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Rogers GL, Cannon PM. Genome edited B cells: a new frontier in immune cell therapies. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3192-3204. [PMID: 34563675 PMCID: PMC8571172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies based on reprogrammed adaptive immune cells have great potential as "living drugs." As first demonstrated clinically for engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, the ability of such cells to undergo clonal expansion in response to an antigen promotes both self-renewal and self-regulation in vivo. B cells also have the potential to be developed as immune cell therapies, but engineering their specificity and functionality is more challenging than for T cells. In part, this is due to the complexity of the immunoglobulin (Ig) locus, as well as the requirement for regulated expression of both cell surface B cell receptor and secreted antibody isoforms, in order to fully recapitulate the features of natural antibody production. Recent advances in genome editing are now allowing reprogramming of B cells by site-specific engineering of the Ig locus with preformed antibodies. In this review, we discuss the potential of engineered B cells as a cell therapy, the challenges involved in editing the Ig locus and the advances that are making this possible, and envision future directions for this emerging field of immune cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Verkoczy L. Humanized Immunoglobulin Mice: Models for HIV Vaccine Testing and Studying the Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Problem. Adv Immunol 2017; 134:235-352. [PMID: 28413022 PMCID: PMC5914178 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine that can effectively prevent HIV-1 transmission remains paramount to ending the HIV pandemic, but to do so, will likely need to induce broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) responses. A major technical hurdle toward achieving this goal has been a shortage of animal models with the ability to systematically pinpoint roadblocks to bnAb induction and to rank vaccine strategies based on their ability to stimulate bnAb development. Over the past 6 years, immunoglobulin (Ig) knock-in (KI) technology has been leveraged to express bnAbs in mice, an approach that has enabled elucidation of various B-cell tolerance mechanisms limiting bnAb production and evaluation of strategies to circumvent such processes. From these studies, in conjunction with the wealth of information recently obtained regarding the evolutionary pathways and paratopes/epitopes of multiple bnAbs, it has become clear that the very features of bnAbs desired for their function will be problematic to elicit by traditional vaccine paradigms, necessitating more iterative testing of new vaccine concepts. To meet this need, novel bnAb KI models have now been engineered to express either inferred prerearranged V(D)J exons (or unrearranged germline V, D, or J segments that can be assembled into functional rearranged V(D)J exons) encoding predecessors of mature bnAbs. One encouraging approach that has materialized from studies using such newer models is sequential administration of immunogens designed to bind progressively more mature bnAb predecessors. In this review, insights into the regulation and induction of bnAbs based on the use of KI models will be discussed, as will new Ig KI approaches for higher-throughput production and/or altering expression of bnAbs in vivo, so as to further enable vaccine-guided bnAb induction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
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Suurmond J, Calise J, Malkiel S, Diamond B. DNA-reactive B cells in lupus. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 43:1-7. [PMID: 27504587 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IgG anti-DNA antibodies are both diagnostic and pathogenic for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). They contribute to tissue inflammation through direct tissue binding and to systemic inflammation through activation of Toll-like receptors by nucleic acid-containing immune complexes. IgG DNA-reactive antibodies originate when B cell tolerance mechanisms are impaired. The heterogeneous immune perturbations in SLE lead to the survival and activation of DNA-reactive B cells in various B cell subsets at distinct stages of B cell maturation and differentiation. We propose that the spectrum of B cell alterations and failed tolerance mechanisms for DNA-reactive B cells in lupus patients is best understood by studying genetic risk alleles. This implies that the B cells producing IgG anti-DNA antibodies and the failed tolerance mechanisms(s) will differ across patients. A better understanding of these differences should lead to better patient stratification, improved outcomes of clinical trials, and the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Suurmond
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Justine Calise
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; PhD Program in Molecular Medicine, Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Susan Malkiel
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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Lang J, Ota T, Kelly M, Strauch P, Freed BM, Torres RM, Nemazee D, Pelanda R. Receptor editing and genetic variability in human autoreactive B cells. J Exp Med 2015; 213:93-108. [PMID: 26694971 PMCID: PMC4710202 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lang et al. show in a humanized mouse model that human B cells undergo central tolerance via a combination of receptor editing and clonal deletion. The mechanisms by which B cells undergo tolerance, such as receptor editing, clonal deletion, and anergy, have been established in mice. However, corroborating these mechanisms in humans remains challenging. To study how autoreactive human B cells undergo tolerance, we developed a novel humanized mouse model. Mice expressing an anti–human Igκ membrane protein to serve as a ubiquitous neo self-antigen (Ag) were transplanted with a human immune system. By following the fate of self-reactive human κ+ B cells relative to nonautoreactive λ+ cells, we show that tolerance of human B cells occurs at the first site of self-Ag encounter, the bone marrow, via a combination of receptor editing and clonal deletion. Moreover, the amount of available self-Ag and the genetics of the cord blood donor dictate the levels of central tolerance and autoreactive B cells in the periphery. Thus, this model can be useful for studying specific mechanisms of human B cell tolerance and to reveal differences in the extent of this process among human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Takayuki Ota
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Margot Kelly
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Brian M Freed
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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Abstract
Though type 1 diabetes (T1D) is considered a T cell-mediated autoimmune disorder, recent evidence indicates that B cells play a critical role in disease. This conclusion is based in part on the success of anti-CD20 (rituximab) therapy, which by broadly depleting B cells delays disease progression in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and new-onset patients. B cell receptor (BCR) specificity to islet autoantigen is key. NOD mice whose B cell repertoire is biased toward insulin reactivity show increased disease development, while bias away from insulin reactivity largely prevents disease. Although the operative disease-promoting B cell effector function remains undefined, islet-antigen reactive B cells function in antigen presentation to diabetogenic CD4 T cells. Other studies implicate B cells in antigen presentation to CD8 T cells. B cell participation in TID appears predicated on faulty B cell tolerance. Here, we review extant findings implicating B cells in T1D in mice and men.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- Autoantibodies/blood
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle M Hinman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E 19th Avenue, P18-8100, Mail Stop 8333, RC1 N, Aurora, CO, 80045-2537, USA,
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Verkoczy L, Chen Y, Bouton-Verville H, Zhang J, Diaz M, Hutchinson J, Ouyang YB, Alam SM, Holl TM, Hwang KK, Kelsoe G, Haynes BF. Rescue of HIV-1 broad neutralizing antibody-expressing B cells in 2F5 VH x VL knockin mice reveals multiple tolerance controls. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:3785-97. [PMID: 21908739 PMCID: PMC3192533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) 2F5 has been shown to be poly-/self-reactive in vitro, and we previously demonstrated that targeted expression of its VDJ rearrangement alone was sufficient to trigger a profound B cell developmental blockade in 2F5 V(H) knockin (KI) mice, consistent with central deletion of 2F5 H chain-expressing B cells. In this study, we generate a strain expressing the entire 2F5 bnAb specificity, 2F5 V(H) × V(L) KI mice, and find an even higher degree of tolerance control than observed in the 2F5 V(H) KI strain. Although B cell development was severely impaired in 2F5 V(H) × V(L) KI animals, we demonstrate rescue of their B cells when cultured in IL-7/BAFF. Intriguingly, even under these conditions, most rescued B cell hybridomas produced mAbs that lacked HIV-1 Envelope (Env) reactivity due to editing of the 2F5 L chain, and the majority of rescued B cells retained an anergic phenotype. Thus, when clonal deletion is circumvented, κ editing and anergy are additional safeguards preventing 2F5 V(H)/V(L) expression by immature/transitional B cells. Importantly, 7% of rescued B cells retained 2F5 V(H)/V(L) expression and secreted Env-specific mAbs with HIV-1-neutralizing activity. This partial rescue was further corroborated in vivo, as reflected by the anergic phenotype of most rescued B cells in 2F5 V(H) × V(L) KI × Eμ-Bcl-2 transgenic mice and significant (yet modest) enrichment of Env-specific B cells and serum Igs. The rescued 2F5 mAb-producing B cell clones in this study are the first examples, to our knowledge, of in vivo-derived bone marrow precursors specifying HIV-1 bnAbs and provide a starting point for design of strategies aimed at rescuing such B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Verkoczy
- Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Cox SL, Silveira PA. Emerging roles for B lymphocytes in Type 1 diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:311-24. [PMID: 20477009 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-reactive B lymphocytes play two main pathological roles in autoimmune diseases: as secretors of autoantibodies and as specialized antigen-presenting cells that present self-components to autoreactive T lymphocytes. In recognition of these roles, recent clinical trials have utilized B-lymphocyte-depleting monoclonal antibodies to treat various autoimmune diseases, with encouraging results in those where humoral autoimmunity is clearly important. Surprisingly, recent results in animal models suggest that B-lymphocyte depletion may also be effective in the treatment of T-lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as Type 1 diabetes (T1D). This article reviews the experimental evidence that has uncovered pathogenic as well as regulatory roles for B lymphocytes in the prodrome of T1D and how this information is being used to develop novel therapeutic strategies to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lewis Cox
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Abstract
Work from multiple groups continues to provide additional evidence for the powerful and highly diverse roles, both protective and pathogenic, that B cells play in autoimmune diseases. Similarly, it has become abundantly clear that antibody-independent functions may account for the opposing influences that B cells exercise over other arms of the immune response and ultimately over autoimmunity itself. Finally, it is becoming apparent that the clinical impact of B-cell depletion therapy may be, to a large extent, determined by the functional balance between different B-cell subsets that may be generated by this therapeutic intervention. In this review, we postulate that our perspective of B-cell tolerance and our experimental approach to its understanding are fundamentally changed by this view of B cells. Accordingly, we first discuss current knowledge of B-cell tolerance conventionally defined as the censoring of autoantibody-producing B cells (with an emphasis on human B cells). Therefore, we discuss a different model that contemplates B cells not only as targets of tolerance but also as mediators of tolerance. This model is based on the notion that the onset of clinical autoimmune disease may require a B-cell gain-of-pathogenic function (or a B-cell loss-of-regulatory-function) and that accordingly, disease remission may depend on the restoration of the physiological balance between B-cell pathogenic and protective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Manjarrez-Orduño
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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