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Collomp K, Ericsson M, Bernier N, Buisson C. Prevalence of Prohibited Substance Use and Methods by Female Athletes: Evidence of Gender-Related Differences. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:839976. [PMID: 35685685 PMCID: PMC9172204 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.839976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve optimal sports performances, women and men may show specific doping practices because of the physiological and psychological gender differences, but there are few data on this topic. Here, we report the apparent use of prohibited substances and methods by female athletes based on analyses of the doping tests collected by the French Anti-Doping Agency from 2013 to 2019. We compared the frequency of use and the ergogenic and side effects to those of their male counterparts. The results revealed lower use of prohibited substances in female vs. male athletes, with significantly fewer anabolic agents, hormone and metabolic modulators, and cannabinoids. Gender specificity in utilization of substance classes was also shown. Relatively lower use of hormone modulators and cannabinoids and higher use of beta-2 agonists, diuretics and glucocorticoids were found in the woman cohort compared with men cohort, combined with the different choice of substances, possibly because of the altered ergogenic and/or side effects. However, no impact due to gender regarding the sports disciplines was observed, with both women and men showing similar use of anabolic agents, mainly in the anaerobic sports, and EPO and corticoids, mainly in endurance or mixed sports. Further studies are needed to put these French data into a global perspective, comparing uses across countries and exploring possible new developments in the fight against doping in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Collomp
- CIAMS, Université d'Orléans, Pôle STAPS, Orléans, France
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire AntiDopage Français, LADF, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
- *Correspondence: Katia Collomp
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Laboratoire AntiDopage Français, LADF, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Nathan Bernier
- CIAMS, Université d'Orléans, Pôle STAPS, Orléans, France
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Orsay, France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Laboratoire AntiDopage Français, LADF, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Jia X, Sun C, Tang O, Gorlov I, Nambi V, Virani SS, Villareal DT, Taffet GE, Yu B, Bressler J, Boerwinkle E, Windham BG, de Lemos JA, Matsushita K, Selvin E, Michos ED, Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM. Plasma Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Older Men and Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa518. [PMID: 32785663 PMCID: PMC7526732 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lower dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) levels have been inconsistently associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) and mortality. Data are limited for heart failure (HF) and association between DHEA-S change and events. OBJECTIVE Assess associations between low DHEA-S/DHEA-S change and incident HF hospitalization, CHD, and mortality in older adults. DESIGN DHEA-S was measured in stored plasma from visits 4 (1996-1998) and 5 (2011-2013) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Follow-up for incident events: 18 years for DHEA-S level; 5.5 years for DHEA-S change. SETTING General community. PARTICIPANTS Individuals without prevalent cardiovascular disease (n = 8143, mean age 63 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Associations between DHEA-S and incident HF hospitalization, CHD, or mortality; associations between 15-year change in DHEA-S (n = 3706) and cardiovascular events. RESULTS DHEA-S below the 15th sex-specific percentile of the study population (men: 55.4 µg/dL; women: 27.4 µg/dL) was associated with increased HF hospitalization (men: hazard ratio [HR] 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.58; women: HR 1.42, 95% CI, 1.13-1.79); DHEA-S below the 25th sex-specific percentile (men: 70.0 µg/dL; women: 37.1 µg/dL) was associated with increased death (men: HR 1.12, 95% CI, 1.01-1.25; women: HR 1.19, 95% CI, 1.03-1.37). In men, but not women, greater percentage decrease in DHEA-S was associated with increased HF hospitalization (HR 1.94, 95% CI, 1.11-3.39). Low DHEA-S and change in DHEA-S were not associated with incident CHD. CONCLUSIONS Low DHEA-S is associated with increased risk for HF and mortality but not CHD. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olive Tang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Vijay Nambi
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Salim S Virani
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Bing Yu
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jan Bressler
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - B Gwen Windham
- University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, Mississippi
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erin D Michos
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Vitale JA, Lombardi G, Weydahl A, Banfi G. Biological rhythms, chronodisruption and chrono-enhancement: The role of physical activity as synchronizer in correcting steroids circadian rhythm in metabolic dysfunctions and cancer. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1185-1197. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1475395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Antonino Vitale
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Biomechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italia
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italia
| | - Andi Weydahl
- UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Alta, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italia
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Immunosuppressants and Male Reproduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1034:179-210. [PMID: 29256132 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69535-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged use of immunosuppressant medications is occasionally seen in infertile men with chronic inflammatory conditions; autoimmune disorders; or an organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Chronic inflammation impacts negatively on male reproductive endpoints, so immunosuppressant therapy can produce improvements. Corticosteroids have been used to treat antisperm antibodies and even as an empirical treatment for male infertility in general. Trials of these methods have provided mixed results on semen quality and fertility, with improvement, no change and negative effects reported by different investigators. In a substantial number of observational studies, patients on long-term therapy with prednisone for chronic inflammatory disease, testosterone levels were lower compared to untreated controls, though randomized controlled trials have not been conducted. Similarly decreases in testosterone have been reported in men receiving corticosteroids to minimize transplant rejection; however, most were treated with multiple immunosuppressive medications that may have contributed to this effect. A large number of trials of healthy men treated with corticosteroids have shown some disruption in reproductive hormone levels, but other studies reported no effect. Studies in monkeys, rats (at human equivalent dose), cattle, sheep, and horses have shown endocrine disruption, including low testosterone with dexamethasone treatment. Of the cytostatic immunosuppressives, which have high potential for cellular damage, cyclophosphamide has received the most attention, sometimes lowering sperm counts significantly. Methotrexate may decrease sperm numbers in humans and has significant negative impacts in rodents. Other chemotherapeutic drugs used as immunosuppressants are likely to impact negatively on male fertility endpoints, but few data have been collected. The TNF-α Inhibitors have also received little experimental attention. There is some evidence that the immunophilin modulators: cyclosporine, sirolimus, and everolimus cause endocrine disruption and semen quality impairment. As we review in this chapter, results in experimental species are concerning, and well-designed studies are lacking for the effects of these medications on reproductive endpoints in men.
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Collomp K, Arlettaz A, Buisson C, Lecoq AM, Mongongu C. Glucocorticoid administration in athletes: Performance, metabolism and detection. Steroids 2016; 115:193-202. [PMID: 27643452 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is generally acknowledged in the sporting world that glucocorticoid (GC) use enhances physical performance. This pharmacological class is therefore banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in in-competition samples after systemic but not local (defined as any route other than oral, intravenous, intramuscular or rectal) administration, which thus allows athletes to use GCs for therapeutic purposes. According to the 2016 WADA list, the urine reporting level for all GCs is set at 30ng/ml to distinguish between the authorized and banned routes of administration. The actual data on the ergogenic effects of GC intake are nevertheless fairly recent, with the first study showing improved physical performance with systemic GC administration dating back only to 2007. Moreover, the studies over the last decade coupling ergogenic and metabolic investigations in humans during and after GC intake have shown discrepant results. Similarly, urine discrimination between banned and authorized GC use remains complex, but it seems likely to be improved thanks to new analytical studies and the inclusion of the authorized GC uses (local routes of administration and out-of-competition samples) in the WADA monitoring program. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge on the ergogenic and metabolic GC effects in humans during various types of exercise. We then present the antidoping legislation and methods of analysis currently used to detect GC abuse and conclude with some practical considerations and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Collomp
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; CIAMS, Université Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France; Département des Analyses, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Alexandre Arlettaz
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; CIAMS, Université Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Département des Analyses, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Anne-Marie Lecoq
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; CIAMS, Université Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Cynthia Mongongu
- Département des Analyses, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Altered diurnal pattern of steroid hormones in relation to various behaviors, external factors and pathologies: A review. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rieth N, Vibarel-Rebot N, Buisson C, Jaffré C, Collomp K. Caffeine and saliva steroids in young healthy recreationally trained women: impact of regular caffeine intake. Endocrine 2016; 52:391-4. [PMID: 26499193 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Rieth
- Laboratoire CIAMS, Université Paris Sud-Université Orléans, Allée du Château, BP 6237, 45062, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - N Vibarel-Rebot
- Laboratoire CIAMS, Université Paris Sud-Université Orléans, Allée du Château, BP 6237, 45062, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - C Buisson
- Département des Analyses, AFLD, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - C Jaffré
- Laboratoire M2S, Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - K Collomp
- Laboratoire CIAMS, Université Paris Sud-Université Orléans, Allée du Château, BP 6237, 45062, Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- Département des Analyses, AFLD, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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