients with GM1-gangliosidosis, GM2-gangliosidosis, mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), multiple sulfatase deficiency and Gaucher disease. CHITO levels in the CSF were significantly higher in patients with more rapidly progressing severe neurological impairment: GM1-gangliosidosis vs MPS (p < 0.0001); GM2-gangliosidosis vs MPS (p < 0.0001). CHITO levels were higher in patients with the more severe phenotypes compared to milder phenotypes in GM1-gangliosidosis and GM2-gangliosidosis (serum CHITO in GM1-gangliosidosis infantile vs juvenile p = 0.025; CSF CHITO in Tay-Sachs infantile vs Tay-Sachs late-onset p < 0.0001). Moreover, higher CHITO levels in the CSF were significantly associated with lower cognitive test scores in patients with GM1-gangliosidosis, GM2-gangliosidosis, and MPS (p = 1.12*10-5, R2 = 0.72). Patients with infantile GM1-gangliosidosis showed increasing CSF CHITO over time, suggesting that CSF CHITO reflects disease progression and a possible surrogate endpoint for future clinical trials with infantile GM1-gangliosidosis. In summary, these results support the use of CSF CHITO to diagnose between different disease phenotypes and as a valuable tool for monitoring disease progression in patients. These results necessitate the inclusion of CHITO as an exploratory biomarker for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kim
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 7-115 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Gene Therapy and Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 391, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chester B Whitley
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 7-115 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Gene Therapy and Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 391, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Advanced Therapies Program, University of Minnesota-Fairview, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 391, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jeanine R Jarnes
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 7-115 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Gene Therapy and Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 391, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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14
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Minta K, Brinkmalm G, Portelius E, Johansson P, Svensson J, Kettunen P, Wallin A, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Andreasson U. Brevican and Neurocan Peptides as Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Differentiation Between Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:729-741. [PMID: 33337373 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brevican and neurocan are central nervous system-specific extracellular matrix proteoglycans. They are degraded by extracellular enzymes, such as metalloproteinases. However, their degradation profile is largely unexplored in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). OBJECTIVE The study aim was to quantify proteolytic peptides derived from brevican and neurocan in human CSF of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) compared with controls. METHODS The first cohort consisted of 75 individuals including 25 patients with AD, 7 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosed with AD upon follow-up, 10 patients with VaD or MCI diagnosed with VaD upon follow-up, and 33 healthy controls and cognitively stable MCI patients. In the second cohort, 31 individuals were included (5 AD patients, 14 VaD patients and 12 healthy controls). Twenty proteolytic peptides derived from brevican (n = 9) and neurocan (n = 11) were quantified using high-resolution parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. RESULTS In the first cohort, the majority of CSF concentrations of brevican and neurocan peptides were significantly decreased inVaDas compared withADpatients (AUC = 0.83.0.93, p≤0.05) and as compared with the control group (AUC = 0.79.0.87, p ≤ 0.05). In the second cohort, CSF concentrations of two brevican peptides (B87, B156) were significantly decreased in VaD compared with AD (AUC = 0.86.0.91, p ≤ 0.05) and to controls (AUC = 0.80.0.82, p ≤ 0.05), while other brevican and neurocan peptides showed a clear trend to be decreased in VaD compared with AD (AUC = 0.64.80, p > 0.05). No peptides differed between AD and controls. CONCLUSION Brevican and neurocan peptides are potential diagnostic biomarkers for VaD, with ability to separate VaD from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Minta
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Per Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Lund University, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Petronella Kettunen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Wallin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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15
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Freigang M, Steinacker P, Wurster CD, Schreiber-Katz O, Osmanovic A, Petri S, Koch JC, Rostásy K, Falkenburger B, Ludolph AC, Otto M, Hermann A, Günther R. Increased chitotriosidase 1 concentration following nusinersen treatment in spinal muscular atrophy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:330. [PMID: 34321067 PMCID: PMC8320162 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies regarding the impact of (neuro)inflammation and inflammatory response following repetitive, intrathecally administered antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) in 5q-associated spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are sparse. Increased risk of hydrocephalus in untreated SMA patients and a marginal but significant increase of the serum/CSF albumin ratio (Qalb) with rare cases of communicating hydrocephalus during nusinersen treatment were reported, which confirms the unmet need of an inflammatory biomarker in SMA. The aim of this study was to investigate the (neuro)inflammatory marker chitotriosidase 1 (CHIT1) in SMA patients before and following the treatment with the ASO nusinersen.
Methods In this prospective, multicenter observational study, we studied CSF CHIT1 concentrations in 58 adult and 21 pediatric patients with SMA type 1, 2 or 3 before treatment initiation in comparison to age- and sex-matched controls and investigated its dynamics during nusinersen treatment. Concurrently, motor performance and disease severity were assessed. Results CHIT1 concentrations were elevated in treatment-naïve SMA patients as compared to controls, but less pronounced than described for other neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. CHIT1 concentration did not correlate with disease severity and did not distinguish between clinical subtypes. CHIT1 concentration did show a significant increase during nusinersen treatment that was unrelated to the clinical response to nusinersen therapy. Conclusions CHIT1 elevation in treatment-naïve SMA patients indicates the involvement of (neuro)inflammation in SMA. The lacking correlation of CHIT1 concentration with disease severity argues against its use as a marker of disease progression. The observed CHIT1 increase during nusinersen treatment may indicate an immune response-like, off-target reaction. Since antisense oligonucleotides are an establishing approach in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, this observation needs to be further evaluated. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-01961-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Freigang
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alma Osmanovic
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Christoph Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Björn Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Albert Christian Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - René Günther
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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16
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Moore EE, Liu D, Li J, Schimmel SJ, Cambronero FE, Terry JG, Nair S, Pechman KR, Moore ME, Bell SP, Beckman JA, Gifford KA, Hohman TJ, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Carr JJ, Jefferson AL. Association of Aortic Stiffness With Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation, Synaptic Dysfunction, and Neurodegeneration. Neurology 2021; 97:e329-e340. [PMID: 34031194 PMCID: PMC8362359 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that increased aortic stiffening is associated with greater CSF evidence of core Alzheimer disease pathology (β-amyloid [Aβ], phosphorylated tau [p-tau]), neurodegeneration (total tau [t-tau]), synaptic dysfunction (neurogranin), neuroaxonal injury (neurofilament light [NFL]), and neuroinflammation (YKL-40, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 [sTREM2]), we analyzed pulse wave velocity (PWV) data and CSF data among older adults. METHODS Participants free of stroke and dementia from the Vanderbilt Memory and Aging Project, an observational community-based study, underwent cardiac magnetic resonance to assess aortic PWV (meters per second) and lumbar puncture to obtain CSF. Linear regressions related aortic PWV to CSF Aβ, p-tau, t-tau, neurogranin, NFL, YKL-40, and sTREM2 concentrations after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, education, apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 status, Framingham Stroke Risk Profile, and cognitive diagnosis. Models were repeated testing PWV interactions with age, diagnosis, APOE ε4, and hypertension on each biomarker. RESULTS One hundred forty-six participants were examined (age 72 ± 6 years). Aortic PWV interacted with age on p-tau (β = 0.31, p = 0.04), t-tau, (β = 2.67, p = 0.05), neurogranin (β = 0.94, p = 0.04), and sTREM2 (β = 20.4, p = 0.05). Among participants >73 years of age, higher aortic PWV related to higher p-tau (β = 2.4, p = 0.03), t-tau (β = 19.3, p = 0.05), neurogranin (β = 8.4, p = 0.01), and YKL-40 concentrations (β = 7,880, p = 0.005). Aortic PWV had modest interactions with diagnosis on neurogranin (β = -10.76, p = 0.03) and hypertension status on YKL-40 (β = 18,020, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among our oldest participants, ≥74 years of age, greater aortic stiffening is associated with in vivo biomarker evidence of neuroinflammation, tau phosphorylation, synaptic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration, but not amyloidosis. Central arterial stiffening may lead to cumulative cerebral microcirculatory damage and reduced blood flow delivery to tissue, resulting in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in more advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Moore
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Dandan Liu
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Judy Li
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Samantha J Schimmel
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Francis E Cambronero
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - James G Terry
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Sangeeta Nair
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Kimberly R Pechman
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Marissa E Moore
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Susan P Bell
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Joshua A Beckman
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Katherine A Gifford
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - John Jeffrey Carr
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- From the Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., D.L., J.L., S.J.S., F.E.C., K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Department of Biostatistics (D.L.), Radiology & Radiological Sciences (J.G.T., S.N., J.J.C.), Department of Neurology (K.R.P., M.E.M., K.A.G., T.J.H., A.L.J.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.P.B., J.A.B., A.L.J.), Department of Medicine, and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute (T.J.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square; and United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London (H.Z.), UK.
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Jakaria M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Barreto GE, Perveen A, Hafeez A, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM, Ashraf GM. Exploring the Potential of Neuroproteomics in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2263-2278. [PMID: 32493192 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200603112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is progressive brain amyloidosis that damages brain regions associated with memory, thinking, behavioral and social skills. Neuropathologically, AD is characterized by intraneuronal hyperphosphorylated tau inclusions as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and buildup of extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide as senile plaques. Several biomarker tests capturing these pathologies have been developed. However, for the full clinical expression of the neurodegenerative events of AD, there exist other central molecular pathways. In terms of understanding the unidentified underlying processes for the progression and development of AD, a complete comprehension of the structure and composition of atypical aggregation of proteins is essential. Presently, to aid the prognosis, diagnosis, detection, and development of drug targets in AD, neuroproteomics is elected as one of the leading essential tools for the efficient exploratory discovery of prospective biomarker candidates estimated to play a crucial role. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present the role of neuroproteomics to analyze the complexity of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Jakaria
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ghulam M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Bellaver B, Ferrari-Souza JP, Uglione da Ros L, Carter SF, Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Nordberg A, Pellerin L, Rosa-Neto P, Leffa DT, Zimmer ER. Astrocyte Biomarkers in Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurology 2021; 96:e2944-e2955. [PMID: 33952650 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether fluid and imaging astrocyte biomarkers are altered in Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for articles reporting fluid or imaging astrocyte biomarkers in AD. Pooled effect sizes were determined with standardized mean differences (SMDs) using the Hedge G method with random effects to determine biomarker performance. Adapted questions from the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies were applied for quality assessment. A protocol for this study has been previously registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42020192304). RESULTS The initial search identified 1,425 articles. After exclusion criteria were applied, 33 articles (a total of 3,204 individuals) measuring levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100B, chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40), and aquaporin 4 in the blood and CSF, as well as monoamine oxidase-B indexed by PET 11C-deuterium-l-deprenyl, were included. GFAP (SMD 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71-1.18) and YKL-40 (SMD 0.76, 95% CI 0.63-0.89) levels in the CSF and S100B levels in the blood (SMD 2.91, 95% CI 1.01-4.8) were found to be significantly increased in patients with AD. CONCLUSIONS Despite significant progress, applications of astrocyte biomarkers in AD remain in their early days. This meta-analysis demonstrated that astrocyte biomarkers are consistently altered in AD and supports further investigation for their inclusion in the AD clinical research framework for observational and interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Bellaver
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Ferrari-Souza
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Uglione da Ros
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stephen F Carter
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luc Pellerin
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas Teixeira Leffa
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Thordardottir S, Almkvist O, Johansson C, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Graff C. Cerebrospinal Fluid YKL-40 and Neurogranin in Familial Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:941-953. [PMID: 32568193 PMCID: PMC7505010 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND YKL-40 and neurogranin are promising additional cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) which reflect different underlying disease mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To compare the levels of CSF YKL-40 and neurogranin between asymptomatic carriers of familial AD (FAD) mutations (MC) and non-carriers (NC) from the same families. Another objective was to assess changes in YKL-40 and neurogranin, from the presymptomatic to clinical phase of FAD. METHODS YKL-40 and neurogranin, as well as Aβ42, total tau-protein, and phospho-tau, were measured in the CSF of 14 individuals carrying one of three FAD mutations, APPswe (p.KM670/671NL), APParc (p.E693G), and PSEN1 (p.H163Y), as well as in 17 NC from the same families. Five of the MC developed mild cognitive impairment (MCI) during follow-up. RESULTS In this pilot study, there was no difference in either CSF YKL-40 or neurogranin when comparing the presymptomatic MC to the NC. YKL-40 correlated positively with expected years to symptom onset and to age in both the MC and the NC, while neurogranin had no correlation to either variable in either of the groups. A subgroup of the participants underwent more than one CSF sampling in which half of the MC developed MCI during follow-up. The longitudinal data showed an increase in YKL-40 levels in the MC as the expected symptom onset approached. Neurogranin remained stable over time in both the MC and the NC. CONCLUSION These findings support a positive correlation between progression from presymptomatic to symptomatic AD and levels of CSF YKL-40, but not neurogranin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinunn Thordardottir
- Department of NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Disease Research, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ove Almkvist
- Department of NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Johansson
- Department of NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Disease Research, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Solna, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,UCL Insitute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Disease Research, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Solna, Sweden
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20
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Moore EE, Jefferson AL. Impact of Cardiovascular Hemodynamics on Cognitive Aging. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1255-1264. [PMID: 33567862 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.311909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Moore
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., A.L.J.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (E.E.M.)
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center (E.E.M., A.L.J.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Neurology (A.L.J.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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21
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Increasing the reproducibility of fluid biomarker studies in neurodegenerative studies. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6252. [PMID: 33288742 PMCID: PMC7721731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers have revolutionized scientific research on neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease, transformed drug trial design, and are also increasingly improving patient management in clinical practice. A few key cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have been robustly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Several novel biomarkers are very promising, especially blood-based markers. However, many biomarker findings have had low reproducibility despite initial promising results. In this perspective, we identify possible sources for low reproducibility of studies on fluid biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease. We suggest guidelines for researchers and journal editors, with the aim to improve reproducibility of findings.
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22
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Tarawneh R. Biomarkers: Our Path Towards a Cure for Alzheimer Disease. Biomark Insights 2020; 15:1177271920976367. [PMID: 33293784 PMCID: PMC7705771 DOI: 10.1177/1177271920976367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, biomarkers have significantly improved our understanding of
the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease (AD) and provided valuable tools to
examine different disease mechanisms and their progression over time. While
several markers of amyloid, tau, neuronal, synaptic, and axonal injury,
inflammation, and immune dysregulation in AD have been identified, there is a
relative paucity of biomarkers which reflect other disease mechanisms such as
oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury, vascular or endothelial injury, and
calcium-mediated excitotoxicity. Importantly, there is an urgent need to
standardize methods for biomarker assessments across different centers, and to
identify dynamic biomarkers which can monitor disease progression over time
and/or response to potential disease-modifying treatments. The updated research
framework for AD, proposed by the National Institute of Aging- Alzheimer’s
Association (NIA-AA) Work Group, emphasizes the importance of incorporating
biomarkers in AD research and defines AD as a biological construct consisting of
amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration which spans pre-symptomatic and symptomatic
stages. As results of clinical trials of AD therapeutics have been
disappointing, it has become increasingly clear that the success of future AD
trials will require the incorporation of biomarkers in participant selection,
prognostication, monitoring disease progression, and assessing response to
treatments. We here review the current state of fluid AD biomarkers, and discuss
the advantages and limitations of the updated NIA-AA research framework.
Importantly, the integration of biomarker data with clinical, cognitive, and
imaging domains through a systems biology approach will be essential to
adequately capture the molecular, genetic, and pathological heterogeneity of AD
and its spatiotemporal evolution over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Tarawneh
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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23
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Chitinase-3 like-protein-1 function and its role in diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:201. [PMID: 32929074 PMCID: PMC7490424 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-enzymatic chitinase-3 like-protein-1 (CHI3L1) belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 18. It binds to chitin, heparin, and hyaluronic acid, and is regulated by extracellular matrix changes, cytokines, growth factors, drugs, and stress. CHI3L1 is synthesized and secreted by a multitude of cells including macrophages, neutrophils, synoviocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblast-like cells, smooth muscle cells, and tumor cells. It plays a major role in tissue injury, inflammation, tissue repair, and remodeling responses. CHI3L1 has been strongly associated with diseases including asthma, arthritis, sepsis, diabetes, liver fibrosis, and coronary artery disease. Moreover, following its initial identification in the culture supernatant of the MG63 osteosarcoma cell line, CHI3L1 has been shown to be overexpressed in a wealth of both human cancers and animal tumor models. To date, interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2, transmembrane protein 219, galectin-3, chemo-attractant receptor-homologous 2, and CD44 have been identified as CHI3L1 receptors. CHI3L1 signaling plays a critical role in cancer cell growth, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, activation of tumor-associated macrophages, and Th2 polarization of CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, CHI3L1-based targeted therapy has been increasingly applied to the treatment of tumors including glioma and colon cancer as well as rheumatoid arthritis. This review summarizes the potential roles and mechanisms of CHI3L1 in oncogenesis and disease pathogenesis, then posits investigational strategies for targeted therapies.
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Significance of Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Sensitivity, Specificity and Potential for Clinical Use. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030116. [PMID: 32911755 PMCID: PMC7565390 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, affecting more than 5 million Americans, with steadily increasing mortality and incredible socio-economic burden. Not only have therapeutic efforts so far failed to reach significant efficacy, but the real pathogenesis of the disease is still obscure. The current theories are based on pathological findings of amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles that accumulate in the brain parenchyma of affected patients. These findings have defined, together with the extensive neurodegeneration, the diagnostic criteria of the disease. The ability to detect changes in the levels of amyloid and tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) first, and more recently in blood, has allowed us to use these biomarkers for the specific in-vivo diagnosis of AD in humans. Furthermore, other pathological elements of AD, such as the loss of neurons, inflammation and metabolic derangement, have translated to the definition of other CSF and blood biomarkers, which are not specific of the disease but, when combined with amyloid and tau, correlate with the progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD dementia, or identify patients who will develop AD pathology. In this review, we discuss the role of current and hypothetical biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, their specificity, and the caveats of current high-sensitivity platforms for their peripheral detection.
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Woollacott IO, Nicholas JM, Heller C, Foiani MS, Moore KM, Russell LL, Paterson RW, Keshavan A, Schott JM, Warren JD, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Rohrer JD. Cerebrospinal Fluid YKL-40 and Chitotriosidase Levels in Frontotemporal Dementia Vary by Clinical, Genetic and Pathological Subtype. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2020; 49:56-76. [PMID: 32344399 PMCID: PMC7513620 DOI: 10.1159/000506282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic glial dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of glia-derived proteins YKL-40 and chitotriosidase are increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but have not been explored in detail across the spectrum of FTD. METHODS We investigated whether CSF YKL-40 and chitotriosidase levels differed between FTD patients and controls, across different clinical and genetic subtypes of FTD, and between individuals with a clinical FTD syndrome due to AD versus non-AD (frontotemporal lobar degeneration, FTLD) pathology (based on CSF neurodegenerative biomarkers). Eighteen healthy controls and 64 people with FTD (behavioural variant FTD, n = 20; primary progressive aphasia [PPA], n = 44: nfvPPA, n = 16, svPPA, n = 11, lvPPA, n = 14, PPA-NOS, n = 3) were included. 10/64 had familial FTD, with mutations in GRN(n = 3), MAPT(n = 4), or C9orf72 (n = 3). 15/64 had neurodegenerative biomarkers consistent with AD pathology. Levels were measured by immunoassay and compared using multiple linear regressions. We also examined relationships of YKL-40 and chitotriosidase with CSF total tau (T-tau), phosphorylated tau 181 (P-tau) and β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ42), with each other, and with age and disease du-ration. RESULTS CSF YKL-40 and chitotriosidase levels were higher in FTD, particularly lvPPA (both) and nfvPPA (YKL-40), compared with controls. GRN mutation carriers had higher levels of both proteins than controls and C9orf72 expansion carriers, and YKL-40 was higher in MAPT mutation carriers than controls. Individuals with underlying AD pathology had higher YKL-40 and chitotriosidase levels than both controls and those with likely FTLD pathology. CSF YKL-40 and chitotriosidase levels were variably associated with levels of T-tau, P-tau and Aβ42, and with each other, depending on clinical syndrome and underlying pathology. CSF YKL-40 but not chitotriosidase was associated with age, but not disease duration. CONCLUSION CSF YKL-40 and chitotriosidase levels are increased in individuals with clinical FTD syndromes, particularly due to AD pathology. In a preliminary analysis of genetic groups, levels of both proteins are found to be highly elevated in FTD due to GRN mutations, while YKL-40 is increased in individuals with MAPT mutations. As glia-derived protein levels generally correlate with T-tau and P-tau levels, they may reflect the glial response to neurodegeneration in FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ione O.C. Woollacott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M. Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolin Heller
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martha S. Foiani
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina M. Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy L. Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W. Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D. Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jonathan D. Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom,*Dr. Jonathan D. Rohrer, Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG (UK),
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26
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Varghese AM, Ghosh M, Bhagat SK, Vijayalakshmi K, Preethish-Kumar V, Vengalil S, Chevula PCR, Nashi S, Polavarapu K, Sharma M, Dhaliwal RS, Philip M, Nalini A, Alladi PA, Sathyaprabha TN, Raju TR. Chitotriosidase, a biomarker of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, accentuates neurodegeneration in spinal motor neurons through neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:232. [PMID: 32762702 PMCID: PMC7412641 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrospinal fluid from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (ALS-CSF) induces neurodegenerative changes in motor neurons and gliosis in sporadic ALS models. Search for identification of toxic factor(s) in CSF revealed an enhancement in the level and enzyme activity of chitotriosidase (CHIT-1). Here, we have investigated its upregulation in a large cohort of samples and more importantly its role in ALS pathogenesis in a rat model. Methods CHIT-1 level in CSF samples from ALS (n = 158), non-ALS (n = 12) and normal (n = 48) subjects were measured using ELISA. Enzyme activity was also assessed (ALS, n = 56; non-ALS, n = 10 and normal-CSF, n = 45). Recombinant CHIT-1 was intrathecally injected into Wistar rat neonates. Lumbar spinal cord sections were stained for Iba1, glial fibrillary acidic protein and choline acetyl transferase to identify microglia, astrocytes and motor neurons respectively after 48 h of injection. Levels of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were measured by ELISA. Findings CHIT-1 level in ALS-CSF samples was increased by 20-fold and it can distinguish ALS patients with a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 83.3% at a cut off level of 1405.43 pg/ml. Enzyme activity of CHIT-1 was also 15-fold higher in ALS-CSF and has a sensitivity of 80.4% and specificity of 80% at cut off value of 0.1077989 μmol/μl/min. Combining CHIT-1 level and activity together gave a positive predictive value of 97.78% and negative predictive value of 100%. Administration of CHIT-1 increased microglial numbers and astrogliosis in the ventral horn with a concomitant increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Amoeboid-shaped microglial and astroglial cells were also present around the central canal. CHIT-1 administration also resulted in the reduction of motor neurons. Conclusions CHIT-1, an early diagnostic biomarker of sporadic ALS, activates glia priming them to attain a toxic phenotype resulting in neuroinflammation leading to motor neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Mary Varghese
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Mausam Ghosh
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Savita Kumari Bhagat
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - K Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Veeramani Preethish-Kumar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Seena Vengalil
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Pradeep-Chandra-Reddy Chevula
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Saraswati Nashi
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Kiran Polavarapu
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Division of Non Communicable Disease, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Mariamma Philip
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Atchayaram Nalini
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Phalguni Anand Alladi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Talakad N Sathyaprabha
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Trichur R Raju
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India.
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Drobin K, Marczyk M, Halle M, Danielsson D, Papiez A, Sangsuwan T, Bendes A, Hong MG, Qundos U, Harms-Ringdahl M, Wersäll P, Polanska J, Schwenk JM, Haghdoost S. Molecular Profiling for Predictors of Radiosensitivity in Patients with Breast or Head-and-Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030753. [PMID: 32235817 PMCID: PMC7140105 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of all cancers are treated with radiotherapy alone or in combination with other treatments, where damage to normal tissues is a limiting factor for the treatment. Radiotherapy-induced adverse health effects, mostly of importance for cancer patients with long-term survival, may appear during or long time after finishing radiotherapy and depend on the patient’s radiosensitivity. Currently, there is no assay available that can reliably predict the individual’s response to radiotherapy. We profiled two study sets from breast (n = 29) and head-and-neck cancer patients (n = 74) that included radiosensitive patients and matched radioresistant controls.. We studied 55 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 33 genes by DNA genotyping and 130 circulating proteins by affinity-based plasma proteomics. In both study sets, we discovered several plasma proteins with the predictive power to find radiosensitive patients (adjusted p < 0.05) and validated the two most predictive proteins (THPO and STIM1) by sandwich immunoassays. By integrating genotypic and proteomic data into an analysis model, it was found that the proteins CHIT1, PDGFB, PNKD, RP2, SERPINC1, SLC4A, STIM1, and THPO, as well as the VEGFA gene variant rs69947, predicted radiosensitivity of our breast cancer (AUC = 0.76) and head-and-neck cancer (AUC = 0.89) patients. In conclusion, circulating proteins and a SNP variant of VEGFA suggest that processes such as vascular growth capacity, immune response, DNA repair and oxidative stress/hypoxia may be involved in an individual’s risk of experiencing radiation-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimi Drobin
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.D.); (A.B.); (M.-G.H.); (U.Q.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Michal Marczyk
- Yale Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 06511 New Haven, CT, USA;
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden;
- Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Danielsson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of ENT Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Papiez
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Traimate Sangsuwan
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.S.); (M.H.-R.)
| | - Annika Bendes
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.D.); (A.B.); (M.-G.H.); (U.Q.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.D.); (A.B.); (M.-G.H.); (U.Q.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Ulrika Qundos
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.D.); (A.B.); (M.-G.H.); (U.Q.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Mats Harms-Ringdahl
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.S.); (M.H.-R.)
| | - Peter Wersäll
- Department of Radiotherapy, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Joanna Polanska
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Jochen M. Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.D.); (A.B.); (M.-G.H.); (U.Q.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.S.); (M.H.-R.)
- University of Caen Normandy, Department of medicine, Cimap-Laria, Advanced Resource Center for HADrontherapy in Europe (ARCHADE), 14076 Caen, France
- Correspondence:
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Milà-Alomà M, Suárez-Calvet M, Molinuevo JL. Latest advances in cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286419888819. [PMID: 31897088 PMCID: PMC6920596 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419888819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and its diagnosis has classically been based on clinical symptoms. Recently, a biological rather than a syndromic definition of the disease has been proposed that is based on biomarkers that reflect neuropathological changes. In AD, there are two main biomarker categories, namely neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers [cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood]. As a complex and multifactorial disease, AD biomarkers are important for an accurate diagnosis and to stage the disease, assess the prognosis, test target engagement, and measure the response to treatment. In addition, biomarkers provide us with information that, even if it does not have a current clinical use, helps us to understand the mechanisms of the disease. In addition to the pathological hallmarks of AD, which include amyloid-β and tau deposition, there are multiple concomitant pathological events that play a key role in the disease. These include, but are not limited to, neurodegeneration, inflammation, vascular dysregulation or synaptic dysfunction. In addition, AD patients often have an accumulation of other proteins including α-synuclein and TDP-43, which may have a pathogenic effect on AD. In combination, there is a need to have biomarkers that reflect different aspects of AD pathogenesis and this will be important in the future to establish what are the most suitable applications for each of these AD-related biomarkers. It is unclear whether sex, gender, or both have an effect on the causes of AD. There may be differences in fluid biomarkers due to sex but this issue has often been neglected and warrants further research. In this review, we summarize the current state of the principal AD fluid biomarkers and discuss the effect of sex on these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Milà-Alomà
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC),
Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC),
Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
- Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar,
Barcelona
| | - José Luís Molinuevo
- Scientific Director, Alzheimer’s Prevention
Program, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Wellington 30, Barcelona,
08005, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable,
Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Whelan CD, Mattsson N, Nagle MW, Vijayaraghavan S, Hyde C, Janelidze S, Stomrud E, Lee J, Fitz L, Samad TA, Ramaswamy G, Margolin RA, Malarstig A, Hansson O. Multiplex proteomics identifies novel CSF and plasma biomarkers of early Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:169. [PMID: 31694701 PMCID: PMC6836495 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the development of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has largely focused on the removal of amyloid beta Aβ fragments from the CNS. Proteomic profiling of patient fluids may help identify novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers associated with AD pathology. Here, we applied the Olink™ ProSeek immunoassay to measure 270 CSF and plasma proteins across 415 Aβ- negative cognitively normal individuals (Aβ- CN), 142 Aβ-positive CN (Aβ+ CN), 50 Aβ- mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, 75 Aβ+ MCI patients, and 161 Aβ+ AD patients from the Swedish BioFINDER study. A validation cohort included 59 Aβ- CN, 23 Aβ- + CN, 44 Aβ- MCI and 53 Aβ+ MCI. To compare protein concentrations in patients versus controls, we applied multiple linear regressions adjusting for age, gender, medications, smoking and mean subject-level protein concentration, and corrected findings for false discovery rate (FDR, q < 0.05). We identified, and replicated, altered levels of ten CSF proteins in Aβ+ individuals, including CHIT1, SMOC2, MMP-10, LDLR, CD200, EIF4EBP1, ALCAM, RGMB, tPA and STAMBP (− 0.14 < d < 1.16; q < 0.05). We also identified and replicated alterations of six plasma proteins in Aβ+ individuals OSM, MMP-9, HAGH, CD200, AXIN1, and uPA (− 0.77 < d < 1.28; q < 0.05). Multiple analytes associated with cognitive performance and cortical thickness (q < 0.05). Plasma biomarkers could distinguish AD dementia (AUC = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.87–0.98) and prodromal AD (AUC = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.68–0.87) from CN. These findings reemphasize the contributions of immune markers, phospholipids, angiogenic proteins and other biomarkers downstream of, and potentially orthogonal to, Aβ- and tau in AD, and identify candidate biomarkers for earlier detection of neurodegeneration.
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30
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Sex difference in CHI3L1 expression levels in human brain aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Extracellular RNAs as Biomarkers of Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133148. [PMID: 31252669 PMCID: PMC6651127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in the research for underlying mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has led to the development of potentially effective treatment, and hence increased the need for useful biomarkers that may enable early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. The deposition of abnormal proteins is a pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, including β-amyloid in AD, α-synuclein in PD, and the transactive response DNA/RNA binding protein of 43kDa (TDP-43) in ALS. Furthermore, progression of the disease process accompanies the spreading of abnormal proteins. Extracellular proteins and RNAs, including mRNA, micro RNA, and circular RNA, which are present as a composite of exosomes or other forms, play a role in cell–cell communication, and the role of extracellular molecules in the cell-to-cell spreading of pathological processes in neurodegenerative diseases is now in the spotlight. Therefore, extracellular proteins and RNAs are considered potential biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular ALS, in which RNA dysregulation has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis. Here, we review extracellular proteins and RNAs that have been scrutinized as potential biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, and discuss the possibility of extracellular RNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring biomarkers of sporadic ALS.
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32
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Wang Q, Wang Y, Liu J, Sutphen CL, Cruchaga C, Blazey T, Gordon BA, Su Y, Chen C, Shimony JS, Ances BM, Cairns NJ, Fagan AM, Morris JC, Benzinger TLS. Quantification of white matter cellularity and damage in preclinical and early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 22:101767. [PMID: 30901713 PMCID: PMC6428957 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interest in understanding the roles of white matter (WM) inflammation and damage in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been growing significantly in recent years. However, in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for imaging inflammation are still lacking. An advanced diffusion-based MRI method, neuro-inflammation imaging (NII), has been developed to clinically image and quantify WM inflammation and damage in AD. Here, we employed NII measures in conjunction with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker classification (for β-amyloid (Aβ) and neurodegeneration) to evaluate 200 participants in an ongoing study of memory and aging. Elevated NII-derived cellular diffusivity was observed in both preclinical and early symptomatic phases of AD, while disruption of WM integrity, as detected by decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased radial diffusivity (RD), was only observed in the symptomatic phase of AD. This may suggest that WM inflammation occurs earlier than WM damage following abnormal Aβ accumulation in AD. The negative correlation between NII-derived cellular diffusivity and CSF Aβ42 level (a marker of amyloidosis) may indicate that WM inflammation is associated with increasing Aβ burden. NII-derived FA also negatively correlated with CSF t-tau level (a marker of neurodegeneration), suggesting that disruption of WM integrity is associated with increasing neurodegeneration. Our findings demonstrated the capability of NII to simultaneously image and quantify WM cellularity changes and damage in preclinical and early symptomatic AD. NII may serve as a clinically feasible imaging tool to study the individual and composite roles of WM inflammation and damage in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park, Suite 101, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park, Suite 101, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Engineering & Applied Science, St. Louis, MO 63015, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Jingxia Liu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Courtney L Sutphen
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park, Suite 101, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tyler Blazey
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park, Suite 101, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Yi Su
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Charlie Chen
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park, Suite 101, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park, Suite 101, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park, Suite 101, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park, Suite 101, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park, Suite 101, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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33
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Nordengen K, Kirsebom BE, Henjum K, Selnes P, Gísladóttir B, Wettergreen M, Torsetnes SB, Grøntvedt GR, Waterloo KK, Aarsland D, Nilsson LNG, Fladby T. Glial activation and inflammation along the Alzheimer's disease continuum. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:46. [PMID: 30791945 PMCID: PMC6383268 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal and glial cell interaction is essential for synaptic homeostasis and may be affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neuronal and glia markers along the AD continuum, to reveal putative protective or harmful stage-dependent patterns of activation. Methods We included healthy controls (n = 36) and Aβ-positive (Aβ+) cases (as defined by pathological CSF amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ42)) with either subjective cognitive decline (SCD, n = 19), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 39), or AD dementia (n = 27). The following CSF markers were measured: a microglial activation marker—soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), a marker of microglial inflammatory reaction—monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), two astroglial activation markers—chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40) and clusterin, a neuron-microglia communication marker—fractalkine, and the CSF AD biomarkers (Aβ42, phosphorylated tau (P-tau), total tau (T-tau)). Using ANOVA with planned comparisons, or Kruskal-Wallis tests with Dunn’s pairwise comparisons, CSF levels were compared between clinical groups and between stages of biomarker severity using CSF biomarkers for classification based on amyloid pathology (A), tau pathology (T), and neurodegeneration (N) giving rise to the A/T/N score. Results Compared to healthy controls, sTREM2 was increased in SCD (p < .01), MCI (p < .05), and AD dementia cases (p < .001) and increased in AD dementia compared to MCI cases (p < .05). MCP-1 was increased in MCI (p < .05) and AD dementia compared to both healthy controls (p < .001) and SCD cases (p < .01). YKL-40 was increased in dementia compared to healthy controls (p < .01) and MCI (p < .05). All of the CSF activation markers were increased in subjects with pathological CSF T-tau (A+T−N+ and A+T+N+), compared to subjects without neurodegeneration (A−T−N− and A+T−N−). Discussion Microglial activation as indicated by increased sTREM2 is present already at the preclinical SCD stage; increased MCP-1 and astroglial activation markers (YKL-40 and clusterin) were noted only at the MCI and AD dementia stages, respectively, and in Aβ+ cases (A+) with pathological T-tau (N+). Possible different effects of early and later glial activation need to be explored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1399-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Nordengen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, N-1478, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Bjørn-Eivind Kirsebom
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristi Henjum
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Selnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, N-1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Berglind Gísladóttir
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, N-1478, Lørenskog, Norway.,Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Wettergreen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, N-1478, Lørenskog, Norway.,Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje Bøen Torsetnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, N-1478, Lørenskog, Norway.,Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gøril Rolfseng Grøntvedt
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Knut K Waterloo
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lars N G Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, P.B. 1000, N-1478, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Kumar A, Zhang KYJ. Human Chitinases: Structure, Function, and Inhibitor Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:221-251. [PMID: 31102249 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are glycosyl hydrolases that hydrolyze the β-(1-4)-linkage of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units present in chitin polymers. Chitinases are widely distributed enzymes and are present in a wide range of organisms including insects, plants, bacteria, fungi, and mammals. These enzymes play key roles in immunity, nutrition, pathogenicity, and arthropod molting. Humans express two chitinases, chitotriosidase 1 (CHIT1) and acid mammalian chitinase (AMCase) along with several chitinase-like proteins (CLPs). Human chitinases are reported to play a protective role against chitin-containing pathogens through their capability to degrade chitin present in the cell wall of pathogens. Now, human chitinases are gaining attention as the key players in innate immune response. Although the exact mechanism of their role in immune response is not known, studies in recent years begin to relate chitin recognition and degradation with the activation of signaling pathways involved in inflammation. The roles of both CHIT1 and AMCase in the development of various diseases have been revealed and several classes of inhibitors have been developed. However, a clear understanding could not be established due to complexities in the design of the right experiment for studying the role of human chitinase in various diseases. In this chapter, we will first outline the structural features of CHIT1 and AMcase. We will then review the progress in understanding the role of human chitinases in the development of various diseases. Finally, we will summarize the inhibitor discovery efforts targeting both CHIT1 and AMCase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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35
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Molinuevo JL, Ayton S, Batrla R, Bednar MM, Bittner T, Cummings J, Fagan AM, Hampel H, Mielke MM, Mikulskis A, O'Bryant S, Scheltens P, Sevigny J, Shaw LM, Soares HD, Tong G, Trojanowski JQ, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Current state of Alzheimer's fluid biomarkers. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:821-853. [PMID: 30488277 PMCID: PMC6280827 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a complex and heterogeneous pathophysiology. The number of people living with AD is predicted to increase; however, there are no disease-modifying therapies currently available and none have been successful in late-stage clinical trials. Fluid biomarkers measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood hold promise for enabling more effective drug development and establishing a more personalized medicine approach for AD diagnosis and treatment. Biomarkers used in drug development programmes should be qualified for a specific context of use (COU). These COUs include, but are not limited to, subject/patient selection, assessment of disease state and/or prognosis, assessment of mechanism of action, dose optimization, drug response monitoring, efficacy maximization, and toxicity/adverse reactions identification and minimization. The core AD CSF biomarkers Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau are recognized by research guidelines for their diagnostic utility and are being considered for qualification for subject selection in clinical trials. However, there is a need to better understand their potential for other COUs, as well as identify additional fluid biomarkers reflecting other aspects of AD pathophysiology. Several novel fluid biomarkers have been proposed, but their role in AD pathology and their use as AD biomarkers have yet to be validated. In this review, we summarize some of the pathological mechanisms implicated in the sporadic AD and highlight the data for several established and novel fluid biomarkers (including BACE1, TREM2, YKL-40, IP-10, neurogranin, SNAP-25, synaptotagmin, α-synuclein, TDP-43, ferritin, VILIP-1, and NF-L) associated with each mechanism. We discuss the potential COUs for each biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Molinuevo
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Fundació Pasqual Maragall, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Alzheimer y otros trastornos cognitivos, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Batrla
- Roche Centralised and Point of Care Solutions, Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Bednar
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area Unit, Takeda Development Centre Americas Ltd, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Bittner
- Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund and Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, GRC No 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Sid O'Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience; Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Sevigny
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Holly D Soares
- Clinical Development Neurology, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Brinkmalm A, Portelius E, Brinkmalm G, Pannee J, Dahlén R, Gobom J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Fluid-based proteomics targeted on pathophysiological processes and pathologies in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2018; 151:417-434. [PMID: 30238462 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative dementias constitute a broad group of diseases in which abnormally folded proteins accumulate in specific brain regions and result in tissue reactions that eventually cause neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Depending on where in the brain this happens, symptoms appear which may be used to classify the disorders on clinical grounds. However, brain changes in neurodegenerative dementias start to accumulate many years prior to symptom onset and there is a poor correlation between the clinical picture and what pathology that is the most likely to cause it. Thus, novel drug candidates having disease-modifying effects that is targeting the underlying pathology and changes the course of the disease needs to be defined using objective biomarker-based measures since the clinical symptoms are often non-specific and overlap between different disorders. Furthermore, the treatment should ideally be initiated as soon as symptoms are evident or when biomarkers confirm an underlying pathology (pre-clinical phase of the disease) to reduce irreversible damage to, for example, neurons, synapses and axons. Clinical trials in the pre-clinical phase bring a greater importance to biomarkers since by definition the clinical effects are difficult or slow to discern in a population that is not yet clinically affected. Here, we discuss neuropathological changes that may underlie neurodegenerative dementias, including how they can be detected and quantified using currently available biofluid-based biomarkers and how more of them could be identified using targeted proteomics approaches. This article is part of the special issue "Proteomics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Josef Pannee
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rahil Dahlén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johan Gobom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
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Chitotriosidase enhances TGFβ-Smad signaling and uptake of β-amyloid in N9 microglia. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:99-103. [PMID: 30248366 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TGFβ-Smad signaling is involved in the modulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance in microglia. This signaling is impaired in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of AD patients, and has been reported to augment TGFβ signaling in fibroblast and T cells. In this study, we investigated the role of CHIT1 in TGFβ-Smad signaling and Aβ phagocytosis in N9 microglia. We found that CHIT1 significantly enhanced TGFβ1-induced expression of TβRI (TGFβ receptor I) and activation of Smad signaling. CHIT1 did not affect Aβ uptake in microglia by itself, but did enhance TGFβ1-induced phagocytosis of Aβ, which was blocked by pretreatment with SB431542 (TβRI inhibitor). These results indicate that CHIT1 may play a protective role in Aβ clearance by enhancing TGFβ signaling in microglia.
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38
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Zhang H, Ng KP, Therriault J, Kang MS, Pascoal TA, Rosa-Neto P, Gauthier S. Cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau, visinin-like protein-1, and chitinase-3-like protein 1 in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:23. [PMID: 30311914 PMCID: PMC6161434 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1 or YKL-40) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are newly discovered markers indicating neuronal damage and microglial activation, respectively. Phosphorylated tau (p-tau) reflects the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is useful as diagnostic markers for AD. However, it is unknown whether these biomarkers have similar or complementary information in AD. Methods We stratified 121 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database into cognitively normal (CN), stable mild cognitive impairment (sMCI), progressive MCI (pMCI), and dementia due to AD. Analysis of covariance (ANOVA) and chi-square analyses, Spearman correlation, and logistic regression models were performed to test the demographic, associations between biomarkers, and diagnostic accuracies, respectively. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the effects of CSF amyloid-β (Aβ) on above biomarkers within diagnostic groups, the combination of diagnostic group and Aβ status as predictor, and CSF biomarkers as predictors of AD features, including cognition measured by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and brain structure and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results P-tau, VILIP-1, and YKL-40 were all predictors of AD diagnosis, but combinations of biomarkers did not improve the diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.924 for p-tau, VILIP-1, and YKL-40) compared to p-tau (AUC 0.922). P-tau and VILIP-1 were highly correlated (r = 0.639, p < 0.001) and strongly associated with Aβ pathology across clinical stages of AD, while YKL-40 was correlated with Aβ pathology in CN and AD groups. VILIP-1 was associated with acceleration of cognitive decline, hippocampal atrophy, and expansion of ventricles in longitudinal analyses. YKL-40 was associated with hippocampal atrophy at baseline and follow-up, while p-tau was only associated with worsening WMH at baseline. Conclusions CSF levels of p-tau, VILIP-1, and YKL-40 may have utility for discriminating between cognitively normal subjects and patients with AD. Increased levels of both VILIP-1 and YKL-40 may be associated with disease degeneration. These CSF biomarkers should be considered for future assessment in the characterization of the natural history of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- 1Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Kok Pin Ng
- 2Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joseph Therriault
- 3The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Min Su Kang
- 3The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- 3The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- 3The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Serge Gauthier
- 3The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Janelidze S, Mattsson N, Stomrud E, Lindberg O, Palmqvist S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Hansson O. CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2018; 91:e867-e877. [PMID: 30054439 PMCID: PMC6133624 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure CSF levels of biomarkers reflecting microglia and astrocytes activation, neuroinflammation, and cerebrovascular changes and study their associations with the core biomarkers of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology (β-amyloid [Aβ] and tau), structural imaging correlates, and clinical disease progression over time. METHODS The study included cognitively unimpaired elderly (n = 508), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 256), and patients with AD dementia (n = 57) from the longitudinal Swedish BioFINDER cohort. CSF samples were analyzed for YKL-40, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-15, IP-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), placental growth factor, and fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt-1). MRI data were available from 677 study participants. Longitudinal clinical assessments were conducted in control individuals and patients with MCI (mean follow-up 3 years, range 1-6 years). RESULTS CSF levels of YKL-40, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-15, and Flt-1 were increased during the preclinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of AD. High levels of these biomarkers were associated with increased CSF levels of total tau, with the associations, especially for YKL-40, being stronger in Aβ-positive individuals. The results were similar for associations between phosphorylated tau and YKL-40, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. High levels of the biomarkers were also associated with cortical thinning (primarily in the precuneus and superior parietal regions) and with subsequent cognitive deterioration in patients without dementia as measured with Mini-Mental State Examination (YKL-40) and Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (YKL-40, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and IL-15). Finally, higher levels of CSF YKL-40, ICAM-1, and Flt-1 increased risk of development of AD dementia in patients without dementia. CONCLUSIONS Neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction are early events occurring already at presymptomatic stages of AD and contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorena Janelidze
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Erik Stomrud
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Olof Lindberg
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Sebastian Palmqvist
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Kaj Blennow
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Oskar Hansson
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London.
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Zetterberg H, Blennow K. From Cerebrospinal Fluid to Blood: The Third Wave of Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S271-S279. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-179926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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Lashley T, Schott JM, Weston P, Murray CE, Wellington H, Keshavan A, Foti SC, Foiani M, Toombs J, Rohrer JD, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H. Molecular biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: progress and prospects. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/5/dmm031781. [PMID: 29739861 PMCID: PMC5992610 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative disorder Alzheimer's disease is characterised by the formation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain parenchyma, which cause synapse and neuronal loss. This leads to clinical symptoms, such as progressive memory deficits. Clinically, these pathological changes can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid and with brain imaging, although reliable blood tests for plaque and tangle pathologies remain to be developed. Plaques and tangles often co-exist with other brain pathologies, including aggregates of transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 and Lewy bodies, but the extent to which these contribute to the severity of Alzheimer's disease is currently unknown. In this 'At a glance' article and poster, we summarise the molecular biomarkers that are being developed to detect Alzheimer's disease and its related pathologies. We also highlight the biomarkers that are currently in clinical use and include a critical appraisal of the challenges associated with applying these biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes of Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, also in their prodromal clinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Philip Weston
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christina E Murray
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henny Wellington
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sandrine C Foti
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Martha Foiani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jamie Toombs
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK .,UK Dementia Research Institute, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal S-431 80, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal S-431 80, Sweden
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42
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Zetterberg H. Chitotriosidase: shucking the role of microglia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:228-229. [PMID: 29180539 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-317379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
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43
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Steinacker P, Verde F, Fang L, Feneberg E, Oeckl P, Roeber S, Anderl-Straub S, Danek A, Diehl-Schmid J, Fassbender K, Fliessbach K, Foerstl H, Giese A, Jahn H, Kassubek J, Kornhuber J, Landwehrmeyer GB, Lauer M, Pinkhardt EH, Prudlo J, Rosenbohm A, Schneider A, Schroeter ML, Tumani H, von Arnim CAF, Weishaupt J, Weydt P, Ludolph AC, Yilmazer Hanke D, Otto M. Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) is increased in microglia and macrophages in spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cerebrospinal fluid levels correlate with disease severity and progression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:239-247. [PMID: 29142138 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-317138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neurochemical markers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that reflect underlying disease mechanisms might help in diagnosis, staging and prediction of outcome. We aimed at determining the origin and differential diagnostic and prognostic potential of the putative marker of microglial activation chitotriosidase (CHIT1). METHODS Altogether 316 patients were included, comprising patients with sporadic ALS, ALS mimics (disease controls (DCo)), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy controls (Con). CHIT1 and neurofilament levels were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood and analysed with regard to diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and prognostic performance. Additionally, postmortem tissue was analysed for CHIT1 expression. RESULTS In ALS, CHIT1 CSF levels were higher compared with Con (p<0.0001), DCo (p<0.05) and neurodegenerative diseases (AD p<0.05, PD p<0.01, FTLD p<0.0001) except CJD. CHIT1 concentrations were correlated with ALS disease progression and severity but not with the survival time, as did neurofilaments. Serum CHIT1 levels were not different in ALS compared with any other study group. In the spinal cord of patients with ALS, but not Con, AD or CJD cases, CHIT1 was expressed in the corticospinal tract and CHIT1 staining colocalised with markers of microglia (IBA1) and macrophages (CD68). CONCLUSIONS CHIT1 concentrations in the CSF of patients with ALS may reflect the extent of microglia/macrophage activation in the white matter of the spinal cord. CHIT1 could be a potentially useful marker for differential diagnosis and prediction of disease progression in ALS and, therefore, seems suitable as a supplemental marker for patient stratification in therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Verde
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lubin Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Emily Feneberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sigrun Roeber
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat, Munich, Germany
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Fassbender
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Klaus Fliessbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universityof Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans Foerstl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Jahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martin Lauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Prudlo
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany.,Departmant of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Anja Schneider
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Weydt
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Zetterberg H, Rohrer JD, Schott JM. Cerebrospinal fluid in the dementias. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 146:85-97. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative condition where new markers of disease progression are needed. So far no disease-modifying interventions have been found, and few interventions have been proven to alleviate symptoms. This may be partially explained by the lack of reliable indicators of disease severity, progression, and phenotype.Biofluid biomarkers may bring advantages in addition to clinical measures, such as reliability, reproducibility, price, accuracy, and direct quantification of pathobiological processes at the molecular level; and in addition to empowering clinical trials, they have the potential to generate useful hypotheses for new drug development.In this chapter we review biofluid biomarker reports in HD, emphasizing those we feel are likely to be closest to clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe B Rodrigues
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lauren M Byrne
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward J Wild
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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Llorens F, Thüne K, Tahir W, Kanata E, Diaz-Lucena D, Xanthopoulos K, Kovatsi E, Pleschka C, Garcia-Esparcia P, Schmitz M, Ozbay D, Correia S, Correia Â, Milosevic I, Andréoletti O, Fernández-Borges N, Vorberg IM, Glatzel M, Sklaviadis T, Torres JM, Krasemann S, Sánchez-Valle R, Ferrer I, Zerr I. YKL-40 in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of neurodegenerative dementias. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:83. [PMID: 29126445 PMCID: PMC5681777 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND YKL-40 (also known as Chitinase 3-like 1) is a glycoprotein produced by inflammatory, cancer and stem cells. Its physiological role is not completely understood but YKL-40 is elevated in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in several neurological and neurodegenerative diseases associated with inflammatory processes. Yet the precise characterization of YKL-40 in dementia cases is missing. METHODS In the present study, we comparatively analysed YKL-40 levels in the brain and CSF samples from neurodegenerative dementias of different aetiologies characterized by the presence of cortical pathology and disease-specific neuroinflammatory signatures. RESULTS YKL-40 was normally expressed in fibrillar astrocytes in the white matter. Additionally YKL-40 was highly and widely expressed in reactive protoplasmic cortical and perivascular astrocytes, and fibrillar astrocytes in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Elevated YKL-40 levels were also detected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but not in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In AD, YKL-40-positive astrocytes were commonly found in clusters, often around β-amyloid plaques, and surrounding vessels with β-amyloid angiopathy; they were also distributed randomly in the cerebral cortex and white matter. YKL-40 overexpression appeared as a pre-clinical event as demonstrated in experimental models of prion diseases and AD pathology. CSF YKL-40 levels were measured in a cohort of 288 individuals, including neurological controls (NC) and patients diagnosed with different types of dementia. Compared to NC, increased YKL-40 levels were detected in sCJD (p < 0.001, AUC = 0.92) and AD (p < 0.001, AUC = 0.77) but not in vascular dementia (VaD) (p > 0.05, AUC = 0.71) or in DLB/Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) (p > 0.05, AUC = 0.70). Further, two independent patient cohorts were used to validate the increased CSF YKL-40 levels in sCJD. Additionally, increased YKL-40 levels were found in genetic prion diseases associated with the PRNP-D178N (Fatal Familial Insomnia) and PRNP-E200K mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our results unequivocally demonstrate that in neurodegenerative dementias, YKL-40 is a disease-specific marker of neuroinflammation showing its highest levels in prion diseases. Therefore, YKL-40 quantification might have a potential for application in the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in dementias with a neuroinflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Llorens
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Thüne
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Waqas Tahir
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eirini Kanata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniela Diaz-Lucena
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Konstantinos Xanthopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Present address: Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleni Kovatsi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Paula Garcia-Esparcia
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Duru Ozbay
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susana Correia
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ângela Correia
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Olivier Andréoletti
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Ina M. Vorberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Juan Maria Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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Pikwer A, Castegren M, Namdar S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Mattsson N. Effects of surgery and propofol-remifentanil total intravenous anesthesia on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and neuronal injury in humans: a cohort study. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:193. [PMID: 28962579 PMCID: PMC5622541 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surgery and anesthesia have been linked to postoperative cognitive disturbance and increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. It is not clear by which mechanisms this increased risk for cognitive disease is mediated. Further, amyloid β production has been suggested to depend on the sleep-wake cycle and neuronal activity. The aim of the present study was to examine if cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of a number of biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease-related processes, including amyloid β, neuronal injury, and inflammation, changed over time during intravenous anesthesia in surgical patients. Methods We included patients scheduled for hysterectomy via laparotomy during general anesthesia with intravenous propofol and remifentanil. CSF samples were obtained before, during, and after surgery (5 h after induction) and tested for 27 biomarkers. Changes over time were tested with linear mixed effects models. Results A total of 22 patients, all females, were included. The mean age was 50 years (± 9 SD). The mean duration of the anesthesia was 145 min (± 40 SD). Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor A increased over time. IL-15 and IL-7 decreased slightly over time. Macrophage inflammatory protein 1β and placental growth factor also changed significantly. There were no significant effects on amyloid β (Aβ) or tau biomarkers. Conclusions Surgery and general anesthesia with intravenous propofol and remifentanil induce, during and in the short term after the procedure, a neuroinflammatory response which is dominated by monocyte attractants, without biomarker signs of the effects on Alzheimer’s disease pathology or neuronal injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0950-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pikwer
- Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Anesthesia, Mälarsjukhuset, Eskilstuna, Sweden.
| | - Markus Castegren
- Perioperative medicine and intensive care (PMI), Karolinska University Hospital and Clintec, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sijal Namdar
- Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Anesthesia, Mälarsjukhuset, Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Möndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Möndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Fjell AM, Idland AV, Sala-Llonch R, Watne LO, Borza T, Brækhus A, Lona T, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Wyller TB, Walhovd KB. Neuroinflammation and Tau Interact with Amyloid in Predicting Sleep Problems in Aging Independently of Atrophy. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:2775-2785. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Martin Fjell
- Department of Psychology, Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane-Victoria Idland
- Department of Psychology, Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roser Sala-Llonch
- Department of Psychology, Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leiv Otto Watne
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Borza
- Centre for Old Age Psychiatric Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
| | - Anne Brækhus
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tarjei Lona
- Department of surgery, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Torgeir Bruun Wyller
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine Beate Walhovd
- Department of Psychology, Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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50
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Querol-Vilaseca M, Colom-Cadena M, Pegueroles J, San Martín-Paniello C, Clarimon J, Belbin O, Fortea J, Lleó A. YKL-40 (Chitinase 3-like I) is expressed in a subset of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:118. [PMID: 28599675 PMCID: PMC5466718 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune system is known to be involved early in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. The inflammatory response in the central nervous system can be measured postmortem or through a series of inflammatory mediator surrogates. YKL-40 (also named Chitinase-3-like I) has been frequently investigated in body fluids as a surrogate marker of neuroinflammation in AD and other neurological disorders. However, the expression pattern of YKL-40 in the human brain with neurodegenerative pathology remains poorly investigated. Our aim was to study the cellular expression pattern of YKL-40 in the brain of patients with clinical and neuropathological criteria for AD (n = 11); three non-AD tauopathies: Pick's disease (PiD; n = 8), corticobasal degeneration (CBD; n = 8) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP; n = 9) and a group of neurologically healthy controls (n = 6). METHODS Semiquantitative neuropathological evaluation and quantitative confocal triple immunofluorescence studies were performed. An in-house algorithm was used to detect and quantify pathology burden of random regions of interest on a full tissue-section scan. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests were performed for colocalization and quantification analyses. RESULTS We found that brain YKL-40 immunoreactivity was observed in a subset of astrocytes in all four diseases and in controls. There was a strong colocalization between YKL-40 and the astroglial marker GFAP but not with neuronal nor microglial markers. Intriguingly, YKL-40-positive astrocytes were tau-negative in PSP, CBD and PiD. The number of YKL-40-positive astrocytes was increased in tauopathies compared with that in controls. A positive correlation was found between YKL-40 and tau immunoreactivities. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that YKL-40 is expressed by a subset of astrocytes in AD and other tauopathies. YKL-40 expression is elevated in several neurodegenerative conditions and correlates with tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Querol-Vilaseca
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martí Colom-Cadena
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Pegueroles
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla San Martín-Paniello
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Belbin
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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