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Acheta J, Bhatia U, Haley J, Hong J, Rich K, Close R, Bechler ME, Belin S, Poitelon Y. Piezo channels contribute to the regulation of myelination in Schwann cells. Glia 2022; 70:2276-2289. [PMID: 35903933 PMCID: PMC10638658 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves and Schwann cells have to sustain constant mechanical constraints, caused by developmental growth as well as stretches associated with movements of the limbs and mechanical compressions from daily activities. In Schwann cells, signaling molecules sensitive to stiffness or stretch of the extracellular matrix, such as YAP/TAZ, have been shown to be critical for Schwann cell development and peripheral nerve regeneration. YAP/TAZ have also been suggested to contribute to tumorigenesis, neuropathic pain, and inherited disorders. Yet, the role of mechanosensitive ion channels in myelinating Schwann cells is vastly unexplored. Here we comprehensively assessed the expression of mechanosensitive ion channels in Schwann cells and identified that PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 are among the most abundant mechanosensitive ion channels expressed by Schwann cells. Using classic genetic ablation studies, we show that PIEZO1 is a transient inhibitor of radial and longitudinal myelination in Schwann cells. Contrastingly, we show that PIEZO2 may be required for myelin formation, as the absence of PIEZO2 in Schwann cells delays myelin formation. We found an epistatic relationship between PIEZO1 and PIEZO2, at both the morphological and molecular levels. Finally, we show that PIEZO1 channels affect the regulation of YAP/TAZ activation in Schwann cells. Overall, we present here the first demonstration that PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 contribute to mechanosensation in Schwann cells as well myelin development in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenica Acheta
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Urja Bhatia
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jeanette Haley
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jiayue Hong
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kyle Rich
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Close
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Marie E. Bechler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Sophie Belin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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2
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Abstract
The nuclear envelope is composed of the nuclear membranes, nuclear lamina, and nuclear pore complexes. Laminopathies are diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding protein components of the lamina and these other nuclear envelope substructures. Mutations in the single gene encoding lamin A and C, which are expressed in most differentiated somatic cells, cause diseases affecting striated muscle, adipose tissue, peripheral nerve, and multiple systems with features of accelerated aging. Mutations in genes encoding other nuclear envelope proteins also cause an array of diseases that selectively affect different tissues or organs. In some instances, the molecular and cellular consequences of laminopathy-causing mutations are known. However, even when these are understood, mechanisms explaining specific tissue or organ pathology remain enigmatic. Current mechanistic hypotheses focus on how alterations in the nuclear envelope may affect gene expression, including via the regulation of signaling pathways, or cellular mechanics, including responses to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Shin
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Howard J. Worman
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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3
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Preclinical Advances of Therapies for Laminopathies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214834. [PMID: 34768351 PMCID: PMC8584472 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminopathies are a group of rare disorders due to mutation in LMNA gene. Depending on the mutation, they may affect striated muscles, adipose tissues, nerves or are multisystemic with various accelerated ageing syndromes. Although the diverse pathomechanisms responsible for laminopathies are not fully understood, several therapeutic approaches have been evaluated in patient cells or animal models, ranging from gene therapies to cell and drug therapies. This review is focused on these therapies with a strong focus on striated muscle laminopathies and premature ageing syndromes.
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4
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Bosco L, Falzone YM, Previtali SC. Animal Models as a Tool to Design Therapeutical Strategies for CMT-like Hereditary Neuropathies. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1237. [PMID: 34573256 PMCID: PMC8465478 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, animal models have provided fundamental information in medical knowledge. This also applies for discoveries in the field of inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs), where they have been instrumental for our understanding of nerve development, pathogenesis of neuropathy, molecules and pathways involved and to design potential therapies. In this review, we briefly describe how animal models have been used in ancient medicine until the use of rodents as the prevalent model in present times. We then travel along different examples of how rodents have been used to improve our understanding of IPNs. We do not intend to describe all discoveries and animal models developed for IPNs, but just to touch on a few arbitrary and paradigmatic examples, taken from our direct experience or from literature. The idea is to show how strategies have been developed to finally arrive to possible treatments for IPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefano Carlo Previtali
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (Y.M.F.)
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5
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Jeanette H, Marziali LN, Bhatia U, Hellman A, Herron J, Kopec AM, Feltri ML, Poitelon Y, Belin S. YAP and TAZ regulate Schwann cell proliferation and differentiation during peripheral nerve regeneration. Glia 2020; 69:1061-1074. [PMID: 33336855 PMCID: PMC7898398 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
YAP and TAZ are effectors of the Hippo pathway that controls multicellular development by integrating chemical and mechanical signals. Peripheral nervous system development depends on the Hippo pathway. We previously showed that loss of YAP and TAZ impairs the development of peripheral nerve as well as Schwann cell myelination. The role of the Hippo pathway in peripheral nerve regeneration has just started to be explored. After injury, Schwann cells adopt new identities to promote regeneration by converting to a repair‐promoting phenotype. While the reprogramming of Schwann cells to repair cells has been well characterized, the maintenance of such repair phenotype cannot be sustained for a very long period, which limits nerve repair in human. First, we show that short or long‐term myelin maintenance is not affected by defect in YAP and TAZ expression. Using crush nerve injury and conditional mutagenesis in mice, we also show that YAP and TAZ are regulators of repair Schwann cell proliferation and differentiation. We found that YAP and TAZ are required in repair Schwann cells for their redifferentiation into myelinating Schwann cell following crush injury. In this present study, we describe how the Hippo pathway and YAP and TAZ regulate remyelination over time during peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Jeanette
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Leandro N Marziali
- Department of Biochemistry, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Urja Bhatia
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Abigail Hellman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jacob Herron
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Ashley M Kopec
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Maria Laura Feltri
- Department of Biochemistry, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Sophie Belin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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6
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Sophie B, Jacob H, Jordan VJS, Yungki P, Laura FM, Yannick P. YAP and TAZ Regulate Cc2d1b and Purβ in Schwann Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:177. [PMID: 31379499 PMCID: PMC6650784 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are exquisitely sensitive to the elasticity of their environment and their differentiation and capacity to myelinate depend on the transduction of mechanical stimuli by YAP and TAZ. YAP/TAZ, in concert with other transcription factors, regulate several pathways including lipid and sterol biosynthesis as well as extracellular matrix receptor expressions such as integrins and G-proteins. Yet, the characterization of the signaling downstream YAP/TAZ in SCs is incomplete. Myelin sheath production by SC coincides with rapid up-regulation of numerous transcription factors. Here, we show that ablation of YAP/TAZ alters the expression of transcription regulators known to regulate SC myelin gene transcription and differentiation. Furthermore, we link YAP/TAZ to two DNA binding proteins, Cc2d1b and Purβ, which have no described roles in myelinating glial cells. We demonstrate that silencing of either Cc2d1b or Purβ limits the formation of myelin segments. These data provide a deeper insight into the myelin gene transcriptional network and the role of YAP/TAZ in myelinating glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belin Sophie
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Herron Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - VerPlank J S Jordan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Park Yungki
- Department of Biochemistry, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Feltri M Laura
- Department of Biochemistry, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Poitelon Yannick
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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7
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Steele-Stallard HB, Pinton L, Sarcar S, Ozdemir T, Maffioletti SM, Zammit PS, Tedesco FS. Modeling Skeletal Muscle Laminopathies Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Carrying Pathogenic LMNA Mutations. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1332. [PMID: 30405424 PMCID: PMC6201196 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminopathies are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders caused by mutations in LMNA. The main proteins encoded by LMNA are Lamin A and C, which together with Lamin B1 and B2, form the nuclear lamina: a mesh-like structure located underneath the inner nuclear membrane. Laminopathies show striking tissue specificity, with subtypes affecting striated muscle, peripheral nerve, and adipose tissue, while others cause multisystem disease with accelerated aging. Although several pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed, the exact pathophysiology of laminopathies remains unclear, compounded by the rarity of these disorders and lack of easily accessible cell types to study. To overcome this limitation, we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients with skeletal muscle laminopathies such as LMNA-related congenital muscular dystrophy and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1B, to model disease phenotypes in vitro. iPSCs can be derived from readily accessible cell types, have unlimited proliferation potential and can be differentiated into cell types that would otherwise be difficult and invasive to obtain. iPSC lines from three skeletal muscle laminopathy patients were differentiated into inducible myogenic cells and myotubes. Disease-associated phenotypes were observed in these cells, including abnormal nuclear shape and mislocalization of nuclear lamina proteins. Nuclear abnormalities were less pronounced in monolayer cultures of terminally differentiated skeletal myotubes than in proliferating myogenic cells. Notably, skeletal myogenic differentiation of LMNA-mutant iPSCs in artificial muscle constructs improved detection of myonuclear abnormalities compared to conventional monolayer cultures across multiple pathogenic genotypes, providing a high-fidelity modeling platform for skeletal muscle laminopathies. Our results lay the foundation for future iPSC-based therapy development and screening platforms for skeletal muscle laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Steele-Stallard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Pinton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shilpita Sarcar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tanel Ozdemir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara M Maffioletti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Saverio Tedesco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Carrero D, Soria-Valles C, López-Otín C. Hallmarks of progeroid syndromes: lessons from mice and reprogrammed cells. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:719-35. [PMID: 27482812 PMCID: PMC4958309 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a process that inevitably affects most living organisms and involves the accumulation of macromolecular damage, genomic instability and loss of heterochromatin. Together, these alterations lead to a decline in stem cell function and to a reduced capability to regenerate tissue. In recent years, several genetic pathways and biochemical mechanisms that contribute to physiological ageing have been described, but further research is needed to better characterize this complex biological process. Because premature ageing (progeroid) syndromes, including progeria, mimic many of the characteristics of human ageing, research into these conditions has proven to be very useful not only to identify the underlying causal mechanisms and identify treatments for these pathologies, but also for the study of physiological ageing. In this Review, we summarize the main cellular and animal models used in progeria research, with an emphasis on patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell models, and define a series of molecular and cellular hallmarks that characterize progeroid syndromes and parallel physiological ageing. Finally, we describe the therapeutic strategies being investigated for the treatment of progeroid syndromes, and their main limitations. Summary: This Review defines the molecular and cellular hallmarks of progeroid syndromes according to the main cellular and animal models, and discusses the therapeutic strategies developed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dido Carrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Clara Soria-Valles
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
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9
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Della-Flora Nunes G, Mueller L, Silvestri N, Patel MS, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML, Poitelon Y. Acetyl-CoA production from pyruvate is not necessary for preservation of myelin. Glia 2017; 65:1626-1639. [PMID: 28657129 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells not only form myelin in the central and peripheral nervous system, but also provide metabolic and trophic support to the axons they ensheathe. Acetyl-CoA is potentially a key molecule in Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes because it is at the crossroads of cellular lipid biosynthesis and energy generation. The main route for acetyl-CoA production is the oxidation of pyruvate by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). PDC deficiency in humans results in neurodegeneration and developmental impairments in both white and gray matter structures. To address the importance of PDC in myelinating glia, we deleted Pdha1 gene specifically in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Surprisingly, sciatic and optic nerve morphology and the motor performance of Pdha1f/Y; CnpCre/+ mice are undistinguishable from those of controls at 1 month of age. In addition, myelin is stably maintained for at least 10 months. However, Pdha1f/Y; CnpCre/+ mice showed reduced fiber density and signs of axonal degeneration in both sciatic and optic nerves from 6 months of age. In contrast, 10 month-old mice bearing a floxed Pdha1 gene with either P0-Cre (expressed only by Schwann cells) or NG2-CreER (expressed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells) do not show any sign of axonal pathology or alterations in myelin structure or thickness. This indicates that the axonopathy is specific to the Pdha1f/Y; CnpCre/+ mice. Taken together, these results suggest that acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate is not necessary for myelin maintenance and, thus, myelin-forming cells are not likely to contribute to the pathophysiology of PDC deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Della-Flora Nunes
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203.,Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203
| | - Lauren Mueller
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203
| | - Nicholas Silvestri
- Deptartment of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203
| | - Mulchand S Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203.,Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203.,Deptartment of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203.,Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203.,Deptartment of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203.,Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203
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10
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Scharner J, Figeac N, Ellis JA, Zammit PS. Ameliorating pathogenesis by removing an exon containing a missense mutation: a potential exon-skipping therapy for laminopathies. Gene Ther 2015; 22:503-15. [PMID: 25832542 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exon skipping, as a therapy to restore a reading frame or switch protein isoforms, is under clinical trial. We hypothesised that removing an in-frame exon containing a mutation could also improve pathogenic phenotypes. Our model is laminopathies: incurable tissue-specific degenerative diseases associated with LMNA mutations. LMNA encodes A-type lamins, that together with B-type lamins, form the nuclear lamina. Lamins contain an alpha-helical central rod domain composed of multiple heptad repeats. Eliminating LMNA exon 3 or 5 removes six heptad repeats, so shortens, but should not otherwise significantly alter, the alpha-helix. Human Lamin A or Lamin C with a deletion corresponding to amino acids encoded by exon 5 (Lamin A/C-Δ5) localised normally in murine lmna-null cells, rescuing both nuclear shape and endogenous Lamin B1/emerin distribution. However, Lamin A carrying pathogenic mutations in exon 3 or 5, or Lamin A/C-Δ3, did not. Furthermore, Lamin A/C-Δ5 was not deleterious to wild-type cells, unlike the other Lamin A mutants including Lamin A/C-Δ3. Thus Lamin A/C-Δ5 function as effectively as wild-type Lamin A/C and better than mutant versions. Antisense oligonucleotides skipped LMNA exon 5 in human cells, demonstrating the possibility of treating certain laminopathies with this approach. This proof-of-concept is the first to report the therapeutic potential of exon skipping for diseases arising from missense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scharner
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Figeac
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J A Ellis
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P S Zammit
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding nuclear envelope proteins cause a wide range of inherited diseases, many of which are neurological. We review the genetic causes and what little is known about pathogenesis of these nuclear envelopathies that primarily affect striated muscle, peripheral nerve and the central nervous system. We conclude by providing examples of experimental therapeutic approaches to these rare but important neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J. Worman
- />Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - William T. Dauer
- />Department of Neurology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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12
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Abstract
Lamins A and C, encoded by LMNA, are constituent of the nuclear lamina, a meshwork of proteins underneath the nuclear envelope first described as scaffolding proteins of the nucleus. Since the discovery of LMNA mutations in highly heterogeneous human disorders (including cardiac and muscular dystrophies, lipodystrophies and progeria), the number of functions described for lamin A/C has expanded. Lamin A/C is notably involved in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene transcription, and in the resistance of cells to mechanical stress. This review focuses on studies performed on knock-out and knock-in Lmna mouse models, which have led to decipher some of the lamin A/C functions in striated muscles and to the first preclinical trials of pharmaceutical therapies.
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13
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Abstract
In eukaryotes, the function of the cell's nucleus has primarily been considered to be the repository for the organism's genome. However, this rather simplistic view is undergoing a major shift, as it is increasingly apparent that the nucleus has functions extending beyond being a mere genome container. Recent findings have revealed that the structural composition of the nucleus changes during development and that many of these components exhibit cell- and tissue-specific differences. Increasing evidence is pointing to the nucleus being integral to the function of the interphase cytoskeleton, with changes to nuclear structural proteins having ramifications affecting cytoskeletal organization and the cell's interactions with the extracellular environment. Many of these functions originate at the nuclear periphery, comprising the nuclear envelope (NE) and underlying lamina. Together, they may act as a "hub" in integrating cellular functions including chromatin organization, transcriptional regulation, mechanosignaling, cytoskeletal organization, and signaling pathways. Interest in such an integral role has been largely stimulated by the discovery that many diseases and anomalies are caused by defects in proteins of the NE/lamina, the nuclear envelopathies, many of which, though rare, are providing insights into their more common variants that are some of the major issues of the twenty-first century public health. Here, we review the contributions that mouse mutants have made to our current understanding of the NE/lamina, their respective roles in disease and the use of mice in developing potential therapies for treating the diseases.
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14
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Tazir M, Bellatache M, Nouioua S, Vallat JM. Autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: from genes to phenotypes. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2013; 18:113-29. [DOI: 10.1111/jns5.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Tazir
- Service de Neurologie; University Hospital Mustapha Bacha; Alger Algeria
- Laboratoire de NeuroSciences; Université d'Alger 1; Alger Algeria
| | - Mounia Bellatache
- Service de Neurologie; University Hospital Mustapha Bacha; Alger Algeria
- Laboratoire de NeuroSciences; Université d'Alger 1; Alger Algeria
| | - Sonia Nouioua
- Service de Neurologie; University Hospital Mustapha Bacha; Alger Algeria
- Laboratoire de NeuroSciences; Université d'Alger 1; Alger Algeria
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- Centre de Référence ⟨Neuropathies Périphériques Rares⟩, Service et Laboratoire de Neurologie; University Hospital; Limoges France
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