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Matsubara K, Ohgami Y, Okamura K, Aoto S, Fukami M, Shimada Y. Machine learning trial to detect sex differences in simple sticker arts of 1606 preschool children. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2024; 76:343-349. [PMID: 38842380 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.21.06067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggested that drawings made by preschool boys and girls show distinguishable differences. However, children's drawings on their own are too complexly determined and inherently ambiguous to be a reliable indicator. In the present study, we attempted to develop a machine learning algorithm for classification of sex of the subjects using children's artworks. METHODS We studied three types of simple sticker artworks from 1606 Japanese preschool children aged 51-83 months (803 boys and 803 girls). Those artworks were processed into digitalized data. Simulated data based on the original data were also generated. Logistic regression approach was applied to each dataset to make a classifier, and run on each dataset in a stratified ten-fold cross-validation with hyperparameter tuning. A probability score was calculated in each sample and utilized for sex classification. Prediction performance was evaluated using accuracy, recall, and precision scores, as well as learning curves. RESULTS Two models created from the original and simulated data showed comparably low metrics. The distributions of probability scores in the samples from boys and girls mostly overlapped and were indistinguishable. Learning curves of the models showed an extremely under-fitted pattern. CONCLUSIONS Our machine learning algorithm was unable to distinguish simple sticker arts created by boys and girls. More complex tasks will enable to develop an accurate classifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Matsubara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohgami
- Department of Child Development and Education, Faculty of Humanities, Wayo Women's University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Okamura
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Aoto
- Medical Genome Center, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan -
| | - Yukiko Shimada
- Department of Child Studies, Faculty of Human Development, Kokugakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Bertho S, Neyroud AS, Brun T, Jaillard S, Bonnet F, Ravel C. Anti-Müllerian hormone: A function beyond the Müllerian structures. Morphologie 2021; 106:252-259. [PMID: 34924282 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein belonging to the TGFb superfamily implicated in human embryonic development. This hormone was first described as allowing regression of the epithelial embryonic Müllerian structures in males, which would otherwise differentiate into the uterus and fallopian tubes. It activates a signaling pathway mediated by two transmembrane receptors. Binding of AMH to its receptor induces morphological changes leading to the degeneration of Müllerian ducts. Recently, new data has shown the role played by this hormone on structures other than the genital tract. If testicular AMH expression decreases in humans over the course of a lifetime, synthesis may persist in other tissues in adulthood. The mechanisms underlying its production have been unveiled. The aim of this review is to describe the different pathways in which AMH has been identified and plays a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bertho
- CHU Rennes, Département de Gynécologie-Obstétrique-Reproduction-CECOS, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - A S Neyroud
- CHU Rennes, Département de Gynécologie-Obstétrique-Reproduction-CECOS, 35000 Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - T Brun
- CHU Rennes, Département de Gynécologie-Obstétrique-Reproduction-CECOS, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - S Jaillard
- CHU Rennes, Département de Gynécologie-Obstétrique-Reproduction-CECOS, 35000 Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - F Bonnet
- CHU Rennes, Service d'Endocrinologie, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - C Ravel
- CHU Rennes, Département de Gynécologie-Obstétrique-Reproduction-CECOS, 35000 Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
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Davis SM, Bloy L, Roberts TP, Kowal K, Alston A, Tahsin A, Truxon A, Ross JL. Testicular function in boys with 47,XYY and relationship to phenotype. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:371-385. [PMID: 32544298 PMCID: PMC7413633 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An additional Y chromosome occurs in ~1 in 1,000 males, resulting in the karyotype 47,XYY. The phenotype includes tall stature, hypotonia, neuropsychiatric comorbidities, and an increased risk of infertility in adulthood. Little is known about testicular function in childhood and adolescence in 47,XYY. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess testicular function serum biomarkers, including total testosterone, inhibin B, and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), in 82 boys with XYY (11.3 ± 3.8 years) compared with 66 male controls (11.6 ± 3.8 years). The association of testicular hormones with physical features, neuropsychological phenotype, and magnetoencephalography (MEG) was assessed with multiple linear regression models. Results indicate males with XYY have significantly lower inhibin B (median 84 pg/ml vs. 109 pg/ml, p = .004) and higher AMH (median 41 ng/ml vs. 29 ng/ml, p = .011); however, testosterone, testicular volume, and stretched penile length were not different from controls. In the exploratory analysis of relationships between hormone concentrations and phenotypic assessments, higher inhibin B concentrations were positively correlated with lower BMI and better cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes in the XYY group. Testosterone concentrations were positively associated with better behavioral outcomes in boys with XYY. Higher testosterone and inhibin B concentrations were also associated with shorter auditory latencies measured using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in XYY. With a few exceptions, testicular hormones were not associated with phenotypic outcomes in controls. In conclusion, there is evidence of subtle impaired testicular function in boys with XYY and a newly described relationship between measures of testicular function and some aspects of the XYY phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanlee M Davis
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic and Research Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Luke Bloy
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy P.L. Roberts
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karen Kowal
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Amanda Alston
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Aysha Tahsin
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Alyssa Truxon
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Judith L Ross
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wang K, Xu F, Campbell SP, Hart KD, Durham T, Maylie J, Xu J. Rapid actions of anti-Müllerian hormone in regulating synaptic transmission and long-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. FASEB J 2019; 34:706-719. [PMID: 31914642 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902217r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh) is a peptide factor that is known to regulate sexual differentiation and gonadal function in mammals. Although Amh is also suggested to be associated with cognitive development and function in the postnatal brain, little is known about its expression or direct effects on neuronal activities in the hippocampus. Therefore, we assessed Amh and its receptor expression in the hippocampus of male and female mice using PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. While Amh-specific receptor expression was comparable between males and females, mRNA and protein levels of Amh were higher in females than those of males. Electrophysiological recordings on acute hippocampal slices showed that exogenous Amh protein addition increased synaptic transmission and long-term synaptic plasticity at the Cornu Ammonis (CA) 3-CA1 synapses. Amh exposure also increased the excitatory postsynaptic potential at CA1 synapses. Our findings support direct and rapid actions of Amh as a paracrine and/or autocrine factor in regulating hippocampal neuronal activities. Data provide functional evidence of Amh-mediated postsynaptic modulation of synaptic transmission and Amh-regulated long-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. These results suggest a potential role of Amh in learning and memory, and a possible cause of the sex differences in cognitive development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fuhua Xu
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shawn P Campbell
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kyle D Hart
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tyler Durham
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - James Maylie
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
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