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Zhou J, Liao S, Zhang C, Luo J, Li G, Li H. Expression profiling of N6-methyladenosine-modified mRNA in PC12 cells in response to unconjugated bilirubin. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6703-6715. [PMID: 37378749 PMCID: PMC10374823 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal methylation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is reportedly associated with central nervous system disorders. However, the role of m6A mRNA methylation in unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) neurotoxicity requires further research. METHODS Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells treated with UCB were used as in vitro models. After the PC12 cells were treated with UCB (0, 12, 18, and 24 µM) for 24 h, the total RNA m6A levels were measured using an m6A RNA methylation quantification kit. The expression of m6A demethylases and methyltransferases was detected through western blotting. We determined the m6A mRNA methylation profile in PC12 cells exposed to UCB (0 and 18 µM) for 24 h using methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq). RESULTS Compared with the control group, UCB (18 and 24 µM) treatment decreased the expression of the m6A demethylase ALKBH5 and increased the expression of the methyltransferases METTL3 and METTL14, which resulted in an increase in the total m6A levels in PC12 cells. Furthermore, 1533 m6A peaks were significantly elevated and 1331 peaks were reduced in the UCB (18 µM)-treated groups compared with those in the control group. Genes with differential m6A peaks were mainly enriched in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, cell cycle, and endocytosis. Through combined analysis of the MeRIP-seq and RNA sequencing data, 129 genes with differentially methylated m6A peaks and differentially expressed mRNA levels were identified. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the modulation of m6A methylation modifications plays a significant role in UCB neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, China
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Sining Liao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chenran Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jinying Luo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, China.
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Yin Y, Lv G, Zhang W, Yuan J, Yang Y, Wang Y, Liu S, Wang S, Yan B, Bo H, Ye C. Resveratrol glycoside mediates microglial endoplasmic reticulum stress to mitigate LPS-induced sepsis-associated cognitive dysfunction. Behav Brain Res 2023; 443:114326. [PMID: 36812790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a common complication of sepsis, sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is characterized by diffuse brain dysfunction and neurological damage and closely associated with long-term cognitive dysfunction. The dysregulated host response triggered by neurotoxicity of microglia is an important cause of diffuse brain dysfunction in SAE. Resveratrol glycoside has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, there is no evidence whether resveratrol glycoside could alleviate SAE. METHODS LPS administration was used to induce SAE in mice. Step-down test (SDT) and Morris water maze test (MWM) were performed to evaluate the cognitive function of mice with SAE. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to reveal the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) regulation. Microglia cell line BV-2 was used to validate the effect of resveratrol glycoside on LPS-stimulated ERS in vitro. RESULTS Compared with the control group, LPS-stimulated mice had decreased cognitive function, but this phenomenon was well reversed by resveratrol glycoside administration, in which the SDT assay showed longer retention time, both in short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Western blot indicated that the expression of ER stress-related protein PERK/CHOP in LPS-stimulated mice were significantly increased, while that in the resveratrol glycoside-treated group were relieved. Furthermore, Immunofluorescence revealed resveratrol glycoside mainly worked on microglia in mediating the ER stress, in which the expression of PERK/CHOP were significantly inhibited in resveratrol glycoside group mice. In vitro, BV2 showed consistent results with the aforementioned. CONCLUSION Resveratrol glycoside could alleviate the cognitive dysfunction caused by LPS-induced SAE, mainly by inhibiting the ER stress and maintaining the homeostasis of ER function of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Guoguang Lv
- PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Wang Zhang
- PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yakun Yang
- PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yushui Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Bin Yan
- PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Hai Bo
- Department of Military Training Medicines, Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China.
| | - Chaoqun Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China.
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Wu C, Jin Y, Cui Y, Zhu Y, Yin S, Li C. Effects of bilirubin on the development and electrical activity of neural circuits. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1136250. [PMID: 37025700 PMCID: PMC10070809 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1136250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past several decades, bilirubin has attracted great attention for central nervous system (CNS) toxicity in some pathological conditions with severely elevated bilirubin levels. CNS function relies on the structural and functional integrity of neural circuits, which are large and complex electrochemical networks. Neural circuits develop from the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, followed by dendritic and axonal arborization, myelination, and synapse formation. The circuits are immature, but robustly developing, during the neonatal period. It is at the same time that physiological or pathological jaundice occurs. The present review comprehensively discusses the effects of bilirubin on the development and electrical activity of neural circuits to provide a systematic understanding of the underlying mechanisms of bilirubin-induced acute neurotoxicity and chronic neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Models of bilirubin neurological damage: lessons learned and new challenges. Pediatr Res 2022:10.1038/s41390-022-02351-x. [PMID: 36302856 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Jaundice (icterus) is the visible manifestation of the accumulation of bilirubin in the tissue and is indicative of potential toxicity to the brain. Since its very first description more than 2000 years ago, many efforts have been undertaken to understand the molecular determinants of bilirubin toxicity to neuronal cells to reduce the risk of neurological sequelae through the use of available chemicals and in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo, and clinical models. Although several studies have been performed, important questions remain unanswered, such as the reasons for regional sensitivity and the interplay with brain development. The number of new molecular effects identified has increased further, which has added even more complexity to the understanding of the condition. As new research challenges emerged, so does the need to establish solid models of prematurity. METHODS This review critically summarizes the key mechanisms of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and the use of the available models and technologies for translational research. IMPACT We critically review the conceptual dogmas and models used for studying bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity. We point out the pitfalls and translational gaps, and suggest new clinical research challenges. We hope to inform researchers on the pro and cons of the models used, and to help direct their experimental focus in a most translational research.
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She YY, Lin JJ, Su JH, Chang TS, Wu YJ. 4-Carbomethoxyl-10-Epigyrosanoldie E Extracted from Cultured Soft Coral Sinularia sandensis Induced Apoptosis and Autophagy via ROS and Mitochondrial Dysfunction and ER Stress in Oral Cancer Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3017807. [PMID: 36275891 PMCID: PMC9584738 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3017807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a malignant neoplasia that is more common in Asian than other regions, and men are at higher risk than women. Currently, clinical treatment for oral cancer consists of radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy. Therefore, it is important to find a drug that can inhibit the growth of cancer cells more effectively and safely. In this study, we examined the cytotoxicity of 4-carbomethoxyl-10-epigyrosanoldie E extracted from cultured soft coral Sinularia sandensis towards oral cancer cells. MTT cell proliferation and colony formation assays were used to evaluate cell survival, and immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were employed to analyze the effects of 4-carbomethoxyl-10-epigyrosanoldie E on apoptosis and autophagy. 4-Carbomethoxyl-10-epigyrosanoldie E treatment also induced the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are associated with 4-carbomethoxyl-10-epigyrosanoldie E-induced cell death. In addition, the 4-carbomethoxyl-10-epigyrosanoldie E-induced antiproliferation effects on Ca9-22 and Cal-27 cells were associated with the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, activation of proapoptotic proteins (such as caspase-3/-9, Bax, and Bad), and inhibition of antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Mcl-1). 4-Carbomethoxyl-10-epigyrosanoldie E treatment also triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to activation of the PERK/elF2α/ATF4/CHOP apoptotic pathway. Moreover, increased expressions of Beclin-1, Atg3, Atg5, Atg7, Atg12, Atg 16, LC3-I, and LC3-II proteins indicated that 4-carbomethoxyl-10-epigyrosanoldie E triggered autophagy in oral cancer cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that 4-carbomethoxyl-10-epigyrosanoldie E suppressed human oral cancer cell proliferation and should be further investigated with regard to its potential use as a chemotherapy drug for the treatment of human oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ying She
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jie Lin
- Yu Jun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shou Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Yu Jun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
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Bayón-Cordero L, Ochoa-Bueno BI, Ruiz A, Ozalla M, Matute C, Sánchez-Gómez MV. GABA Receptor Agonists Protect From Excitotoxic Damage Induced by AMPA in Oligodendrocytes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:897056. [PMID: 35959434 PMCID: PMC9360600 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.897056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelin forming cells of the central nervous system, and their vulnerability to excitotoxicity induced by glutamate contributes to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders including brain ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. In addition to glutamate receptors, oligodendrocytes express GABA receptors (GABAR) that are involved in their survival and differentiation. The interactions between glutamate and GABAergic systems are well documented in neurons, under both physiological and pathological conditions, but this potential crosstalk in oligodendrocytes has not been studied in depth. Here, we evaluated the protective effect of GABAR agonists, baclofen (GABAB) and muscimol (GABAA), against AMPA-induced excitotoxicity in cultured rat oligodendrocytes. First, we observed that both baclofen and muscimol reduced cell death and caspase-3 activation after AMPA insult, proving their oligoprotective potential. Interestingly, analysis of the cell-surface expression of calcium-impermeable GluR2 subunits in oligodendrocytes revealed that GABAergic agonists significantly reverted GluR2 internalization induced by AMPA. We determined that baclofen and muscimol also impaired AMPA-induced intracellular calcium increase and subsequent mitochondrial membrane potential alteration, ROS generation, and calpain activation. However, AMPA-triggered activation of Src, Akt, JNK and CREB was not affected by baclofen or muscimol. Overall, our results suggest that GABAR activation initiates alternative molecular mechanisms that attenuate AMPA-mediated apoptotic excitotoxicity in oligodendrocytes by interfering with expression of GluR subunits in membranes and with calcium-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. Together, these findings provide evidence of GABAR agonists as potential oligodendroglial protectants in central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bayón-Cordero
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Blanca Isabel Ochoa-Bueno
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Ruiz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Marina Ozalla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
- *Correspondence: María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez,
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7
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Chen YY, Chen WL. Serum Bilirubin and Sperm Quality in Adult Population. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060295. [PMID: 35736904 PMCID: PMC9227271 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of bilirubin has been extensively reported in numerous studies. However, the association between bilirubin and male fertility has not yet been studied. The main goal of this study was to investigate the association between serum total bilirubin and sperm quality in an adult population. In this cross-sectional study, 9057 participants who attended the MJ health examination (2010–2016) were enrolled. Sperm specimens were collected by masturbation, and sperm quality was analyzed in accordance with the WHO criteria. Serum total bilirubin levels were measured by an automatic biochemical profile analyzer. Thereafter, the associations between serum total bilirubin and sperm quality were determined by a multivariable linear regression. Serum total bilirubin was inversely associated with sperm concentration and normal morphology with β values of −13.82 (95% CI: −26.99, −0.64) and −18.38 (95% CI: −30.46, −6.29) after adjusting for covariables. The highest levels of serum total bilirubin were significantly associated with sperm concentration and normal morphology with β values of −14.15 (95% CI: −28.36, 0.06) and −21.15 (95% CI: −33.99, −8.30). Our study highlighted the potential impact of serum bilirubin on sperm quality in a male population. Additional longitudinal research is necessary to explore these findings and underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei,114, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-87923311 (ext. 16567); Fax: +886-2-87927057
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hyperbilirubinemia is commonly seen in neonates. Though hyperbilirubinemia is typically asymptomatic, severe elevation of bilirubin levels can lead to acute bilirubin encephalopathy and progress to kernicterus spectrum disorder, a chronic condition characterized by hearing loss, extrapyramidal dysfunction, ophthalmoplegia, and enamel hypoplasia. Epidemiological data show that the implementation of universal pre-discharge bilirubin screening programs has reduced the rates of hyperbilirubinemia-associated complications. However, acute bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus spectrum disorder are still particularly common in low- and middle-income countries. RECENT FINDINGS The understanding of the genetic and biochemical processes that increase the susceptibility of defined anatomical areas of the central nervous system to the deleterious effects of bilirubin may facilitate the development of effective treatments for acute bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus spectrum disorder. Scoring systems are available for the diagnosis and severity grading of these conditions. The treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns relies on the use of phototherapy and exchange transfusion. However, novel therapeutic options including deep brain stimulation, brain-computer interface, and stem cell transplantation may alleviate the heavy disease burden associated with kernicterus spectrum disorder. Despite improved screening and treatment options, the prevalence of acute bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus spectrum disorder remains elevated in low- and middle-income countries. The continued presence and associated long-term disability of these conditions warrant further research to improve their prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qian
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, 912 S Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Prateek Kumar
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, 912 S Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, 912 S Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Bianco A, Tiribelli C, Bellarosa C. Translational Approach to the Protective Effect of Bilirubin in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030696. [PMID: 35327498 PMCID: PMC8945513 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin has been regarded as a powerful endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule, able to act on cellular pathways as a hormone. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common chronic complication of diabetes, and it is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Here, we will review the clinical and molecular features of mild hyperbilirubinemia in DKD. The pathogenesis of DKD involves oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis. Serum bilirubin levels are positively correlated with the levels of the antioxidative enzymes as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, while it is inversely correlated with C-reactive protein, TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and IL-10 release in diabetic kidney disease. Bilirubin downregulates NADPH oxidase, reduces the induction of pro-fibrotic factor HIF-1α expression, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP induction showing lower DNA fragmentation. Recent experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated its effects in the development and progression of renal diseases, pointing out that only very mild elevations of bilirubin concentrations result in real clinical benefits. Future controlled studies are needed to explore the precise role of bilirubin in the pathogenesis of DKD and to understand if the use of serum bilirubin levels as a marker of progression or therapeutic target in DKD is feasible and realistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bianco
- Italian Liver Foundation (FIF), 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (C.T.)
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Bari Unit, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Italian Liver Foundation (FIF), 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Cristina Bellarosa
- Italian Liver Foundation (FIF), 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Lee A, Kwon OW, Jung KR, Song GJ, Yang HJ. The effects of Korean Red Ginseng-derived components on oligodendrocyte lineage cells: Distinct facilitatory roles of the non-saponin and saponin fractions, and Rb1, in proliferation, differentiation and myelination. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:104-114. [PMID: 35035243 PMCID: PMC8753459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormalities of myelin, which increases the efficiency of action potential conduction, are found in neurological disorders. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) demonstrates therapeutic efficacy against some of these conditions, however effects on oligodendrocyte (OL)s are not well known. Here, we examined the effects of KRG-derived components on development and protection of OL-lineage cells. Methods Primary OL precursor cell (OPC) cultures were prepared from neonatal mouse cortex. The protective efficacies of the KRG components were examined against inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. For in vivo function of Rb1 on myelination, after 10 days of oral gavage into adult male mice, forebrains were collected. OPC proliferation were assessed by BrdU incorporation, and differentiation and myelination were examined by qPCR, western blot and immunocytochemistry. Results The non-saponin promoted OPC proliferation, while the saponin promoted differentiation. Both processes were mediated by AKT and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. KRG extract, the saponin and non-saponin protected OPCs against oxidative stress, and both KRG extract and the saponin significantly increased the expression of the antioxidant enzyme. Among 11 major ginsenosides tested, Rb1 significantly increased OL membrane size in vitro. Moreover, Rb1 significantly increased myelin formation in adult mouse brain. Conclusion All KRG components prevented OPC deaths under oxidative stress. While non-saponin promoted proliferation, saponin fraction increased differentiation and OL membrane size. Furthermore, among all the tested ginsenosides, Rb1 showed the biggest increase in the membrane size and significantly enhanced myelination in vivo. These results imply therapeutic potentials of KRG and Rb1 for myelin-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahreum Lee
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Wook Kwon
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwi Ryun Jung
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Mancuso C. Biliverdin reductase as a target in drug research and development: Facts and hypotheses. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:521-529. [PMID: 34224815 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biliverdin reductase-A (BVR) catalyzes the reduction of heme-derived biliverdin into bilirubin, this latter being a powerful endogenous free radical scavenger. Furthermore, BVR is also endowed with both serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase and scaffold activities, through which it interacts with the insulin receptor kinase, conventional and atypical protein kinase C isoforms, mitogen-activated protein kinases as well as the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt system. By regulating this complex array of signal transduction pathways, BVR is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative, metabolic, cardiovascular and immune-inflammatory diseases as well as in cancer. In addition, both BVR and BVR-B, this latter being an alternate isozyme predominant during fetal development but sometimes detectable through adulthood, have been studied as peripheral biomarkers for an early detection of Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and some types of cancer. However, despite these interesting lines of evidence, to date BVR has not been considered as an appealing drug target. Only limited evidence supports the neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin and ferulic acid through BVR regulation in the aged canine brain and human neuroblastoma cells, whereas interesting results have been reported regarding the use of BVR-based peptides in preclinical models of cardiac diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mancuso
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Bianco A, Pinci S, Tiribelli C, Bellarosa C. Life-Long Hyperbilirubinemia Exposure and Bilirubin Priming Prevent In Vitro Metabolic Damage. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:646953. [PMID: 33776779 PMCID: PMC7994257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.646953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) is more than the final product of heme catabolism. Mildly elevated systemic bilirubin concentrations, such as in Gilbert syndrome (GS), protect against various oxidative stress-mediated and metabolic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and age-related disease. The Gunn rat is an animal model of hereditary hyperbilirubinemia widely used in assessing the effect of high serum bilirubin concentration in various organs. The present work aims to understand if life-long hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin-priming might contribute to protection against atherosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy (DN) at the cellular level. Methods: Primary aortic endothelial cells and podocytes obtained from hyperbilirubinemic homozygous jj and normobilirubinemic heterozygous Nj Gunn rats were exposed to Palmitic Acid (PA) and Angiotensin II (Ang II), respectively, and the effects on cell viability and the activation of damage-related metabolic pathways evaluated. Results were validated on immortalized H5V and HK2 cells exposed to damage after UCB pretreatment. Results: In both primary cell models, cells obtained from jj Gunn rats showed as significantly higher than Nj Gunn rats at any dose of the toxic agent. Reduction in CHOP expression and IL-6 release was observed in jj primary aortic endothelial cells exposed to PA compared to Nj cells. The same occurred on H5V pretreated with Unconjugated bilirubin. Upon Ang II treatment, primary podocytes from jj Gunn rats showed lower DNA fragmentation, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP induction than primary podocytes from Nj Gunn rats. In HK2 cells, the induction by Ang II of HIF-1α and LOXl2 was significantly reduced by UCB pretreatment. Conclusion: Our data suggest that in models of atherosclerosis and DN life–long hyperbilirubinemia exposure or bilirubin-priming significantly contribute to decrease the injury by enhancing thecellular defensive response,
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bianco
- Italian Liver Foundation (FIF), Trieste, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Pinci
- Italian Liver Foundation (FIF), Trieste, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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13
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Zhang J, Yu M, Liu B, Zhou P, Zuo N, Wang Y, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, He Y, Wu Y, Dong Z, Hong L, Shi J. Neutrophil extracellular traps enhance procoagulant activity and thrombotic tendency in patients with obstructive jaundice. Liver Int 2021; 41:333-347. [PMID: 33159371 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with obstructive jaundice (OJ) are considered to be prothrombotic with increased risk of thromboembolism complications. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in procoagulant activity (PCA) and thrombosis risk in patients with OJ is unclear. In this study, we investigated NETs formation in OJ patients and the role of elevated unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) in inducing NETs, resulting in enhanced PCA and endothelial injury. METHODS NETs of OJ patients and healthy controls were measured. NETs PCA was assessed via coagulation time (CT), fibrin formation and purified coagulation complex production assays. Visualization of NETs and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (MitoROS) were performed with a fluorescence microscope. We further used confocal microscopy to quantify the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS), fibrin strands and FVa/Xa on Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS Assessment of NETs components levels revealed greater NETs production in OJ patients than in healthy controls. Importantly, OJ-NETs were responsible for enhanced PCA. UCB induced NETs formation via MitoROS accumulation and mitochondrial mobilization. HUVECs cocultured with OJ NETs lost their cell-cell junctions and consequently converted to a procoagulant phenotype. The PCA was attenuated by using DNase I alone or in combination with lactadherin. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that UCB-induced NETs play a prominent role in promoting the hypercoagulable and prothrombotic state in OJ patients. The increased MitoROS accumulation in neutrophils initiated NETosis. NETs are promising targets for indicating or improving coagulation disorders in OJ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Muxin Yu
- Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, China
| | - Biou Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Zuo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiming Feng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujing He
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yinsong Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zengxiang Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Luojia Hong
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Departments of Research and Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Gazzin S, Dal Ben M, Montrone M, Jayanti S, Lorenzon A, Bramante A, Bottin C, Moretti R, Tiribelli C. Curcumin Prevents Cerebellar Hypoplasia and Restores the Behavior in Hyperbilirubinemic Gunn Rat by a Pleiotropic Effect on the Molecular Effectors of Brain Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010299. [PMID: 33396688 PMCID: PMC7795686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin toxicity to the central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for severe and permanent neurologic damage, resulting in hearing loss, cognitive, and movement impairment. Timely and effective management of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia by phototherapy or exchange transfusion is crucial for avoiding permanent neurological consequences, but these therapies are not always possible, particularly in low-income countries. To explore alternative options, we investigated a pharmaceutical approach focused on protecting the CNS from pigment toxicity, independently from serum bilirubin level. To this goal, we tested the ability of curcumin, a nutraceutical already used with relevant results in animal models as well as in clinics in other diseases, in the Gunn rat, the spontaneous model of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Curcumin treatment fully abolished the landmark cerebellar hypoplasia of Gunn rat, restoring the histological features, and reverting the behavioral abnormalities present in the hyperbilirubinemic rat. The protection was mediated by a multi-target action on the main bilirubin-induced pathological mechanism ongoing CNS damage (inflammation, redox imbalance, and glutamate neurotoxicity). If confirmed by independent studies, the result suggests the potential of curcumin as an alternative/complementary approach to bilirubin-induced brain damage in the clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gazzin
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.D.B.); (M.M.); (S.J.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Matteo Dal Ben
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.D.B.); (M.M.); (S.J.); (C.T.)
| | - Michele Montrone
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.D.B.); (M.M.); (S.J.); (C.T.)
| | - Sri Jayanti
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.D.B.); (M.M.); (S.J.); (C.T.)
| | - Andrea Lorenzon
- SPF Animal Facility, CBM Scarl, Bldg. Q2, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra Bramante
- SPF Animal Facility, CBM Scarl, Bldg. Q2, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Cristina Bottin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ospedale di Cattinara, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.D.B.); (M.M.); (S.J.); (C.T.)
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15
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Mahalanobish S, Dutta S, Saha S, Sil PC. Melatonin induced suppression of ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in COPD mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111588. [PMID: 32738376 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been increased remarkably in the population. Cigarette smoke (Cs) plays one of the key roles for COPD development. In our study, we explored the ameliorative role of melatonin on COPD progression by using a Cs inhaled in vivo COPD and cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-treated in vitro L-132 (alveolar epithelial cell) models. Mice exposed to Cs (4hr/day for 4 weeks) exhibited abrupt increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and disrupted alveolar structure in lung tissue. Additionally, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased cellular antioxidant status with reduced GSH/GSSG ratio were also found in Cs exposed lung. Besides, Cs induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions causing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Activated NLRP3 inflammasome caused Caspase-1 mediated release of IL-1β and IL-18 resulting in inflammatory outburst. Melatonin showed protection against COPD both in vitro and in vivo. Exhibiting its anti-inflammatory potential, melatonin also attenuated the lung inflammation. It activated the intracellular antioxidant Thioredoxin-1 (thereby suppressing the TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway) and inhibited the impaired mitophagy mediated inflammasome activation (upregulating PINK-1, Parkin, LC3B-II expression). Melatonin also improved the overall antioxidant status of the COPD lung via NRF-2-HO-1 axis restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushweta Mahalanobish
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Sayanta Dutta
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Sukanya Saha
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Parames C Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India.
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16
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Vaz AR, Falcão AS, Scarpa E, Semproni C, Brites D. Microglia Susceptibility to Free Bilirubin Is Age-Dependent. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1012. [PMID: 32765258 PMCID: PMC7381152 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), namely its free fraction (Bf), in neonatal life may cause transient or definitive injury to neurons and glial cells. We demonstrated that UCB damages neurons and glial cells by compromising oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination, and by activating astrocytes and microglia. Immature neurons and astrocytes showed to be especially vulnerable. However, whether microglia susceptibility to UCB is also age-related was never investigated. We developed a microglia culture model in which cells at 2 days in vitro (2DIV) revealed to behave as the neonatal microglia (amoeboid/reactive cells), in contrast with those at 16DIV microglia that performed as aged cells (irresponsive/dormant cells). Here, we aimed to unveil whether UCB-induced toxicity diverged from the young to the long-cultured microglia. Cells were isolated from the cortical brain of 1- to 2-day-old CD1 mice and incubated for 24 h with 50/100 nM Bf levels, which were associated to moderate and severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, respectively. These concentrations of Bf induced early apoptosis and amoeboid shape in 2DIV microglia, while caused late apoptosis in 16DIV cells, without altering their morphology. CD11b staining increased in both, but more markedly in 2DIV cells. Likewise, the gene expression of HMGB1, a well-known alarmin, as well as HMGB1 and GLT-1–positive cells, were enhanced as compared to long-maturated microglia. The CX3CR1 reduction in 2DIV microglia was opposed to the 16DIV cells and suggests a preferential Bf-induced sickness response in younger cells. In conformity, increased mitochondrial mass and NO were enhanced in 2DIV cells, but unchanged or reduced, respectively, in the 16DIV microglia. However, 100 nM Bf caused iNOS gene overexpression in 2DIV and 16DIV cells. While only arginase 1/IL-1β gene expression levels increased upon 50/100 nM Bf treatment in long-maturated microglia, MHCII/arginase 1/TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6 (>10-fold) were upregulated in the 2DIV microglia. Remarkably, enhanced inflammatory-associated microRNAs (miR-155/miR-125b/miR-21/miR-146a) and reduced anti-inflammatory miR-124 were found in young microglia by both Bf concentrations, while remained unchanged (miR/21/miR-125b) or decreased (miR-155/miR-146a/miR-124) in aged cells. Altogether, these findings support the neurodevelopmental susceptibilities to UCB-induced neurotoxicity, the most severe disabilities in premature babies, and the involvement of immune-inflammation neonatal microglia processes in poorer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Vaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Falcão
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CEDOC), Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eleonora Scarpa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlotta Semproni
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Vigneswara V, Ahmed Z. The Role of Caspase-2 in Regulating Cell Fate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051259. [PMID: 32438737 PMCID: PMC7290664 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-2 is the most evolutionarily conserved member of the mammalian caspase family and has been implicated in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic signaling pathways, including tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. A myriad of signaling molecules is associated with the tight regulation of caspase-2 to mediate multiple cellular processes far beyond apoptotic cell death. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature pertaining to possible sophisticated molecular mechanisms underlying the multifaceted process of caspase-2 activation and to highlight its interplay between factors that promote or suppress apoptosis in a complicated regulatory network that determines the fate of a cell from its birth and throughout its life.
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18
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Bilirubin disrupts calcium homeostasis in neonatal hippocampal neurons: a new pathway of neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:845-855. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Uranova NA, Vikhreva OV, Rakhmanova VI, Orlovskaya DD. Dystrophy of Oligodendrocytes and Adjacent Microglia in Prefrontal Gray Matter in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:204. [PMID: 32292358 PMCID: PMC7135882 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some evidence support the notion that microglia activation in acute state of schizophrenia might contribute to damage of oligodendrocytes and myelinated fibers. Previously we found dystrophic changes of oligodendrocytes in prefrontal white matter in schizophrenia subjects displaying predominantly positive symptoms as compared to controls. The aim of the study was to verify whether microglial activation might contribute to dystrophic changes of oligodendrocytes in prefrontal gray matter in this clinical subgroup. METHODS Transmission electron microscopy and morphometry of microglia and adjacent oligodendrocytes were performed in layer 5 of the prefrontal cortex (BA10) in the schizophrenia subjects displaying predominantly positive symptoms (SPPS, n = 12), predominantly negative symptoms (SPNS, n = 9) and healthy controls (n = 20). RESULTS Qualitative study showed microglial activation and dystrophic alterations of microglia and oligodendrocytes adjacent to each other in both subgroups as compared to controls. A significant reduction in volume density (Vv) and the number (N) of mitochondria and an increase in N of lipofuscin granules were found in oligodendrocytes and adjacent microglia in both subgroups. Vv of lipofuscin granules, Vv and N of vacuoles of endoplasmic reticulum in microglia were increased significantly in the SPPS subgroup as compared to controls. In the SPPS subgroup Vv and N of mitochondria in microglia were correlated with N of vacuoles in microglia (r = -0.61, p < 0.05) and with Vv (r = 0.79, p < 0.01) and N (r = 0.59, p < 0.05) of mitochondria in oligodendrocytes. Vv of mitochondria in microglia was also correlated with Vv and N of vacuoles in oligodendrocytes in the SPPS subgroup (r = 0.76, p < 0.01). Area of nucleus of microglial cells was correlated negatively with age (r = -0.76, p < 0.01) and age at illness onset (r = -0.65, p < 0.05) in the SPPS subgroup. In the SPNS subgroup N of mitochondria in microglia was correlated with Vv of lipofuscin granules in oligodendrocytes (r = -0.9, p < 0.01). There were no significant correlations between these parameters in the control group. DISCUSSION Microglial dystrophy might contribute to oligodendrocyte dystrophy in the schizophrenia subjects with predominantly positive symptoms during relapse. Mitochondria in microglia and oligodendrocytes may be a target for treatment strategy of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya A Uranova
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Vikhreva
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Diana D Orlovskaya
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Review of bilirubin neurotoxicity I: molecular biology and neuropathology of disease. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:327-331. [PMID: 31600770 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of successful prevention strategies to prevent excessive hyperbilirubinemia, the neurological sequelae of bilirubin neurotoxicity (BNTx) still occur throughout the world. Kernicterus, encephalopathy due to BNTx, is now understood to be a spectrum of severity and phenotypes known as kernicterus spectrum disorder (KSD). A better understanding of the selective neuropathology and molecular biology of BNTx and using consistent clinical definitions of KSDs as outcome measure can lead to more accurately predicting the risk and causes of BNTx and KSDs. In Part I of our two-part review, we will summarize current and recent advances in the understanding of the selective neuropathology and molecular biology of the disease. Herein we emphasize the role of unbound, free unconjugated bilirubin as well as genetic contributions to the susceptibility BNTx and the development of KSDs. In Part II, we focus on current and possible novel methods to prevent BNTx and ABE and treat ABE and KSDs.
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21
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Experimental models assessing bilirubin neurotoxicity. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:17-25. [PMID: 31493769 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular events leading to bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity, the mechanisms regulating liver and intestine expression in neonates, and alternative pathways of bilirubin catabolism remain incompletely defined. To answer these questions, researchers have developed a number of model systems to closely recapitulate the main characteristics of the disease, ranging from tissue cultures to engineered mouse models. In the present review we describe in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models developed to study bilirubin metabolism and neurotoxicity, with a special focus on the use of engineered animal models. In addition, we discussed the most recent studies related to potential therapeutic approaches to treat neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, ranging from anti-inflammatory drugs, activation of nuclear receptor pathways, blockade of bilirubin catabolism, and stimulation of alternative bilirubin-disposal pathways.
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22
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Le Pichon JB, Riordan SM, Shapiro SM. Hyperbilirubinemia and the Risk for Brain Injury. Neurology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-54392-7.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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23
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Gundamaraju R, Vemuri R, Chong WC, Bulmer AC, Eri R. Bilirubin Attenuates ER Stress-Mediated Inflammation, Escalates Apoptosis and Reduces Proliferation in the LS174T Colonic Epithelial Cell Line. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:135-144. [PMID: 30662337 PMCID: PMC6332492 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.29134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mildly elevated serum unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) concentrations are associated with protection against disease conditions underpinned by cellular and metabolic stress. To determine the potential therapeutic efficacy of UCB we tested it in an in vitro model of gut inflammation. Tunicamycin TUN (10 µg/mL) was used to induce endoplasmic reticular stress (ERS) affecting N-glycosylation in LS174T cells. Cultured cells were investigated with addition of UCB at doses 0.1, 1 and 10µM (resulting in bilirubin:albumin ratios of 0.325-0.003)against ER stress-mediated effects including inflammation, cell survival (determined by apoptosis) and proliferation. Gene expression of ER stress markers (Grp78, Perk, XBP1 and ATF6) were evaluated in addition to cytokine concentrations in media after six hours of treatment. We then verified the potential role of UCB in executing programmed cell death via PARP, Caspase3 and Annexin V assays and further explored cell proliferation using the Click-iT EdU assay. A dose of 10µM UCB most potently reduced tunicamycin-mediated effects on enhanced UPR markers, inflammatory cytokines and proliferation; however all the doses (i.e.0.1-10µM) reduced the expression of ER stress and inflammatory markers Grp78, NLRP3, IL1-b, XBP1, PERK and ATF6. Furthermore, media concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-4 and TNFα decreased and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased (P<0.05). A dose of 10µM UCB initiated intrinsic apoptosis via Caspase 3 and in addition reduced cellular proliferation. Collectively, these data indicate that co treatment with UCB resulted in reducing ER stress response to TUN in gastrointestinal epithelial cells, reduced the subsequent inflammatory response, induced cancer cell death and decreased cellular proliferation. These data suggest that mildly elevated circulating or enteric UCB might protect against gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gundamaraju
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ravichandra Vemuri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wai Chin Chong
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew Cameron Bulmer
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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24
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Ye H, Xing Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Jiang H, Ding D, Shi H, Yin S. Bilirubin-induced neurotoxic and ototoxic effects in rat cochlear and vestibular organotypic cultures. Neurotoxicology 2018; 71:75-86. [PMID: 30578813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to high levels of bilirubin in hyperbilirubinemia patients and animal models can result in sensorineural deafness. However, the mechanisms underlying bilirubin-induced damage to the inner ear, including the cochlear and vestibular organs, remain unknown. The present analyses of cochlear and vestibular organotypic cultures obtained from postnatal day 3 rats exposed to bilirubin at varying concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, or 250 μM) for 24 h revealed that auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) and vestibular nerve endings were destroyed even at low doses (10 and 50 μM). Additionally, as the bilirubin dose increased, spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and vestibular ganglion neurons (VGNs) exhibited gradual shrinkage in conjunction with nuclei condensation or fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner. The loss of cochlear and vestibular hair cells (HCs) was only evident in explants treated with the highest concentration of bilirubin (250 μM), and bilirubin-induced major apoptosis most likely occurred via the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Thus, the present results indicate that inner ear neurons and fibers were more sensitive to, and exhibited more severe damage following, bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity than sensory HCs, which illustrates the underlying causes of auditory neuropathy and vestibulopathy in hyperbilirubinemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Yazhi Xing
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, PR China
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Dalian Ding
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China; Center for Hearing and Deafness, Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Haibo Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
| | - Shankai Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
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Lee CW, Chi MC, Chang TM, Liu JF. Artocarpin induces cell apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress and reactive oxygen species. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:13157-13168. [PMID: 30549031 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary bone tumor that responds poorly to both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, because of side effects and drug resistance in chemotherapy and the insufficiency of an effective adjuvant therapy for osteosarcoma, it is necessary to research novel treatments. This study was the first to investigate the anticancer effects of the flavonoid derivative artocarpin in osteosarcoma. Artocarpin induced cell apoptosis in three human osteosarcoma cell lines-U2OS, MG63, and HOS. Artocarpin was also associated with increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial dysfunction was followed by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and accompanied by decreased antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and increased proapoptotic protein Bak and Bax. Artocarpin triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as indicated by changes in cytosol calcium levels and increased glucose-regulated protein 78 and 94 expressions, and also increased calpains expression and activity. Animal studies revealed a dramatic 40% reduction in tumor volume after 18 days of treatment. This study demonstrated a novel anticancer activity of artocarpin against human osteosarcoma cells and in murine tumor models. In summary, artocarpin significantly induced cell apoptosis through ROS, ER stress, mitochondria, and the caspase pathway, and may thus be a novel anticancer treatment for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Miao-Ching Chi
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi County, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi County, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Ming Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ju-Fang Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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26
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Tang Y, Zhong ZY, Liu YF, Sheng GT. Obtusifolin inhibits high glucose‑induced mitochondrial apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3011-3019. [PMID: 30015829 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DM is often accompanied by macrovascular complications. Obtusifolin, which is an anthraquinone‑based compound with antioxidant activity, is obtained from the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia. In this study, the potential effect of obtusifolin was investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The results from flow cytometry analysis revealed that pretreatment with obtusifolin depressed the production of cellular reactive oxygen species that was induced by high glucose content. Moreover, the results showed that pretreatment with obtusifolin reduced the level of malondialdehyde, as well as recovered the activities of mitochondrial complex I/III, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis also revealed that mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis were recovered, and inhibited by obtusifolin, respectively. The expression of X chromosome‑linked IAP was upregulated, whereas the expressions of poly ADP‑ribose polymerase and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase‑3/9 were downregulated by the pretreatment with obtusifolin. Notably, the western blot analyses showed that the release of Omi/HtrA2 into the cytosol was prevented by the pretreatment with obtusifolin. Conclusively, it was suggested that obtusifolin may provide protection against mitochondrial apoptosis largely through inhibition of the release of Omi/HtrA2 from mitochondria into cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ying Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Gou-Tai Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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27
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Impaired oligodendrogenesis and myelination by elevated S100B levels during neurodevelopment. Neuropharmacology 2018; 129:69-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Sayeed MSB, Alhadidi Q, Shah ZA. Cofilin signaling in hemin-induced microglial activation and inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 313:46-55. [PMID: 29153608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most severe form of stroke and is further exacerbated by the secondary injury involving inflammatory response due to the activation of microglia. This secondary injury is partly due to the toxic effects of hemin, an endogenous breakdown product of hemoglobin. Cofilin, an actin depolymerizing factor, controls actin dynamics and has been previously shown to be involved in mediating neuronal cell death in ischemic conditions and during bacterial lipopolysaccharide induced microglial activation. There are limited studies regarding the deleterious effects of extremely high concentrations of hemin released during ICH and its effects on microglia and subsequent cofilin response. Therefore, investigations were conducted to study the effects of hemin on microglial activation induced inflammation and the critical role of cofilin in mediating the response. We observed that hemin treated microglia had a concentration dependent increase in cofilin expression and NO production. There were increased levels of iNOS, TNF-α, HO1, Nrf2, Wfs-1, XBP-1 and spliced XBP-1 observed in response to hemin treatment and the signaling was found to be partly mediated by cofilin. Acute hemin treatment did not evoke Ca2+ signaling and long-term treatment of hemin also resulted in the failure of microglial response to acetylcholine-evoked Ca2+ signaling. Knockdown of cofilin by siRNA also reduced acetylcholine-evoked Ca2+ signaling. These studies demonstrate that cofilin signaling is important in hemin-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, ER stress, microglial migration, and the ability to evoke Ca2+ signaling. Therefore, cofilin inhibition could be a potential therapy in brain injuries triggered by hemin toxicity in conditions like ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Qasim Alhadidi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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29
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Inhibition of Starvation-Triggered Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Autophagy, and Apoptosis in ARPE-19 Cells by Taurine through Modulating the Expression of Calpain-1 and Calpain-2. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102146. [PMID: 29036897 PMCID: PMC5666828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disease with multiple initiators and pathways that converge on death for retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In this study, effects of taurine on calpains, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells (a human RPE cell line) were investigated. We first confirmed that autophagy, ER stress and apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells were induced by Earle’s balanced salt solution (EBSS) through starvation to induce RPE metabolic stress. Secondly, inhibition of ER stress by 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) alleviated autophagy and apoptosis, and suppression of autophagy by 3-methyl adenine (3-MA) reduced the cell apoptosis, but the ER stress was minimally affected. Thirdly, the apoptosis, ER stress and autophagy were inhibited by gene silencing of calpain-2 and overexpression of calpain-1, respectively. Finally, taurine suppressed both the changes of the important upstream regulators (calpain-1 and calpain-2) and the activation of ER stress, autophagy and apoptosis, and taurine had protective effects on the survival of ARPE-19 cells. Collectively, this data indicate that taurine inhibits starvation-triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells by modulating the expression of calpain-1 and calpain-2.
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30
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Newville J, Jantzie LL, Cunningham LA. Embracing oligodendrocyte diversity in the context of perinatal injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1575-1585. [PMID: 29171412 PMCID: PMC5696828 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence is fueling a new appreciation of oligodendrocyte diversity that is overturning the traditional view that oligodendrocytes are a homogenous cell population. Oligodendrocytes of distinct origins, maturational stages, and regional locations may differ in their functional capacity or susceptibility to injury. One of the most unique qualities of the oligodendrocyte is its ability to produce myelin. Myelin abnormalities have been ascribed to a remarkable array of perinatal brain injuries, with concomitant oligodendrocyte dysregulation. Within this review, we discuss new insights into the diversity of the oligodendrocyte lineage and highlight their relevance in paradigms of perinatal brain injury. Future therapeutic development will be informed by comprehensive knowledge of oligodendrocyte pathophysiology that considers the particular facets of heterogeneity that this lineage exhibits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Newville
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lee Anna Cunningham
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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31
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Hydroxycamptothecin prevents intraarticular scar adhesion by activating the PERK signal pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 810:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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32
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Caldeira C, Cunha C, Vaz AR, Falcão AS, Barateiro A, Seixas E, Fernandes A, Brites D. Key Aging-Associated Alterations in Primary Microglia Response to Beta-Amyloid Stimulation. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:277. [PMID: 28912710 PMCID: PMC5583148 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline and believed to be driven by the self-aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide into oligomers and fibrils that accumulate as senile plaques. It is widely accepted that microglia-mediated inflammation is a significant contributor to disease pathogenesis; however, different microglia phenotypes were identified along AD progression and excessive Aβ production was shown to dysregulate cell function. As so, the contribution of microglia to AD pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. In this study, we wondered if isolated microglia cultured for 16 days in vitro (DIV) would react differentially from the 2 DIV cells upon treatment with 1000 nM Aβ1-42 for 24 h. No changes in cell viability were observed and morphometric alterations associated to microglia activation, such as volume increase and process shortening, were obvious in 2 DIV microglia, but less evident in 16 DIV cells. These cells showed lower phagocytic, migration and autophagic properties after Aβ treatment than the 2 DIV cultured microglia. Reduced phagocytosis may derive from increased CD33 expression, reduced triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (MFG-E8) levels, which were mainly observed in 16 DIV cells. Activation of inflammatory mediators, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as increased expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4 and fractalkine/CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) cell surface receptors were prominent in 2 DIV microglia, while elevation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) was marked in 16 DIV cells. Increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and upregulated miR-146a expression that were observed in 16 DIV cells showed to increase by Aβ in 2 DIV microglia. Additionally, Aβ downregulated miR-155 and miR-124, and reduced the CD11b+ subpopulation in 2 DIV microglia, while increased the number of CD86+ cells in 16 DIV microglia. Simultaneous M1 and M2 markers were found after Aβ treatment, but at lower expression in the in vitro aged microglia. Data show key-aging associated responses by microglia when incubated with Aβ, with a loss of reactivity from the 2 DIV to the 16 DIV cells, which course with a reduced phagocytosis, migration and lower expression of inflammatory miRNAs. These findings help to improve our understanding on the heterogeneous responses that microglia can have along the progression of AD disease and imply that therapeutic approaches may differ from early to late stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Caldeira
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Cunha
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana R Vaz
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana S Falcão
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Barateiro
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Seixas
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
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33
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Wang J, Du H, Nie Y, Wang Y, Dai H, Wang M, Wang D, Xu A. Mitochondria and MAPK cascades modulate endosulfan-induced germline apoptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:412-419. [PMID: 30090509 PMCID: PMC6062295 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00046d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosulfan as a new member of persistent organic pollutants has been shown to induce apoptosis in various animal models. However, the mechanism underlying endosulfan-induced apoptosis has not been well elucidated thus far. Caenorhabditis elegans N2 wild type and mutant strains were used in the present study to clarify the roles of the mitochondria, the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in α-endosulfan-induced apoptosis. Our results demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent increase of apoptosis in the meiotic zone of the gonad of C. elegans exposed to graded concentrations of endosulfan. The expression levels of sod-3, localized in the mitochondrial matrix, increased greatly after endosulfan exposure. A significant increase in germ cell apoptosis was observed in abnormal methyl viologen sensitivity-1 (mev-1(kn-1)) mutants (with abnormal mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II and higher ROS levels) compared to that in N2 at equal endosulfan concentrations. We found that the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and its downstream Ras/ERK/MAPK did not participate in the endosulfan-induced apoptosis. However, the apoptosis in the loss-of-function strains of JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways was completely or mildly suppressed under endosulfan stress. The apoptotic effects of endosulfan were blocked in the mutants of jnk-1/JNK-MAPK, sek-1/MAP2K, and pmk-1/p38-MAPK, suggesting that these downstream genes play an essential role in endosulfan-induced germ cell apoptosis. In contrast, the mkk-4/MAP2K and nsy-1/MAP3K were only partially involved in the apoptosis induction. Our data provide evidence that endosulfan increases germ cell apoptosis, which is regulated by mitochondrial function, JNK and p38 MAPK cascades. These findings contribute to the understanding of the signal transduction pathways involved in endosulfan-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering , Hefei Institutes of Physical Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China .
| | - Hua Du
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering , Hefei Institutes of Physical Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China .
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering , Hefei Institutes of Physical Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China .
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Life Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230027 , P. R. China
| | - Hui Dai
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering , Hefei Institutes of Physical Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China .
| | - Mudi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering , Hefei Institutes of Physical Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China .
| | - Dayan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering , Hefei Institutes of Physical Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China .
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering , Hefei Institutes of Physical Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China .
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Liu G, Guo T, Zhang Y, Liu N, Chen J, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhao J. Apoptotic pathways of macrophages within osteolytic interface membrane in periprosthestic osteolysis after total hip replacement. APMIS 2017; 125:565-578. [PMID: 28345781 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage apoptosis in interface membrane, which occurs through either death receptor, mitochondrion, or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways, has been suggested to play an important role in promoting osteolysis. However, how and why macrophage apoptosis originates and the correlation among these apoptotic pathways is not yet clear. The objective of this study was to identify the apoptotic mechanism of macrophages, and to explore the relationship between the apoptotic pathways and progression of osteolysis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized to analyze the tissue ultrastructure of wear particles, and in situ apoptotic macrophage identification was performed by TUNEL staining. We analyzed the expression of the key biomarkers of apoptotic pathways via immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that the majority of wear particles within osteolytic interface membrane was in the 30-60 nm range, and that macrophage apoptotic ratio increased along with osteolysis progression. Normal hip dysplasia and mechanical loosening of tissues showed low expression levels of biomarkers for ER stress (Ca2+ , JNK, cleaved Caspase-4, IRE1-α, Grp78/Bip, and CHOP), mitochondrion (Bcl-2, Bax, and Cytochrome c), and death receptor (Fas and cleaved Caspase-8) pathways, while osteolytic interface membrane tissues expressed high levels of these biomarkers. In addition, we found that the ER stress intensity was in complete conformity with mitochondrial dysfunction and was consistent with the results of death receptor activation. Thus, our findings suggested that wear particles generated at implant interface can accelerate macrophage apoptosis through changes in apoptotic pathways and ultimately aggravate the symptom of osteolysis. These data represent a preferential apoptotic signaling pathway of macrophages as specific target points for the prevention and therapeutic modulation of periprosthetic osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Bayi Hospital Affiliated Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Bayi Hospital Affiliated Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Naicheng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangning Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Bayi Hospital Affiliated Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianning Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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35
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Vodret S, Bortolussi G, Jašprová J, Vitek L, Muro AF. Inflammatory signature of cerebellar neurodegeneration during neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Ugt1 -/- mouse model. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:64. [PMID: 28340583 PMCID: PMC5366125 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe hyperbilirubinemia is toxic during central nervous system development. Prolonged and uncontrolled high levels of unconjugated bilirubin lead to bilirubin-induced neurological damage and eventually death by kernicterus. Bilirubin neurotoxicity is characterized by a wide array of neurological deficits, including irreversible abnormalities in motor, sensitive and cognitive functions, due to bilirubin accumulation in the brain. Despite the abundant literature documenting the in vitro and in vivo toxic effects of bilirubin, it is unclear which molecular and cellular events actually characterize bilirubin-induced neurodegeneration in vivo. Methods We used a mouse model of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia to temporally and spatially define the response of the developing cerebellum to the bilirubin insult. Results We showed that the exposure of developing cerebellum to sustained bilirubin levels induces the activation of oxidative stress, ER stress and inflammatory markers at the early stages of the disease onset. In particular, we identified TNFα and NFKβ as key mediators of bilirubin-induced inflammatory response. Moreover, we reported that M1 type microglia is increasingly activated during disease progression. Failure to counteract this overwhelming stress condition resulted in the induction of the apoptotic pathway and the generation of the glial scar. Finally, bilirubin induced the autophagy pathway in the stages preceding death of the animals. Conclusions This study demonstrates that inflammation is a key contributor to bilirubin damage that cooperates with ER stress in the onset of neurotoxicity. Pharmacological modulation of the inflammatory pathway may be a potential intervention target to ameliorate neonatal lethality in Ugt1-/- mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0838-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vodret
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Bortolussi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Jana Jašprová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vitek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00, Prague, Czech Republic.,Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrés F Muro
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
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36
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Mancuso C. Bilirubin and brain: A pharmacological approach. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:113-123. [PMID: 28315352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For many decades, the world scientific literature has accounted for a number of works on the biological effects of bilirubin-IXalpha (BR). The first studies focused on the neurotoxic effects of the excessive production of BR, in particular regarding both physiological neonatal jaundice and the more severe ones, typically as consequences of severe hemolysis or other underlying diseases. Only since 1987, has significant evidence, however, underlined the neuroprotective role of BR linked to the scavenging effect of free radicals as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and its congeners. Despite the presence in the literature of many excellent papers dealing with the multiple roles played by BR in health and disease, there were very few and somewhat dated reviews that summarize the key findings related to the neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of the bile pigment and underlying mechanisms. In light of the previous statements, the aim of this review is to provide a summary of the main discoveries in the last years on the effects of BR on the central nervous system. An analytical description about the synthesis of BR, its distribution in the systemic circulation, liver metabolism and elimination through feces and urine will be provided, together with the main mechanisms claimed to describe the neurotoxicity and neuroprotection by the bile pigment. Finally, the possible translational aspects of pharmacological modulation in the production of BR in order to prevent or counteract toxic effects or enhance the protective actions, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mancuso
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo F. Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy.
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37
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Pinheiro R, Braga C, Santos G, Bronze MR, Perry MJ, Moreira R, Brites D, Falcão AS. Targeting Gliomas: Can a New Alkylating Hybrid Compound Make a Difference? ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:50-59. [PMID: 27665765 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of brain tumor in adults. The triazene Temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating drug, is the classical chemotherapeutic agent for gliomas, but has been disappointing against the highly invasive and resistant nature of GBM. Hybrid compounds may open new horizons within this challenge. The multicomponent therapeutic strategy here used resides on a combination of two repurposing drugs acting by different but potentially synergistic mechanisms, improved efficacy, and lower resistance effects. We synthesized a new hybrid compound (HYBCOM) by covalently binding a TMZ analogue to valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor drug that was shown to sensitize TMZ-resistant glioma cells. Advantages of this new molecule as compared to TMZ, in terms of chemotherapeutic efficacy, were investigated. Our results evidenced that HYBCOM more efficiently decreased the viability and proliferation of the GL261 glioma cells, while showing to better target the tumor cells than the functionally normal astrocytes. Increased cytotoxicity by HYBCOM may be a consequence of the improved autophagic process observed. Additionally, HYBCOM changed the morphology of GL261 cells into a nonpolar, more rounded shape, impairing cell migration ability. Most interesting, and in opposite to TMZ, cells exposed to HYBCOM did not enhance the expression of drug resistance proteins, a major issue in the treatment of GBM. Overall, our studies indicate that HYBCOM has promising chemotherapeutic benefits over the classical TMZ, and future studies should assess if the treatment translates into efficacy in glioblastoma experimental models and reveal clinical benefits in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pinheiro
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Braga
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gisela Santos
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria R. Bronze
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Perry
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Falcão
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Exploring New Inflammatory Biomarkers and Pathways during LPS-Induced M1 Polarization. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:6986175. [PMID: 28096568 PMCID: PMC5209629 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6986175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of mediators triggering microglia activation and transference of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) into exosomes are critical to dissect the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. We used lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced N9 microglia activation to explore new biomarkers/signaling pathways and to identify inflammatory miRNA (inflamma-miR) in cells and their derived exosomes. Upregulation of iNOS and MHC-II (M1-markers) and downregulation of arginase 1, FIZZ1 (M2-markers), and CX3CR1 (M0/M2 polarization) confirmed the switch of N9 LPS-treated cells into the M1 phenotype, as described for macrophages/microglia. Cells showed increased proliferation, activated TLR4/TLR2/NF-κB pathway, and enhanced phagocytosis, further corroborated by upregulated MFG-E8. We found NLRP3-inflammasome activation in these cells, probably accounting for the increased extracellular content of the cytokine HMGB1 and of the MMP-9 we have observed. We demonstrate for the first time that the inflamma-miR profiling (upregulated miR-155 and miR-146a plus downregulated miR-124) in M1 polarized N9 cells, noticed by others in activated macrophages/microglia, was replicated in their derived exosomes, likely regulating the inflammatory response of recipient cells and dissemination processes. Data show that LPS-treated N9 cells behave like M1 polarized microglia/macrophages, while providing new targets for drug discovery. In particular, the study yields novel insights into the exosomal circulating miRNA during neuroinflammation important for emerging therapeutic approaches targeting microglia activation.
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Qaisiya M, Brischetto C, Jašprová J, Vitek L, Tiribelli C, Bellarosa C. Bilirubin-induced ER stress contributes to the inflammatory response and apoptosis in neuronal cells. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1847-1858. [PMID: 27578021 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) in newborns may lead to bilirubin neurotoxicity. Few studies investigated the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) by UCB. We performed an in vitro comparative study using undifferentiated SH-SY5Y, differentiated GI-ME-N neuronal cells and human U87 astrocytoma cells. ER stress and its contribution to inflammation and apoptosis induced by UCB were analyzed. Cytotoxicity, ER stress and inflammation were observed only in neuronal cells, despite intracellular UCB accumulation in all three cell types. UCB toxicity was enhanced in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells and correlated with a higher mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic CHOP. Mouse embryonic fibroblast knockout for CHOP and CHOP siRNA-silenced SH-SY5Y increased cells viability upon UCB exposure. In SH-SY5Y, ER stress inhibition by 4-phenylbutyric acid reduced UCB-induced apoptosis and decreased the cleaved forms of caspase-3 and PARP proteins. Reporter gene assay and PERK siRNA showed that IL-8 induction by UCB is transcriptionally regulated by NFкB and PERK signaling. These data suggest that ER stress has an important role in the UCB-induced inflammation and apoptosis, and that targeting ER stress may represent a potential therapeutic approach to decrease UCB-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Qaisiya
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, Italian Liver Foundation ONLUS, AREA Science Park Basovizza Bldg Q, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Cristina Brischetto
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, Italian Liver Foundation ONLUS, AREA Science Park Basovizza Bldg Q, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jana Jašprová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 12000, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vitek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 12000, Prague, Czech Republic.,4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 12000, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, Italian Liver Foundation ONLUS, AREA Science Park Basovizza Bldg Q, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristina Bellarosa
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, Italian Liver Foundation ONLUS, AREA Science Park Basovizza Bldg Q, 34149, Trieste, Italy
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Riordan SM, Bittel DC, Le Pichon JB, Gazzin S, Tiribelli C, Watchko JF, Wennberg RP, Shapiro SM. A Hypothesis for Using Pathway Genetic Load Analysis for Understanding Complex Outcomes in Bilirubin Encephalopathy. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:376. [PMID: 27587993 PMCID: PMC4988977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic-based susceptibility to bilirubin neurotoxicity and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus) is still poorly understood. Neonatal jaundice affects 60–80% of newborns, and considerable effort goes into preventing this relatively benign condition from escalating into the development of kernicterus making the incidence of this potentially devastating condition very rare in more developed countries. The current understanding of the genetic background of kernicterus is largely comprised of mutations related to alterations of bilirubin production, elimination, or both. Less is known about mutations that may predispose or protect against CNS bilirubin neurotoxicity. The lack of a monogenetic source for this risk of bilirubin neurotoxicity suggests that disease progression is dependent upon an overall decrease in the functionality of one or more essential genetically controlled metabolic pathways. In other words, a “load” is placed on key pathways in the form of multiple genetic variants that combine to create a vulnerable phenotype. The idea of epistatic interactions creating a pathway genetic load (PGL) that affects the response to a specific insult has been previously reported as a PGL score. We hypothesize that the PGL score can be used to investigate whether increased susceptibility to bilirubin-induced CNS damage in neonates is due to a mutational load being placed on key genetic pathways important to the central nervous system's response to bilirubin neurotoxicity. We propose a modification of the PGL score method that replaces the use of a canonical pathway with custom gene lists organized into three tiers with descending levels of evidence combined with the utilization of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) causality prediction methods. The PGL score has the potential to explain the genetic background of complex bilirubin induced neurological disorders (BIND) such as kernicterus and could be the key to understanding ranges of outcome severity in complex diseases. We anticipate that this method could be useful for improving the care of jaundiced newborns through its use as an at-risk screen. Importantly, this method would also be useful in uncovering basic knowledge about this and other polygenetic diseases whose genetic source is difficult to discern through traditional means such as a genome-wide association study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Riordan
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy HospitalKansas City, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS, USA
| | - Douglas C Bittel
- Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy HospitalKansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of MedicineKansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Le Pichon
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy HospitalKansas City, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of MedicineKansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS, USA
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Italian Liver Foundation, Centro Studi Fegato (CSF) Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Italian Liver Foundation, Centro Studi Fegato (CSF)Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of TriesteTrieste, Italy
| | - Jon F Watchko
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Steven M Shapiro
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy HospitalKansas City, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of MedicineKansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS, USA
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Yang Y, Cheung HH, Tu J, Miu KK, Chan WY. New insights into the unfolded protein response in stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:54010-54027. [PMID: 27304053 PMCID: PMC5288239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanism to increase cell survival under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. The UPR is critical for maintaining cell homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions. The vital functions of the UPR in development, metabolism and immunity have been demonstrated in several cell types. UPR dysfunction activates a variety of pathologies, including cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disease and immune disease. Stem cells with the special ability to self-renew and differentiate into various somatic cells have been demonstrated to be present in multiple tissues. These cells are involved in development, tissue renewal and certain disease processes. Although the role and regulation of the UPR in somatic cells has been widely reported, the function of the UPR in stem cells is not fully known, and the roles and functions of the UPR are dependent on the stem cell type. Therefore, in this article, the potential significances of the UPR in stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, tissue stem cells, cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent cells, are comprehensively reviewed. This review aims to provide novel insights regarding the mechanisms associated with stem cell differentiation and cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Hoi Hung Cheung
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - JiaJie Tu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Kai Kei Miu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
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Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β attenuates organ injury and dysfunction associated with liver ischemia-reperfusion and thermal injury in the rat. Shock 2016; 43:369-78. [PMID: 25394244 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine-threonine kinase discovered decades ago to have an important role in glycogen metabolism. Today, we know that this kinase is involved in the regulation of many cell functions, including insulin signaling, specification of cell fate during embryonic development, and the control of cell division and apoptosis. Insulin and TDZD-8 (4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione) are inhibitors of GSK-3β that have been shown to possess organ-protective effects in inflammatory-mediated organ injury models. We aimed to evaluate the cytoprotective effect of GSK-3β inhibition on rat models of liver ischemia-reperfusion and thermal injury. In the liver ischemia-reperfusion model, TDZD-8 and insulin were administered at 5 mg/kg (i.v.) and 1.4 IU/kg (i.v.), respectively, 30 min before induction of ischemia and led to the significant reduction of the serum concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Beneficial effects were found to be independent from blood glucose levels. In the thermal injury model, TDZD-8 was administered at 5 mg/kg (i.v.) 5 min before induction of injury and significantly reduced multiple organ dysfunction markers (liver, neuromuscular, and lung). In the lung, TDZD-8 reduced the histological signs of tissue injury, inflammatory markers (cytokines), and neutrophil chemotaxis/infiltration; reduced GSK-3β, nuclear factor-κB, and Akt activation; reduced caspase-3 and metalloproteinase-9 activation. Our study provides a new insight on the beneficial effects of GSK-3β inhibition on systemic inflammation and further elucidates the mechanism and pathway crosstalks by which TDZD-8 reduces the multiple organ injury elicited by thermal injury.
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43
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Erythropoietin reduces acute lung injury and multiple organ failure/dysfunction associated to a scald-burn inflammatory injury in the rat. Inflammation 2015; 38:312-26. [PMID: 25270658 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is an endogenous regulator of erythropoiesis and is given exogenously as a replacement therapy for selected red blood cell disorders. In the past years, EPO has been emerging as a multifunctional, cytoprotective cytokine with anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. We aimed to evaluate the cytoprotective effect of rhEPO (recombinant human EPO) treatment on a rat model of multiorgan dysfunction induced by thermal injury. rhEPO was administered at 1000 U/kg (i.v.) 5 min prior to induction of injury and significantly reduced multiorgan dysfunction markers (liver, kidney, lung, serum cytokine levels). In the lung, rhEPO reduced: histological signs of tissue injury, inflammatory/injury markers on the bronchoalveolar fluid, neutrophil chemotaxis/infiltration, GSK-3β activation, and apoptosis. Our study showed that erythropoietin has the potential to exhibit pleiotropic cytoprotective effects and that it might be an interesting pharmacological strategy in the modulation of acute lung injury, such as the one associated to severe burn.
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Barateiro A, Chen S, Yueh MF, Fernandes A, Domingues HS, Relvas J, Barbier O, Nguyen N, Tukey RH, Brites D. Reduced Myelination and Increased Glia Reactivity Resulting from Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:84-93. [PMID: 26480925 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) and kernicterus has been used to describe moderate to severe neurologic dysfunction observed in children exposed to excessive levels of total serum bilirubin (TSB) during the neonatal period. Here we use a new mouse model that targets deletion of the Ugt1 locus and the Ugt1a1 gene in liver to promote hyperbilirubinemia-induced seizures and central nervous system toxicity. The accumulation of TSB in these mice leads to diffuse yellow coloration of brain tissue and a marked cerebellar hypoplasia that we characterize as kernicterus. Histologic studies of brain tissue demonstrate that the onset of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, characterized by seizures, leads to alterations in myelination and glia reactivity. Kernicterus presents as axonopathy with myelination deficits at different brain regions, including pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. The excessive accumulation of TSB in the early neonatal period (5 days after birth) promotes activation of the myelin basic protein (Mbp) gene with an accelerated loss of MBP that correlates with a lack of myelin sheath formation. These changes were accompanied by increased astroglial and microglial reactivity, possibly as a response to myelination injury. Interestingly, cerebellum was the area most affected, with greater myelination impairment and glia burden, and showing a marked loss of Purkinje cells and reduced arborization of the remaining ones. Thus, kernicterus in this model displays not only axonal damage but also myelination deficits and glial activation in different brain regions that are usually related to the neurologic sequelae observed after severe hyperbilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Barateiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Mei-Fei Yueh
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Helena Sofia Domingues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - João Relvas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Nghia Nguyen
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
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45
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Hypoxia-Induced Iron Accumulation in Oligodendrocytes Mediates Apoptosis by Eliciting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4713-27. [PMID: 26319559 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the role of increased iron accumulation in oligodendrocytes and its role in their apoptosis in the periventricular white matter damage (PWMD) following a hypoxic injury to the neonatal brain. In response to hypoxia, in the PWM, there was increased expression of proteins involved in iron acquisition, such as iron regulatory proteins (IRP1, IRP2) and transferrin receptor in oligodendrocytes. Consistent with this, following a hypoxic exposure, there was increased accumulation of iron in primary cultured oligodendrocytes. The increased concentration of iron within hypoxic oligodendrocytes was found to elicit ryanodine receptor (RyR) expression, and the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers such as binding-immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE)-1α. Associated with ER stress, there was reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels within hypoxic oligodendrocytes. However, treatment with deferoxamine reduced the increased expression of RyR, BiP, and IRE-1α and increased ATP levels in hypoxic oligodendrocytes. Parallel to ER stress there was enhanced reactive oxygen species production within mitochondria of hypoxic oligodendrocytes, which was attenuated when these cells were treated with deferoxamine. At the ultrastructural level, hypoxic oligodendrocytes frequently showed dilated ER and disrupted mitochondria, which became less evident in those treated with deferoxamine. Associated with these subcellular changes, the apoptosis of hypoxic oligodendrocytes was evident with an increase in p53 and caspase-3 expression, which was attenuated when these cells were treated with deferoxamine. Thus, the present study emphasizes that the excess iron accumulated within oligodendrocytes in hypoxic PWM could result in their death by eliciting ER stress and mitochondrial disruption.
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Rocha J, Eduardo-Figueira M, Barateiro A, Fernandes A, Brites D, Bronze R, Duarte CMM, Serra AT, Pinto R, Freitas M, Fernandes E, Silva-Lima B, Mota-Filipe H, Sepodes B. Anti-inflammatory effect of rosmarinic acid and an extract of Rosmarinus officinalis in rat models of local and systemic inflammation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 116:398-413. [PMID: 25287116 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenolic compound and main constituent of Rosmarinus officinalis and has been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of rosmarinic acid and of an extract of R. officinalis in local inflammation (carrageenin-induced paw oedema model in the rat), and further evaluate the protective effect of rosmarinic acid in rat models of systemic inflammation: liver ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) and thermal injury models. In the local inflammation model, rosmarinic acid was administered at 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg (p.o.), and the extract was administered at 10 and 25 mg/kg (equivalent doses to rosmarinic acid groups) to male Wistar rats. Administration of rosmarinic acid and extract at the dose of 25 mg/kg reduced paw oedema at 6 hr by over 60%, exhibiting a dose-response effect, suggesting that rosmarinic was the main contributor to the anti-inflammatory effect. In the liver I/R model, rosmarinic acid was administered at 25 mg/kg (i.v.) 30 min. prior to the induction of ischaemia and led to the significant reduction in the serum concentration of transaminases (AST and ALT) and LDH. In the thermal injury model, rosmarinic acid was administered at 25 mg/kg (i.v.) 5 min. prior to the induction of injury and significantly reduced multi-organ dysfunction markers (liver, kidney, lung) by modulating NF-κB and metalloproteinase-9. For the first time, the anti-inflammatory potential of rosmarinic acid has been identified, as it causes a substantial reduction in inflammation, and we speculate that it might be useful in the pharmacological modulation of injuries associated to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Rocha
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy - University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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Palmela I, Correia L, Silva RFM, Sasaki H, Kim KS, Brites D, Brito MA. Hydrophilic bile acids protect human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells from disruption by unconjugated bilirubin: an in vitro study. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:80. [PMID: 25821432 PMCID: PMC4358072 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid and its main conjugate glycoursodeoxycholic acid are bile acids with neuroprotective properties. Our previous studies demonstrated their anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties in neural cells exposed to elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) as in severe jaundice. In a simplified model of the blood-brain barrier, formed by confluent monolayers of a cell line of human brain microvascular endothelial cells, UCB has shown to induce caspase-3 activation and cell death, as well as interleukin-6 release and a loss of blood-brain barrier integrity. Here, we tested the preventive and restorative effects of these bile acids regarding the disruption of blood-brain barrier properties by UCB in in vitro conditions mimicking severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and using the same experimental blood-brain barrier model. Both bile acids reduced the apoptotic cell death induced by UCB, but only glycoursodeoxycholic acid significantly counteracted caspase-3 activation. Bile acids also prevented the upregulation of interleukin-6 mRNA, whereas only ursodeoxycholic acid abrogated cytokine release. Regarding barrier integrity, only ursodeoxycholic acid abrogated UCB-induced barrier permeability. Better protective effects were obtained by bile acid pre-treatment, but a strong efficacy was still observed by their addition after UCB treatment. Finally, both bile acids showed ability to cross confluent monolayers of human brain microvascular endothelial cells in a time-dependent manner. Collectively, data disclose a therapeutic time-window for preventive and restorative effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and glycoursodeoxycholic acid against UCB-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and damage to human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Palmela
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leonor Correia
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui F M Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Fine Morphology, Core Research Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kwang S Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria A Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
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48
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Bilirubin-induced neural impairment: a special focus on myelination, age-related windows of susceptibility and associated co-morbidities. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 20:14-19. [PMID: 25534357 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) and classical kernicterus are clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hyperbilirubinemia whenever bilirubin levels exceed the capacity of the brain defensive mechanisms in preventing its entrance and cytotoxicity. In such circumstances and depending on the associated co-morbidities, bilirubin accumulation may lead to short- or long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities, which may include deficits in auditory, cognitive, and motor processing. Neuronal cell death, astrocytic reactivity, and microglia activation are part of the bilirubin-induced pathogenesis. Less understood is how abnormal growth and maturation of oligodendrocytes may impact on brain development, affecting the formation of myelin tracts. Based on in-vitro and in-vivo models, as well as in clinical cases presented here, we propose the existence of impaired myelination by bilirubin with long-term sequelae, mainly in pre-term infants. Sensitive time-windows are highlighted and centered on the different developmental-dependent impairments determined by bilirubin, and the influence of sepsis and hypoxia is reviewed.
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Lang E, Gatidis S, Freise NF, Bock H, Kubitz R, Lauermann C, Orth HM, Klindt C, Schuier M, Keitel V, Reich M, Liu G, Schmidt S, Xu HC, Qadri SM, Herebian D, Pandyra AA, Mayatepek E, Gulbins E, Lang F, Häussinger D, Lang KS, Föller M, Lang PA. Conjugated bilirubin triggers anemia by inducing erythrocyte death. Hepatology 2015; 61:275-84. [PMID: 25065608 PMCID: PMC4303990 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic failure is commonly associated with anemia, which may result from gastrointestinal bleeding, vitamin deficiency, or liver-damaging diseases, such as infection and alcohol intoxication. At least in theory, anemia during hepatic failure may result from accelerated clearance of circulating erythrocytes. Here we show that bile duct ligation (BDL) in mice leads to severe anemia despite increased reticulocyte numbers. Bilirubin stimulated suicidal death of human erythrocytes. Mechanistically, bilirubin triggered rapid Ca(2+) influx, sphingomyelinase activation, formation of ceramide, and subsequent translocation of phosphatidylserine to the erythrocyte surface. Consistent with our in vitro and in vivo findings, incubation of erythrocytes in serum from patients with liver disease induced suicidal death of erythrocytes in relation to their plasma bilirubin concentration. Consistently, patients with hyperbilirubinemia had significantly lower erythrocyte and significantly higher reticulocyte counts compared to patients with low bilirubin levels. CONCLUSION Bilirubin triggers suicidal erythrocyte death, thus contributing to anemia during liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany,Department of Physiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Sergios Gatidis
- Department of Physiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Noemi F Freise
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Bock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Kubitz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Lauermann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Martin Orth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Caroline Klindt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schuier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Reich
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guilai Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | | | - Haifeng C Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Syed M Qadri
- Department of Physiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Diran Herebian
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
| | - Michael Föller
- Department of Physiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
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50
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Brito MA, Palmela I, Cardoso FL, Sá-Pereira I, Brites D. Blood–Brain Barrier and Bilirubin: Clinical Aspects and Experimental Data. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:660-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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