1
|
Detection of multiple biomarkers associated with satellite cell fate in the contused skeletal muscle of rats for wound age estimation. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:875-886. [PMID: 36797435 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-02971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
From the perspective of forensic wound age estimation, experiments related to skeletal muscle regeneration after injury have rarely been reported. Here, we examined the time-dependent expression patterns of multiple biomarkers associated with satellite cell fate, including the transcription factor paired box 7 (Pax7), myoblast determination protein (MyoD), myogenin, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), using immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR in contused skeletal muscle. An animal model of skeletal muscle contusion was established in 30 Sprague-Dawley male rats, and another five rats were employed as non-contused controls. Morphometrically, the data obtained from the numbers of Pax7 + , MyoD + , and myogenin + cells were highly correlated with the wound age. Pax7, MyoD, myogenin, and IGF-1 expression patterns were upregulated after injury at both the mRNA and protein levels. Pax7, MyoD, and myogenin protein expression levels confirmed the results of the morphometrical analysis. Additionally, the relative quantity of IGF-1 protein > 0.92 suggested a wound age of 3 to 7 days. The relative quantity of Pax7 mRNA > 2.44 also suggested a wound age of 3 to 7 days. Relative quantities of Myod1, Myog, and Igf1 mRNA expression > 2.78, > 7.80, or > 3.13, respectively, indicated a wound age of approximately 3 days. In conclusion, the expression levels of Pax7, MyoD, myogenin, and IGF-1 were upregulated in a time-dependent manner during skeletal muscle wound healing, suggesting the potential for using them as candidate biomarkers for wound age estimation in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
|
2
|
Maiese A, Manetti AC, Iacoponi N, Mezzetti E, Turillazzi E, Di Paolo M, La Russa R, Frati P, Fineschi V. State-of-the-Art on Wound Vitality Evaluation: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6881. [PMID: 35805886 PMCID: PMC9266385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitality demonstration refers to determining if an injury has been caused ante- or post-mortem, while wound age means to evaluate how long a subject has survived after the infliction of an injury. Histology alone is not enough to prove the vitality of a lesion. Recently, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology have been introduced in the field of lesions vitality and age demonstration. The study was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic review (PRISMA) protocol. The search terms were "wound", "lesion", "vitality", "evaluation", "immunohistochemistry", "proteins", "electrolytes", "mRNAs", and "miRNAs" in the title, abstract, and keywords. This evaluation left 137 scientific papers. This review aimed to collect all the knowledge on vital wound demonstration and provide a temporal distribution of the methods currently available, in order to determine the age of lesions, thus helping forensic pathologists in finding a way through the tangled jungle of wound vitality evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Maiese
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Alice Chiara Manetti
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Naomi Iacoponi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Eleonora Mezzetti
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Emanuela Turillazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Marco Di Paolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Raffaele La Russa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren K, Wang L, Wang Y, An G, Du Q, Cao J, Jin Q, Yun K, Guo Z, Wang Y, Liang Q, Sun J. Wound age estimation based on next-generation sequencing: Fitting the optimal index system using machine learning. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2022; 59:102722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
4
|
Khalikov AA, Kuznetsov KO, Kanzafarova GA, Iskuzhina LR, Khalikova LV. [Current views on methods of determining the age of injuries in the practice of the forensic expert]. Sud Med Ekspert 2022; 65:57-61. [PMID: 35142474 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20226501157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The review objective is to summarize the current data on new methods development for detection and determination of the age of injuries (AI) and to analyze the prospects of their use in the practice of forensic medical experts. The injury healing processes in various human body tissues are described in detail, and data on biomarkers of healing and their role are provided. Three main diagnostic methods for AI were analyzed: immunohistochemical, molecular biological study, and biophysical objectivization. Their advantages and disadvantages, as well as ways of further improvement of these methods, are considered.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ren K, Wang L, Wang L, Du Q, Cao J, Jin Q, An G, Li N, Dang L, Tian Y, Wang Y, Sun J. Investigating Transcriptional Dynamics Changes and Time-Dependent Marker Gene Expression in the Early Period After Skeletal Muscle Injury in Rats. Front Genet 2021; 12:650874. [PMID: 34220936 PMCID: PMC8248501 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.650874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following skeletal muscle injury (SMI), from post-injury reaction to repair consists of a complex series of dynamic changes. However, there is a paucity of research on detailed transcriptional dynamics and time-dependent marker gene expression in the early stages after SMI. In this study, skeletal muscle tissue in rats was taken at 4 to 48 h after injury for next-generation sequencing. We examined the transcriptional kinetics characteristics during above time periods after injury. STEM and maSigPro were used to screen time-correlated genes. Integrating 188 time-correlated genes with 161 genes in each time-related gene module by WGCNA, we finally identified 18 network-node regulatory genes after SMI. Histological staining analyses confirmed the mechanisms underlying changes in the tissue damage to repair process. Our research linked a variety of dynamic biological processes with specific time periods and provided insight into the characteristics of transcriptional dynamics, as well as screened time-related biological indicators with biological significance in the early stages after SMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ren
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China.,Department of Basic Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qiuxiang Du
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jie Cao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Guoshuai An
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Lihong Dang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yingjie Tian
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yingyuan Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Junhong Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang H, Ma J, Xu H, Lyu Y, Tao L, Li W, Zeng Y, Ma K, Xiao B, Chen L. Early postmortem interval (EPMI) estimation using differentially expressed gene transcripts. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2019; 38:83-91. [PMID: 31108272 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genes differentially expressed after death were selected to construct a mathematical model for early postmortem interval estimation. Sprague Dawley rats were sacrificed and placed at temperatures of 4 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C. Brain tissues were collected at 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after death and total RNA was extracted. Changes in gene transcript levels after death were detected using microarray expression profiling and differentially expressed genes was screened. Expanded experiments were performed to validate gene transcript levels at different temperatures using the reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Six genes with high coefficients of determination were chosen for construction of mathematical models. Optimal ternary cubic equations were built using R software with temperature, postmortem interval and ΔCq defined as the independent variable x, y and z, respectively. Equations were converted into a three-dimensional visual statistical model using MATLAB. Animal samples were used to validate the mathematical models. Results showed that the 5srRNA showed best stability at four temperatures. The genes Ninj2, Grifin, Arpp19, and Hopx showed high coefficients of determination (>80%) and low error (<3h) in verification experiments which indicate that they are potential markers for early postmortem interval estimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jianlong Ma
- Shenzhen Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Investigation Department of Shenzhen Public Security Bureau, Key Laboratory of Forensic Pathology, Ministry of Public Security, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yehui Lyu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 ZhouzhuHwy, Shanghai 201318, PR China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wencan Li
- Forensic Lab, Criminal Science and Technology Institute, Pudong Branch, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, 255 Yanzhong Road, Shanghai 200125, PR China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Children's Hospital, Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, PR China
| | - Kaijun Ma
- Forensic Lab, Criminal Science and Technology Institute, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, 803 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200082, PR China
| | - Bi Xiao
- Forensic Lab, Criminal Science and Technology Institute, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, 803 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200082, PR China.
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Forensic age determination of human inflicted porcine bruises inflicted within 10 h prior to slaughter by application of gene expression signatures. Res Vet Sci 2018; 120:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
8
|
Li N, Du Q, Bai R, Sun J. Vitality and wound-age estimation in forensic pathology: review and future prospects. Forensic Sci Res 2018; 5:15-24. [PMID: 32490306 PMCID: PMC7241561 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1445441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the age of a wound is challenging in forensic pathology, but it can contribute to the reconstruction of crime scenes and lead to arrest of suspects. Forensic scholars have tended to focus on evaluating wound vitality and determining the time elapsed since the wound was sustained. Recent progress in forensic techniques, particularly high-throughput analyses, has enabled evaluation of materials at the cellular and molecular levels, as well as simultaneous assessment of multiple markers. This paper provides an update on wound-age estimation in forensic pathology, summarizes the recent literature, and considers useful additional information provided by each marker. Finally, the future prospects for estimating wound age in forensic practise are discussed with the hope of providing something useful for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiuxiang Du
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rufeng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Judicial Civilization, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Sun
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barington K, Jensen HE, Skovgaard K. Forensic aspects of gene expression signatures for age determination in bruises as evaluated in an experimental porcine model. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2017; 13:151-160. [PMID: 28466139 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-017-9869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Determining the age of bruises and the force used to inflict the trauma is of crucial importance in both human and veterinary forensic pathology. In the present study, the expression of more than 50 different genes in subcutaneous fat and muscle tissue from experimental bruises in pigs was investigated. The aim was to evaluate if expression signatures of selected genes were capable of determining bruises according to age and the force of impact. Eighteen experimental pigs were anesthetized, and on each animal four blunt traumas were inflicted on the back with a low, moderate or high force. The pigs were euthanized from 1 to 10 h after infliction of the trauma and subcutaneous fat and muscle tissues were sampled. As control, subcutaneous fat and muscle tissues were sampled from two un-injured pigs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate mRNA expression of genes involved in inflammation, tissue damage and repair. Expression signatures of thirteen selected genes in subcutaneous fat but not in muscle tissue reflected the age of bruises with a precision of approximately ±2 h. Moreover, the gene expression signature in the subcutaneous fat was to some extend able to separate bruises inflicted with different forces. Expression signatures of selected genes in the subcutaneous fat will increase the precision of the age determination of bruises in pigs. Further, due to the similarity of porcine and human skin physiology and immunity, these results might also provide valuable information in human forensic science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiane Barington
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Kgs, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun JH, Zhu XY, Dong TN, Zhang XH, Liu QQ, Li SQ, Du QX. An “up, no change, or down” system: Time-dependent expression of mRNAs in contused skeletal muscle of rats used for wound age estimation. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 272:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
11
|
Zhu XY, Du QX, Li SQ, Sun JH. Comparison of the homogeneity of mRNAs encoding SFRP5, FZD4, and Fosl1 in post-injury intervals: Subcellular localization of markers may influence wound age estimation. J Forensic Leg Med 2016; 43:90-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
12
|
Hassan Gaballah M, Fukuta M, Maeno Y, Seko-Nakamura Y, Monma-Ohtaki J, Shibata Y, Kato H, Aoki Y, Takamiya M. Simultaneous time course analysis of multiple markers based on DNA microarray in incised wound in skeletal muscle for wound aging. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:357-368. [PMID: 27376479 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of incised wound age in skeletal muscles is important because fatal injuries are often complicated with muscle involvement. Transcriptome of injured skeletal muscle along with histopathological and immunohistochemistry staining, were analyzed to explore the biological effect of incised injuries using a mouse incised injury model. An incisional wound was made at the biceps femoris muscle of anesthetized mice, and the muscles were sampled at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48h post-injury. DNA microarray analysis using RNA extracted from the muscle samples of 12h post-injury identified 3,655 upregulated and 3,583 downregulated genes. Referring to the results of the gene ontology and gene expression pathway analysis, time course expression of five cytokines, namely chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (CCL4), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 (CXCL5), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-7 (IL-7), were analyzed by quantative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). CXCL5 was the most upregulated gene throughout the post-injury period with higher expression from 6 through 36h post injury. Upregulation of CCL4 and IL-1β was also persisted until 36h post injury. IL-6 mRNA was highly and rapidly expressed at 6h post-injury followed by significant decrease at 12h. Unlike other four cytokines, IL-7 showed slow and steady increasing over time until 48h post-injury. Immunohistochemical staining of post-injury samples showed gradual mild increase of staining intensity proportional to increasing time points especially around the wound edges. The present study highlights the unique dynamics of each cytokine and reflects their roles in the process of muscle wound healing, and suggests the potential of them as a tool for forensic wound age estimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hassan Gaballah
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho Mizuho-ku Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Mamiko Fukuta
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho Mizuho-ku Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Maeno
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Chubu University College of Bioscience and Biotechnology 1200 Matumoto-cho Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Seko-Nakamura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho Mizuho-ku Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun Monma-Ohtaki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho Mizuho-ku Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuka Shibata
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho Mizuho-ku Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kato
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho Mizuho-ku Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Aoki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho Mizuho-ku Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Masataka Takamiya
- Department of Legal Medicine, Iwate Medical University 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba-cho Shiwagun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barington K, Jensen HE. The impact of force on the timing of bruises evaluated in a porcine model. J Forensic Leg Med 2016; 40:61-6. [PMID: 27085141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In animal models developed in order to estimate the age of bruises, focus has been on the changes over time and not considering the force used to inflict the trauma. In the present study, gross and histological changes in 2, 4, 6 and 8 h old bruises which were inflicted with a low, moderate and high force were compared. Twelve experimental pigs were randomly assigned to three groups of force (low, moderate and high force). All pigs were anesthetized, and on each animal four blunt traumas were inflicted on the back with the low, moderate or high force according to the groups. The pigs were kept in anesthesia for 2, 4, 6 or 8 h, after which they were euthanized, and skin and muscle tissues were sampled for histology. As control, two pigs were included. The gross appearance of bruises developed similarly until 0.5 h after infliction at which time the visibility of the bruises depended on the force. The infiltration of subcutaneous neutrophils depended on the time and force used which was confirmed by both manual evaluation and image analysis of immunostained skin sections. In the muscle tissue, the number of macrophages was found useful for age determination in bruises inflicted with the highest force. Therefore, when evaluating forensic cases of bruises in both human and veterinary pathology the impact of force and not only the timing should be taken into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiane Barington
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A novel, comprehensive, and reproducible porcine model for determining the timing of bruises in forensic pathology. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016; 12:58-67. [PMID: 26820283 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-016-9744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calculating the timing of bruises is crucial in forensic pathology but is a challenging discipline in both human and veterinary medicine. A mechanical device for inflicting bruises in pigs was developed and validated, and the pathological reactions in the bruises were studied over time in order to identify gross and histological parameters that may be useful in determining the age of a bruise. METHODS The mechanical device was able to apply a single reproducible stroke with a plastic tube that was equivalent to being struck by a man. In each of 10 anesthetized pigs, four strokes that resulted in bruises were inflicted on the back. In addition, 2 control pigs were included in the study. The pigs were euthanized consecutively from 1 to 10 h after the infliction of bruises. Following gross evaluation, skin, and muscle tissues were sampled for histology. RESULTS Grossly, the bruises appeared uniform and identical to the tramline bruises seen in humans and pigs subjected to blunt trauma. Histologically, the number of neutrophils in the subcutis, the number of macrophages in the muscle tissue, and the localization of neutrophils and macrophages in muscle tissue showed a time-dependent response. Combining these parameters, bruises could be grouped as being either less than 4 h old or between 4 and 10 h of age. Gross lesions and changes in the epidermis and dermis were inconclusive with respect to time determination. CONCLUSIONS The model was reproducible and resembled forensic cases of bruises in pigs and humans. Therefore, the histological parameters are suitable for age determination of bruises in pigs and likely also in humans.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu TS, Li Z, Zhao R, Zhang Y, Zhang ZH, Guan DW. Time-dependent Expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 after Rats Skeletal Muscle Contusion and Their Application to Determine Wound Age. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:527-533. [PMID: 27404628 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The ability to determine vitality and estimate the survival period after a wound is critical in routine forensic practice. The mRNA levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were examined using quantitative real-time RT-PCR to determine the age of a wound. Furthermore, the colocalization of them with Macrophage Marker, respectively, was detected by double immunofluorescence, and a standardized rat model of skeletal muscle contusion was established. In the antemortem contused groups, a large number of macrophages showed positive staining for MMP-2 and TIMP-2, and the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA increased sharply at 3 days postinjury, with relative quantities of 5.75 and 2.98. No samples in the other groups showed relative quantities of >5.75 and 2.98; therefore, relative quantities exceeding 5.75 and 2.98 were strongly indicated 3 days after contusion. In addition, there was a significant decrease in the relative quantity in the postmortem contused groups, indicating that they were useful for diagnosing vitality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Shui Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Beijing, 100088, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Regional Anatomy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Da-Wei Guan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, 110001, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Y, Yamamoto Y, Kuninaka Y, Kondo T, Furukawa F. Forensic Potential of MMPs and CC Chemokines for Wound Age Determination. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:1511-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yenan Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
- Department of Dermatology; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Yumi Kuninaka
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kondo
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Fukumi Furukawa
- Department of Dermatology; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li G, Li J, Tan B, Wang J, Kong X, Guan G, Li F, Yin Y. Characterization and Regulation of the Amino Acid Transporter SNAT2 in the Small Intestine of Piglets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128207. [PMID: 26107628 PMCID: PMC4479573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2), which has dual transport/receptor functions, is well documented in eukaryotes and some mammalian systems, but has not yet been verified in piglets. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics and regulation of SNAT2 in the small intestine of piglets. The 1,521-bp porcine full cDNA sequence of SNAT2 (KC769999) from the small intestine of piglets was cloned. The open reading frame of cDNA encodes 506 deduced amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 56.08 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 7.16. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that SNAT2 is highly evolutionarily conserved in mammals. SNAT2 mRNA can be detected in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum by real-time quantitative PCR. During the suckling period from days 1 to 21, the duodenum had the highest abundance of SNAT2 mRNA among the three segments of the small intestine. There was a significant decrease in the expression of SNAT2 mRNA in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa and in the expression of SNAT2 protein in the jejunal and ileal mucosa on day 1 after weaning (P < 0.05). Studies with enterocytes in vitro showed that amino acid starvation and supplementation with glutamate, arginine or leucine enhanced, while supplementation with glutamine reduced, SNAT2 mRNA expression (P < 0.05). These results regarding the characteristics and regulation of SNAT2 should help to provide some information to further clarify its roles in the absorption of amino acids and signal transduction in the porcine small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangran Li
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of the Chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10008, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
- * E-mail: (BT); (YY)
| | - Jing Wang
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of the Chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10008, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Guiping Guan
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 41008, China
- * E-mail: (BT); (YY)
| |
Collapse
|