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Gyorik D, Eszlari N, Gal Z, Torok D, Baksa D, Kristof Z, Sutori S, Petschner P, Juhasz G, Bagdy G, Gonda X. Every Night and Every Morn: Effect of Variation in CLOCK Gene on Depression Depends on Exposure to Early and Recent Stress. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:687487. [PMID: 34512413 PMCID: PMC8428175 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.687487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of circadian dysregulation is increasingly acknowledged in the background of depressive symptoms, and is also a promising treatment target. Similarly, stress shows a complex relationship with the circadian system. The CLOCK gene, encoding a key element in circadian regulation has been implicated in previous candidate variant studies in depression with contradictory findings, and only a few such studies considered the interacting effects of stress. We investigated the effect of CLOCK variation with a linkage-disequilibrium-based clumping method, in interaction with childhood adversities and recent negative life events, on two phenotypes of depression, lifetime depression and current depressive symptoms in a general population sample. Methods: Participants in NewMood study completed questionnaires assessing childhood adversities and recent negative life events, the Brief Symptom Inventory to assess current depressive symptoms, provided data on lifetime depression, and were genotyped for 1054 SNPs in the CLOCK gene, 370 of which survived quality control and were entered into linear and logistic regression models with current depressive symptoms and lifetime depression as the outcome variable, and childhood adversities or recent life events as interaction variables followed by a linkage disequilibrium-based clumping process to identify clumps of SNPs with a significant main or interaction effect. Results: No significant clumps with a main effect were found. In interaction with recent life events a significant clump containing 94 SNPs with top SNP rs6825994 for dominant and rs6850524 for additive models on current depression was identified, while in interaction with childhood adversities on current depressive symptoms, two clumps, both containing 9 SNPs were found with top SNPs rs6828454 and rs711533. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CLOCK contributes to depressive symptoms, but via mediating the effects of early adversities and recent stressors. Given the increasing burden on circadian rhythmicity in the modern lifestyle and our expanding insight into the contribution of circadian disruption in depression especially as a possible mediator of stress, our results may pave the way for identifying those who would be at an increased risk for depressogenic effects of circadian dysregulation in association with stress as well as new molecular targets for intervention in stress-related psychopathologies in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorka Gyorik
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nora Eszlari
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Gal
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Torok
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Baksa
- NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- SE-NAP-2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuliet Kristof
- Doctoral School of Mental Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sara Sutori
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Petschner
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- SE-NAP-2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Bagdy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xenia Gonda
- NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Bendová Z, Pačesová D, Novotný J. The day-night differences in ERK1/2, GSK3β activity and c-Fos levels in the brain, and the responsiveness of various brain structures to morphine. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2471-2495. [PMID: 32170720 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As with other drugs or pharmaceuticals, opioids differ in their rewarding or analgesic effects depending on when they are applied. In the previous study, we have demonstrated the day/night difference in the sensitivity of the major circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus to a low dose of morphine, and showed the bidirectional effect of morphine on pERK1/2 and pGSK3β levels in the suprachiasmatic nucleus depending on the time of administration. The main aim of this study was to identify other brain structures that respond differently to morphine depending on the time of its administration. Using immunohistochemistry, we identified 44 structures that show time-of-day specific changes in c-Fos level and activity of ERK1/2 and GSK3β kinases in response to a single dose of 1 mg/kg morphine. Furthermore, comparison among control groups revealed the differences in the spontaneous levels of all markers with a generally higher level during the night, that is, in the active phase of the day. We thus provide further evidence for diurnal variations in the activity of brain regions outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus indicated by the temporal changes in the molecular substrate. We suggest that these changes are responsible for generating diurnal variation in the reward behavior or analgesic effect of opioid administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeňka Bendová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Pačesová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novotný
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Walker WH, Walton JC, DeVries AC, Nelson RJ. Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:28. [PMID: 32066704 PMCID: PMC7026420 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are internal manifestations of the solar day that permit adaptations to predictable environmental temporal changes. These ~24-h rhythms are controlled by molecular clockworks within the brain that are reset daily to precisely 24 h by exposure to the light-dark cycle. Information from the master clock in the mammalian hypothalamus conveys temporal information to the entire body via humoral and neural communication. A bidirectional relationship exists between mood disorders and circadian rhythms. Mood disorders are often associated with disrupted circadian clock-controlled responses, such as sleep and cortisol secretion, whereas disruption of circadian rhythms via jet lag, night-shift work, or exposure to artificial light at night, can precipitate or exacerbate affective symptoms in susceptible individuals. Evidence suggests strong associations between circadian rhythms and mental health, but only recently have studies begun to discover the direct interactions between the circadian system and mood regulation. This review provides an overview of disrupted circadian rhythms and the relationship to behavioral health and psychiatry. The focus of this review is delineating the role of disruption of circadian rhythms on mood disorders using human night shift studies, as well as jet lag studies to identify links. We also review animal models of disrupted circadian rhythms on affective responses. Lastly, we propose low-cost behavioral and lifestyle changes to improve circadian rhythms and presumably behavioral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Walker
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - James C Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - A Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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Cao R, Gkogkas CG, de Zavalia N, Blum ID, Yanagiya A, Tsukumo Y, Xu H, Lee C, Storch KF, Liu AC, Amir S, Sonenberg N. Light-regulated translational control of circadian behavior by eIF4E phosphorylation. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:855-62. [PMID: 25915475 PMCID: PMC4446158 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The circadian (~24 h) clock is continuously entrained (reset) by ambient light so that endogenous rhythms are synchronized with daily changes in the environment. Light-induced gene expression is thought to be the molecular mechanism underlying clock entrainment. mRNA translation is a key step of gene expression, but how clock entrainment is controlled at the mRNA translation level is not understood. Here we report that a light- and circadian clock-regulated MAPK/MNK pathway leads to phosphorylation of the cap-binding protein eIF4E in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, the locus of the master circadian clock in mammals. Phosphorylation of eIF4E specifically promotes translation of Period (Per) 1 and 2 mRNAs and increases the abundance of basal and inducible PER proteins, which facilitates circadian clock resetting and precise timekeeping. Together, these results highlight a critical role for light-regulated translational control in the physiology of the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christos G Gkogkas
- Patrick Wild Centre, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nuria de Zavalia
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ian D Blum
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Akiko Yanagiya
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yoshinori Tsukumo
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Choogon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Program, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Kai-Florian Storch
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew C Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shimon Amir
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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ZHU LITING, YU JUN, ZHANG WENYI, XIE BIN, ZHU YI. Research progress on the central mechanism underlying regulation of visceral biological rhythm by per2 (Review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2241-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Harbour VL, Weigl Y, Robinson B, Amir S. Phase differences in expression of circadian clock genes in the central nucleus of the amygdala, dentate gyrus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103309. [PMID: 25068868 PMCID: PMC4113347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a high temporal resolution analysis of the transcript level of two core clock genes, Period2 (Per2) and Bmal1, and a clock output gene, Dbp, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master circadian clock, and in two forebrain regions, the lateral part of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEAl), and dentate gyrus (DG), in rats. These regions, as we have shown previously, exhibit opposite rhythms in expression of the core clock protein, PERIOD2 (PER2). We found that the expression of Per2, Bmal1 and Dbp follow a diurnal rhythm in all three regions but the phase and amplitude of the rhythms of each gene vary across regions, revealing important regional differences in temporal dynamics underlying local daily rhythm generation in the mammalian forebrain. These findings underscore the complex temporal organization of subordinate circadian oscillators in the forebrain and raise interesting questions about the functional connection of these oscillators with the master SCN clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Harbour
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yuval Weigl
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barry Robinson
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shimon Amir
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Harbour VL, Weigl Y, Robinson B, Amir S. Comprehensive mapping of regional expression of the clock protein PERIOD2 in rat forebrain across the 24-h day. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76391. [PMID: 24124556 PMCID: PMC3790676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, a light-entrainable clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates circadian rhythms by synchronizing oscillators throughout the brain and body. Notably, the nature of the relation between the SCN clock and subordinate oscillators in the rest of the brain is not well defined. We performed a high temporal resolution analysis of the expression of the circadian clock protein PERIOD2 (PER2) in the rat forebrain to characterize the distribution, amplitude and phase of PER2 rhythms across different regions. Eighty-four LEW/Crl male rats were entrained to a 12-h: 12-h light/dark cycle, and subsequently perfused every 30 min across the 24-h day for a total of 48 time-points. PER2 expression was assessed with immunohistochemistry and analyzed using automated cell counts. We report the presence of PER2 expression in 20 forebrain areas important for a wide range of motivated and appetitive behaviors including the SCN, bed nucleus, and several regions of the amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, and cortex. Eighteen areas displayed significant PER2 rhythms, which peaked at different times of day. Our data demonstrate a previously uncharacterized regional distribution of rhythms of a clock protein expression in the brain that provides a sound basis for future studies of circadian clock function in animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Harbour
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yuval Weigl
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barry Robinson
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shimon Amir
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Gravotta L, Gavrila AM, Hood S, Amir S. Global depletion of dopamine using intracerebroventricular 6-hydroxydopamine injection disrupts normal circadian wheel-running patterns and PERIOD2 expression in the rat forebrain. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 45:162-71. [PMID: 21484443 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Normal circadian rhythms of behavior are disrupted in disorders involving the dopamine (DA) system, such as Parkinson's disease. We have reported previously using unilateral injections of the catecholamine toxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), into the medial forebrain bundle that DA signaling regulates daily expression of the clock protein, PERIOD2 (PER2), in the dorsal striatum of the rat. In the present study, we made widespread lesions of DA fibers using large injections of 6-OHDA into the third ventricle to determine the involvement of DA in normal daily rhythms of wheel-running activity and PER2 patterns in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and several regions of the limbic forebrain. Rats injected with 6-OHDA and housed in constant darkness were less active in the wheel and showed a disorganized pattern of activity in which wheel running was not confined to a specific phase over 24 h. The 6-OHDA injection had no effect on the daily PER2 pattern in the SCN, but blunted the normal rise in PER2 in the dorsal striatum. 6-OHDA also blunted PER2 expression in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, a region in which a daily PER2 pattern has not been previously reported in male rats, and in the oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not in the central nucleus of the amygdala. These results indicate that DA plays a prominent role in regulating circadian activity at both behavioral and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gravotta
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
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