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Kalkach-Aparicio M, Fatima S, Selte A, Sheikh IS, Cormier J, Gallagher K, Avagyan G, Cespedes J, Krishnamurthy PV, Elazim AA, Khan N, Hussein OM, Maganti R, Larocque J, Holla S, Desai M, Westover B, Hirsch LJ, Struck AF. Seizure Assessment and Forecasting With Efficient Rapid-EEG: A Retrospective Multicenter Comparative Effectiveness Study. Neurology 2024; 103:e209621. [PMID: 38875512 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Approximately 30% of critically ill patients have seizures, and more than half of these seizures do not have an overt clinical correlate. EEG is needed to avoid missing seizures and prevent overtreatment with antiseizure medications. Conventional-EEG (cEEG) resources are logistically constrained and unable to meet their growing demand for seizure detection even in highly developed centers. Brief EEG screening with the validated 2HELPS2B algorithm was proposed as a method to triage cEEG resources, but it is hampered by cEEG requirements, primarily EEG technologists. Seizure risk-stratification using reduced time-to-application rapid response-EEG (rrEEG) systems (∼5 minutes) could be a solution. We assessed the noninferiority of the 2HELPS2B score on a 1-hour rrEEG compared to cEEG. METHODS A multicenter retrospective EEG diagnostic accuracy study was conducted from October 1, 2021, to July 31, 2022. Chart and EEG review performed with consecutive sampling at 4 tertiary care centers, included records of patients ≥18 years old, from January 1, 2018, to June 20, 2022. Monte Carlo simulation power analysis yielded n = 500 rrEEG; for secondary outcomes n = 500 cEEG and propensity-score covariate matching was planned. Primary outcome, noninferiority of rrEEG for seizure risk prediction, was assessed per area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). Noninferiority margin (0.05) was based on the 2HELPS2B validation study. RESULTS A total of 240 rrEEG with follow-on cEEG were obtained. Median age was 64 (interquartile range 22); 42% were female. 2HELPS2B on a 1-hour rrEEG met noninferiority to cEEG (AUC 0.85, 95% CI 0.78-0.90, p = 0.001). Secondary endpoints of comparison with a matched contemporaneous cEEG showed no significant difference in AUC (0.89, 95% CI 0.83-0.94, p = 0.31); in false negative rate for the 2HELPS2B = 0 group (p = 1.0) rrEEG (0.021, 95% CI 0-0.062), cEEG (0.016, 95% CI 0-0.048); nor in survival analyses. DISCUSSION 2HELPS2B on 1-hour rrEEG is noninferior to cEEG for seizure prediction. Patients with low-risk (2HELPS2B = 0) may be able to forgo prolonged cEEG, allowing for increased monitoring of at-risk patients. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that rrEEG is noninferior to cEEG in calculating the 2HELPS2B score to predict seizure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Kalkach-Aparicio
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Safoora Fatima
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Atakan Selte
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Irfan S Sheikh
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Justine Cormier
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Kaileigh Gallagher
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Gayane Avagyan
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Jorge Cespedes
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Parimala V Krishnamurthy
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Ahmed Abd Elazim
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Natasha Khan
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Omar M Hussein
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Rama Maganti
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Joshua Larocque
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Smitha Holla
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Masoom Desai
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Brandon Westover
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Lawrence J Hirsch
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
| | - Aaron F Struck
- From the Department of Neurology (M.K.-A., R.M., A.F.S.), and Epilepsy Division of the Department of Neurology (S.F., A.S., G.A., P.V.K., J.L., S.H.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Neurology (S.F.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Department of Neurology (A.S.), UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (I.S.S., K.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J. Cormier, J. Cespedes, L.J.H.), Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine (J. Cormier), Farmington; Epilepsy Division of Department of Neurology (K.G.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; UHS Wilson Square Neurology (G.A.), Johnson City, NY; Universidad Autonoma de Centro America (UACA) School of Medicine (J. Cespedes), Granadilla, Cipreses, Costa Rica; Neurology Department (A.A.E., N.K., M.D.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; University of South Dakota (A.A.E.), Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion; Comprehensive Epilepsy Team (O.M.H.), Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics (J.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (B.W.), Boston, MA
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Jing J, Ge W, Struck AF, Fernandes MB, Hong S, An S, Fatima S, Herlopian A, Karakis I, Halford JJ, Ng MC, Johnson EL, Appavu BL, Sarkis RA, Osman G, Kaplan PW, Dhakar MB, Jayagopal LA, Sheikh Z, Taraschenko O, Schmitt S, Haider HA, Kim JA, Swisher CB, Gaspard N, Cervenka MC, Rodriguez Ruiz AA, Lee JW, Tabaeizadeh M, Gilmore EJ, Nordstrom K, Yoo JY, Holmes MG, Herman ST, Williams JA, Pathmanathan J, Nascimento FA, Fan Z, Nasiri S, Shafi MM, Cash SS, Hoch DB, Cole AJ, Rosenthal ES, Zafar SF, Sun J, Westover MB. Interrater Reliability of Expert Electroencephalographers Identifying Seizures and Rhythmic and Periodic Patterns in EEGs. Neurology 2023; 100:e1737-e1749. [PMID: 36460472 PMCID: PMC10136018 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The validity of brain monitoring using electroencephalography (EEG), particularly to guide care in patients with acute or critical illness, requires that experts can reliably identify seizures and other potentially harmful rhythmic and periodic brain activity, collectively referred to as "ictal-interictal-injury continuum" (IIIC). Previous interrater reliability (IRR) studies are limited by small samples and selection bias. This study was conducted to assess the reliability of experts in identifying IIIC. METHODS This prospective analysis included 30 experts with subspecialty clinical neurophysiology training from 18 institutions. Experts independently scored varying numbers of ten-second EEG segments as "seizure (SZ)," "lateralized periodic discharges (LPDs)," "generalized periodic discharges (GPDs)," "lateralized rhythmic delta activity (LRDA)," "generalized rhythmic delta activity (GRDA)," or "other." EEGs were performed for clinical indications at Massachusetts General Hospital between 2006 and 2020. Primary outcome measures were pairwise IRR (average percent agreement [PA] between pairs of experts) and majority IRR (average PA with group consensus) for each class and beyond chance agreement (κ). Secondary outcomes were calibration of expert scoring to group consensus, and latent trait analysis to investigate contributions of bias and noise to scoring variability. RESULTS Among 2,711 EEGs, 49% were from women, and the median (IQR) age was 55 (41) years. In total, experts scored 50,697 EEG segments; the median [range] number scored by each expert was 6,287.5 [1,002, 45,267]. Overall pairwise IRR was moderate (PA 52%, κ 42%), and majority IRR was substantial (PA 65%, κ 61%). Noise-bias analysis demonstrated that a single underlying receiver operating curve can account for most variation in experts' false-positive vs true-positive characteristics (median [range] of variance explained ([Formula: see text]): 95 [93, 98]%) and for most variation in experts' precision vs sensitivity characteristics ([Formula: see text]: 75 [59, 89]%). Thus, variation between experts is mostly attributable not to differences in expertise but rather to variation in decision thresholds. DISCUSSION Our results provide precise estimates of expert reliability from a large and diverse sample and a parsimonious theory to explain the origin of disagreements between experts. The results also establish a standard for how well an automated IIIC classifier must perform to match experts. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that an independent expert review reliably identifies ictal-interictal injury continuum patterns on EEG compared with expert consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jing
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Wendong Ge
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Aaron F Struck
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Marta Bento Fernandes
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Shenda Hong
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Sungtae An
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Safoora Fatima
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Aline Herlopian
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Ioannis Karakis
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jonathan J Halford
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Marcus C Ng
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Emily L Johnson
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Brian L Appavu
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Rani A Sarkis
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Gamaleldin Osman
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Peter W Kaplan
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Monica B Dhakar
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Lakshman Arcot Jayagopal
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Zubeda Sheikh
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Olga Taraschenko
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Hiba A Haider
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jennifer A Kim
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Christa B Swisher
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Mackenzie C Cervenka
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Andres A Rodriguez Ruiz
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Mohammad Tabaeizadeh
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Emily J Gilmore
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Kristy Nordstrom
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Ji Yeoun Yoo
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Manisha G Holmes
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Susan T Herman
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jennifer A Williams
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jay Pathmanathan
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Fábio A Nascimento
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Ziwei Fan
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Samaneh Nasiri
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Mouhsin M Shafi
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Sydney S Cash
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Daniel B Hoch
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Andrew J Cole
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Eric S Rosenthal
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Sahar F Zafar
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jimeng Sun
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - M Brandon Westover
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL.
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