1
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Afroz T, Chevalier E, Audrain M, Dumayne C, Ziehm T, Moser R, Egesipe AL, Mottier L, Ratnam M, Neumann M, Havas D, Ollier R, Piorkowska K, Chauhan M, Silva AB, Thapa S, Stöhr J, Bavdek A, Eligert V, Adolfsson O, Nelson PT, Porta S, Lee VMY, Pfeifer A, Kosco-Vilbois M, Seredenina T. Immunotherapy targeting the C-terminal domain of TDP-43 decreases neuropathology and confers neuroprotection in mouse models of ALS/FTD. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106050. [PMID: 36809847 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective therapies are urgently needed to safely target TDP-43 pathology as it is closely associated with the onset and development of devastating diseases such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In addition, TDP-43 pathology is present as a co-pathology in other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Our approach is to develop a TDP-43-specific immunotherapy that exploits Fc gamma-mediated removal mechanisms to limit neuronal damage while maintaining physiological TDP-43 function. Thus, using both in vitro mechanistic studies in conjunction with the rNLS8 and CamKIIa inoculation mouse models of TDP-43 proteinopathy, we identified the key targeting domain in TDP-43 to accomplish these therapeutic objectives. Targeting the C-terminal domain of TDP-43 but not the RNA recognition motifs (RRM) reduces TDP-43 pathology and avoids neuronal loss in vivo. We demonstrate that this rescue is dependent on Fc receptor-mediated immune complex uptake by microglia. Furthermore, monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment enhances phagocytic capacity of ALS patient-derived microglia, providing a mechanism to restore the compromised phagocytic function in ALS and FTD patients. Importantly, these beneficial effects are achieved while preserving physiological TDP-43 activity. Our findings demonstrate that a mAb targeting the C-terminal domain of TDP-43 limits pathology and neurotoxicity, enabling clearance of misfolded TDP-43 through microglia engagement, and supporting the clinical strategy to target TDP-43 by immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: TDP-43 pathology is associated with various devastating neurodegenerative disorders with high unmet medical needs such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, safely and effectively targeting pathological TDP-43 represents a key paradigm for biotechnical research as currently there is little in clinical development. After years of research, we have determined that targeting the C-terminal domain of TDP-43 rescues multiple patho-mechanisms involved in disease progression in two animal models of FTD/ALS. In parallel, importantly, our studies establish that this approach does not alter the physiological functions of this ubiquitously expressed and indispensable protein. Together, our findings substantially contribute to the understanding of TDP-43 pathobiology and support the prioritization for clinical testing of immunotherapy approaches targeting TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuela Neumann
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sílvia Porta
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR), Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR), Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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2
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Metodiev D, Minkin K, Ruseva M, Ganeva R, Parvanov D, Nachev S. Pathomorphological Diagnostic Criteria for Focal Cortical Dysplasias and Other Common Epileptogenic Lesions—Review of the Literature. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071311. [PMID: 37046529 PMCID: PMC10092959 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) represents a heterogeneous group of morphological changes in the brain tissue that can predispose the development of pharmacoresistant epilepsy (recurring, unprovoked seizures which cannot be managed with medications). This group of neurological disorders affects not only the cerebral cortex but also the subjacent white matter. This work reviews the literature describing the morphological substrate of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. All illustrations presented in this study are obtained from brain biopsies from refractory epilepsy patients investigated by the authors. Regarding classification, there are three main FCD types, all of which involve cortical dyslamination. The 2022 revision of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) FCD classification includes new histologically defined pathological entities: mild malformation of cortical development (mMCD), mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia in frontal lobe epilepsy (MOGHE), and “no FCD on histopathology”. Although the pathomorphological characteristics of the various forms of focal cortical dysplasias are well known, their aetiologic and pathogenetic features remain elusive. The identification of genetic variants in FCD opens an avenue for novel treatment strategies, which are of particular utility in cases where total resection of the epileptogenic area is impossible.
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3
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Khoury R, Liu Y, Sheheryar Q, Grossberg GT. Pharmacotherapy for Frontotemporal Dementia. CNS Drugs 2021; 35:425-438. [PMID: 33840052 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-021-00813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia is a heterogeneous spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. The neuropathological inclusions are tau proteins, TAR DNA binding protein 43 kDa-TDP-43, or fused in sarcoma-ubiquitinated inclusions. Genetically, several autosomal mutations account for the heritability of the disorder. Phenotypically, frontotemporal dementia can present with a behavioral variant or a language variant called primary progressive aphasia. To date, there are no approved symptomatic or disease-modifying treatments for frontotemporal dementia. Currently used therapies are supported by low-level of evidence (mostly uncontrolled) studies. The off-label use of drugs is also limited by their side-effect profile including an increased risk of confusion, parkinsonian symptoms, and risk of mortality. Emerging disease-modifying treatments currently target the progranulin and the expansion on chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 genes as well as tau deposits. Advancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and improving the design of future clinical trials are much needed to optimize the chances to obtain positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Saint Georges Hospital University Medical Center, Youssef Sursock Street, PO Box 166378, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Quratulanne Sheheryar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - George T Grossberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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4
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The Role of White Matter Dysfunction and Leukoencephalopathy/Leukodystrophy Genes in the Aetiology of Frontotemporal Dementias: Implications for Novel Approaches to Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052541. [PMID: 33802612 PMCID: PMC7961524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common cause of presenile dementia and is characterized by behavioural and/or language changes and progressive cognitive deficits. Genetics is an important component in the aetiology of FTD, with positive family history of dementia reported for 40% of cases. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the known major FTD genes, including C9orf72 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 72), MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) and GRN (granulin), and their impact on neuronal and glial pathology. Further, evidence for white matter dysfunction in the aetiology of FTD and the clinical, neuroimaging and genetic overlap between FTD and leukodystrophy/leukoencephalopathy are discussed. The review highlights the role of common variants and mutations in genes such as CSF1R (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor), CYP27A1 (cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1), TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) and TMEM106B (transmembrane protein 106B) that play an integral role in microglia and oligodendrocyte function. Finally, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for enhancing remyelination are discussed in terms of future treatments of FTD.
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5
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Sidira C, Vargiami E, Dragoumi P, Zafeiriou DI. Hemimegalencephaly and tuberous sclerosis complex: A rare yet challenging association. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 30:58-65. [PMID: 33387903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemimegalencephaly is a rare malformation of cortical development characterised by enlargement of one cerebral hemisphere. The association between hemimegalencephaly and tuberous sclerosis complex, an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, is uncommon and has so far been reported only in a few cases. Intractable epilepsy and severe developmental delay are typical clinical manifestations. Aberrant activation of the mTOR signalling pathway is considered to be the hallmark of the pathogenesis of these two disorders. Thus, mTOR inhibitors such as everolimus represent a promising therapeutic approach to mTOR-associated manifestations. We present a thorough literature review of the association between hemimegaloencephaly and tuberous sclerosis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sidira
- 1st Paediatric Department, Developmental Centre "A. Fokas", Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efthymia Vargiami
- 1st Paediatric Department, Developmental Centre "A. Fokas", Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Dragoumi
- 1st Paediatric Department, Developmental Centre "A. Fokas", Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I Zafeiriou
- 1st Paediatric Department, Developmental Centre "A. Fokas", Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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6
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Roggenbuck J, Fong JC. Genetic Testing for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia: Impact on Clinical Management. Clin Lab Med 2020; 40:271-287. [PMID: 32718499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are devastating neurodegenerative disorders that share clinical, pathologic, and genetic features. Persons and families affected by these conditions frequently question why they developed the disease, the expected disease course, treatment options, and the likelihood that family members will be affected. Genetic testing has the potential to answers these important questions. Despite the progress in gene discovery, the offer of genetic testing is not yet "standard of care" in ALS and FTD clinics. The authors review the current genetic landscape and present recommendations for the laboratory genetic evaluation of persons with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Roggenbuck
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
| | - Jamie C Fong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM115, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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7
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Ehrenberg AJ, Khatun A, Coomans E, Betts MJ, Capraro F, Thijssen EH, Senkevich K, Bharucha T, Jafarpour M, Young PNE, Jagust W, Carter SF, Lashley T, Grinberg LT, Pereira JB, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Ashton NJ, Hanrieder J, Zetterberg H, Schöll M, Paterson RW. Relevance of biomarkers across different neurodegenerative diseases. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:56. [PMID: 32404143 PMCID: PMC7222479 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background The panel of fluid- and imaging-based biomarkers available for neurodegenerative disease research is growing and has the potential to close important gaps in research and the clinic. With this growth and increasing use, appropriate implementation and interpretation are paramount. Various biomarkers feature nuanced differences in strengths, limitations, and biases that must be considered when investigating disease etiology and clinical utility. For example, neuropathological investigations of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis can fall in disagreement with conclusions reached by biomarker-based investigations. Considering the varied strengths, limitations, and biases of different research methodologies and approaches may help harmonize disciplines within the neurodegenerative disease field. Purpose of review Along with separate review articles covering fluid and imaging biomarkers in this issue of Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy, we present the result of a discussion from the 2019 Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases course at the University College London. Here, we discuss themes of biomarker use in neurodegenerative disease research, commenting on appropriate use, interpretation, and considerations for implementation across different neurodegenerative diseases. We also draw attention to areas where biomarker use can be combined with other disciplines to understand issues of pathophysiology and etiology underlying dementia. Lastly, we highlight novel modalities that have been proposed in the landscape of neurodegenerative disease research and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Ehrenberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Ayesha Khatun
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Emma Coomans
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Betts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Federica Capraro
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth H Thijssen
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Senkevich
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute names by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia.,First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tehmina Bharucha
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry , University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mehrsa Jafarpour
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter N E Young
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - William Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephen F Carter
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Global Brain Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joana B Pereira
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Schöll
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ross W Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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8
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Vermeiren Y, Janssens J, Aerts T, Martin JJ, Sieben A, Van Dam D, De Deyn PP. Brain Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Deficiencies in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Compared to Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:1079-96. [PMID: 27314528 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Routinely prescribed psychoactive drugs in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (FTD) for improvement of (non)cognitive symptoms are primarily based on monoamine replacement or augmentation strategies. These were, however, initially intended to symptomatically treat other degenerative, behavioral, or personality disorders, and thus lack disease specificity. Moreover, current knowledge on brain monoaminergic neurotransmitter deficiencies in this presenile disorder is scarce, particularly with reference to changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The latter hence favors neurochemical comparison studies in order to elucidate the monoaminergic underpinnings of FTD compared to early-onset AD, which may contribute to better pharmacotherapy. Therefore, frozen brain samples, i.e., Brodmann area (BA) 6/8/9/10/11/12/22/24/46, amygdala, and hippocampus, of 10 neuropathologically confirmed FTD, AD, and control subjects were analyzed by means of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Levels of serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic compounds were measured. In nine brain areas, serotonin (5-HT) concentrations were significantly increased in FTD compared to AD patients, while 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/5-HT ratios were decreased in eight regions, also compared to controls. Furthermore, in all regions, noradrenaline (NA) levels were significantly higher, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol/NA ratios were significantly lower in FTD than in AD and controls. Contrarily, significantly higher dopamine (DA) levels and reduced homovanillic acid/DA ratios were only found in BA12 and BA46. Results indicate that FTD is defined by distinct serotonergic and noradrenergic deficiencies. Additional research regarding the interactions between both monoaminergic networks is required. Similarly, clinical trials investigating the effects of 5-HT1A receptor antagonists or NA-modulating agents, such as α1/2/β1-blockers, seem to have a rationale and should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Vermeiren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Janssens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tony Aerts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Martin
- Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium.,Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
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9
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Sieben A, Van Mossevelde S, Wauters E, Engelborghs S, van der Zee J, Van Langenhove T, Santens P, Praet M, Boon P, Miatton M, Van Hoecke S, Vandenbulcke M, Vandenberghe R, Cras P, Cruts M, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Martin JJ. Extended FTLD pedigree segregating a Belgian GRN-null mutation: neuropathological heterogeneity in one family. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:7. [PMID: 29370838 PMCID: PMC6389176 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, we describe the clinical and neuropathological findings of nine members of the Belgian progranulin gene (GRN) founder family. In this family, the loss-of-function mutation IVS1 + 5G > C was identified in 2006. In 2007, a clinical description of the mutation carriers was published that revealed the clinical heterogeneity among IVS1 + 5G > C carriers. We report our comparison of our data with the published clinical and neuropathological characteristics of other GRN mutations as well as other frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) syndromes, and we present a review of the literature. METHODS For each case, standardized sampling and staining were performed to identify proteinopathies, cerebrovascular disease, and hippocampal sclerosis. RESULTS The neuropathological substrate in the studied family was compatible in all cases with transactive response DNA-binding protein (TDP) proteinopathy type A, as expected. Additionally, most of the cases presented also with primary age-related tauopathy (PART) or mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological changes, and one case had extensive Lewy body pathology. An additional finding was the presence of cerebral small vessel changes in every patient in this family. CONCLUSIONS Our data show not only that the IVS1 + 5G > C mutation has an exclusive association with FTLD-TDP type A proteinopathy but also that other proteinopathies can occur and should be looked for. Because the penetrance rate of the clinical phenotype of carriers of GRN mutations is age-dependent, further research is required to investigate the role of co-occurring age-related pathologies such as AD, PART, and cerebral small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sieben
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Van Mossevelde
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Eline Wauters
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Langenhove
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Praet
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijke Miatton
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Hoecke
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Jacques Martin
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.
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10
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Alonso R, Pisa D, Fernández-Fernández AM, Rábano A, Carrasco L. Fungal infection in neural tissue of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:249-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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11
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Tang SS, Li J, Tan L, Yu JT. Genetics of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: From the Bench to the Clinic. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:1157-76. [PMID: 27104909 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with a strong genetic component. In this review, we summarize most common mutations in MAPT, GRN, and C90RF72, as well as less common mutations in VCP, CHMP2B, TARDBP, FUS gene and so on. Several guidelines have been developed to help gene testing based on genotype-phenotype correlation, the underlying histopathological subtypes, and the neuroanatomic associations. Furthermore, we also summarize molecular pathways implicated by genes and novel targets for FTLD prevention and management in recent years.
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12
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Wang P, Wander CM, Yuan CX, Bereman MS, Cohen TJ. Acetylation-induced TDP-43 pathology is suppressed by an HSF1-dependent chaperone program. Nat Commun 2017; 8:82. [PMID: 28724966 PMCID: PMC5517419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 pathology marks a spectrum of multisystem proteinopathies including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and sporadic inclusion body myositis. Surprisingly, it has been challenging to recapitulate this pathology, highlighting an incomplete understanding of TDP-43 regulatory mechanisms. Here we provide evidence supporting TDP-43 acetylation as a trigger for disease pathology. Using cultured cells and mouse skeletal muscle, we show that TDP-43 acetylation-mimics promote TDP-43 phosphorylation and ubiquitination, perturb mitochondria, and initiate degenerative inflammatory responses that resemble sporadic inclusion body myositis pathology. Analysis of functionally linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis proteins revealed recruitment of p62, ubiquilin-2, and optineurin to TDP-43 aggregates. We demonstrate that TDP-43 acetylation-mimic pathology is potently suppressed by an HSF1-dependent mechanism that disaggregates TDP-43. Our study illustrates bidirectional TDP-43 processing in which TDP-43 aggregation is targeted by a coordinated chaperone response. Thus, activation or restoration of refolding mechanisms may alleviate TDP-43 aggregation in tissues that are uniquely susceptible to TDP-43 proteinopathies. TDP-43 aggregation is linked to various diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here the authors show that acetylation of the protein triggers TDP-43 pathology in cultured cells and mouse skeletal muscle, which can be cleared through an HSF1-dependent chaperone mechanism that disaggregates the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Connor M Wander
- Department of Neurology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | - Michael S Bereman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Todd J Cohen
- Department of Neurology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Hortobágyi T, Cairns NJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and non-tau frontotemporal lobar degeneration. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 145:369-381. [PMID: 28987183 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802395-2.00026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the major motor neuron disorder. The hallmark features are progressive, irreversible motor neuron loss leading to denervation atrophy of muscles and death, usually within 5 years of disease onset. The hallmark proteins of the pathognomonic inclusions are SOD-1, TDP-43, or FUS; rarely the disease is caused by mutation of the respective genes. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is genetically, neuropathologically, and clinically heterogeneous and may present as a dementia with three major clinical syndromes dominated by behavioral, language, and motor disorders, respectively. The characteristic aggregate-forming protein in non-tau FTLD is either TDP-43 or FUS. It has been known for several years that frontotemporal dementia (or less severe forms of cognitive impairment) may coexist with ALS. Recent discoveries in genetics (e.g., C9orf72 mutation) and the subsequent neuropathologic characterization have revealed remarkable overlap between ALS and non-tau FTLD also at a molecular level, indicating common molecular pathways in pathogenesis. After a historic overview we demonstrate and compare the macroscopic and microscopic appearances and molecular characteristics with emphasis on genetic background, neuroanatomic distribution, and morphology of abnormal protein aggregates and their possible association with specific mutations. The clinicopathologic classifications and correlations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
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14
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Seripa D, Solfrizzi V, Imbimbo BP, Daniele A, Santamato A, Lozupone M, Zuliani G, Greco A, Logroscino G, Panza F. Tau-directed approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: focus on leuco-methylthioninium. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:259-77. [PMID: 26822031 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1140039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Small molecular weight compounds able to inhibit formation of tau oligomers and fibrils have already been tested for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. The most advanced tau aggregation inhibitor (TAI) is methylthioninium (MT), a drug existing in equilibrium between a reduced (leuco-methylthioninium) and oxidized form (MT(+)). MT chloride (also known as methylene blue) was investigated in a 24-week Phase II study in 321 mild-to-moderate AD patients at the doses of 69, 138, and 228 mg/day. This trial failed to show significant positive effects of MT in the overall patient population. The dose of 138 mg/day showed potential benefits on cognitive performance of moderately affected patients and cerebral blood flow in mildly affected patients. A follow-up compound (TRx0237) claimed to be more bioavailable and less toxic than MT, is now being developed. Phase III clinical trials on this novel TAI in AD and in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Seripa
- a Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza' , San Giovanni Rotondo , Foggia , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- b Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Bruno P Imbimbo
- c Research & Development Department , Chiesi Farmaceutici , Parma , Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- d Institute of Neurology , Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Andrea Santamato
- e Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Section, 'OORR' Hospital , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Madia Lozupone
- f Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- g Department of Medical Science, Section of Internal and Cardiopulmonary Medicine , University of Ferrara
| | - Antonio Greco
- a Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza' , San Giovanni Rotondo , Foggia , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- f Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy.,h Department of Clinical Research in Neurology , University of Bari Aldo Moro, 'Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico' , Tricase , Lecce , Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- a Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza' , San Giovanni Rotondo , Foggia , Italy.,f Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy.,h Department of Clinical Research in Neurology , University of Bari Aldo Moro, 'Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico' , Tricase , Lecce , Italy
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15
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Alquézar C, de la Encarnación A, Moreno F, de Munain AL, Martín-Requero Á. Progranulin deficiency induces overactivation of WNT5A expression via TNF-α/NF-κB pathway in peripheral cells from frontotemporal dementia-linked granulin mutation carriers. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:225-39. [PMID: 26624524 PMCID: PMC4915932 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss-of-function progranulin gene (GRN) mutations have been identified as the major cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology (frontotemporal lobar degeneration [FTLD]-TDP); however, little is known about the association between progranulin (PGRN) deficiency and neuronal loss in individuals with FTLD-TDP. Previously we reported enhanced proliferative activity associated with the activation of WNT5A/CDK6/pRb signalling in PGRN-deficient cells. The objective of this work was to elucidate the association between PGRN deficiency, WNT5A signalling and cell proliferation in immortalized lymphoblasts from carriers of the c.709-1G > A GRN mutation (asymptomatic and FTLD-TDP). METHODS We assessed cell proliferation in carriers of the c.709-1G > A GRN gene mutation and controls without GRN mutation and without sign of neurologic degeneration by cell counting or using an MTT assay. We used a luciferase assay to measure the nuclear factor-κ (NF-κ) activity. We evaluated messenger RNA levels using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and protein levels by immunoblotting. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to analyze the interaction between PGRN and its receptors. RESULTS We enrolled 19 carriers of the GRN gene mutation and 10 controls in this study. The PGRN-deficient cells showed increased expression of WNT5A due to NF-κB signalling overactivation. We observed a competition between PGRN and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) for binding both TNF receptors (TNFR) I and II. Blocking NF-κB signalling using wedelolactone or specific antibodies against TNFRs inhibited WNT5A overexpression and proliferation of PGRN-deficient cells. Conversely, the activation of NF-κB signalling by TNF-α increased WNT5A-dependent proliferation of control cells. LIMITATIONS All cell lines were derived from individuals harboring the same splicing GRN mutation. Nevertheless, most of the known GRN mutations lead to haploinsufficiency of the protein. CONCLUSION Our results revealed an important role of NF-κB signalling in PGRN-associated FTLD-TDP and confirm that PGRN can bind to TNF-α receptors regulating the expression of WNT5A, suggesting novel targets for treatment of FTLD-TDP linked to GRN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Correspondence to: Á. Martín-Requero, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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16
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Tau-Centric Targets and Drugs in Clinical Development for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3245935. [PMID: 27429978 PMCID: PMC4939203 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3245935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The failure of several Phase II/III clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with drugs targeting β-amyloid accumulation in the brain fuelled an increasing interest in alternative treatments against tau pathology, including approaches targeting tau phosphatases/kinases, active and passive immunization, and anti-tau aggregation. The most advanced tau aggregation inhibitor (TAI) is methylthioninium (MT), a drug existing in equilibrium between a reduced (leuco-methylthioninium) and oxidized form (MT+). MT chloride (methylene blue) was investigated in a 24-week Phase II clinical trial in 321 patients with mild to moderate AD that failed to show significant positive effects in mild AD patients, although long-term observations (50 weeks) and biomarker studies suggested possible benefit. The dose of 138 mg/day showed potential benefits on cognitive performance of moderately affected AD patients and cerebral blood flow in mildly affected patients. Further clinical evidence will come from the large ongoing Phase III trials for the treatment of AD and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia on a new form of this TAI, more bioavailable and less toxic at higher doses, called TRx0237. More recently, inhibitors of tau acetylation are being actively pursued based on impressive results in animal studies obtained by salsalate, a clinically used derivative of salicylic acid.
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17
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Different Brain Regions are Infected with Fungi in Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15015. [PMID: 26468932 PMCID: PMC4606562 DOI: 10.1038/srep15015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a microbial aetiology has been proposed by several researchers. Here, we provide evidence that tissue from the central nervous system (CNS) of AD patients contain fungal cells and hyphae. Fungal material can be detected both intra- and extracellularly using specific antibodies against several fungi. Different brain regions including external frontal cortex, cerebellar hemisphere, entorhinal cortex/hippocampus and choroid plexus contain fungal material, which is absent in brain tissue from control individuals. Analysis of brain sections from ten additional AD patients reveals that all are infected with fungi. Fungal infection is also observed in blood vessels, which may explain the vascular pathology frequently detected in AD patients. Sequencing of fungal DNA extracted from frozen CNS samples identifies several fungal species. Collectively, our findings provide compelling evidence for the existence of fungal infection in the CNS from AD patients, but not in control individuals.
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18
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Guido D, Morandi G, Palluzzi F, Borroni B. Telling the Story of Frontotemporal Dementia by Bibliometric Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 48:703-9. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Guido
- University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Morandi
- University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fernando Palluzzi
- Politecnico, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- University of Brescia, Department of Neurology, Brescia, Italy
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19
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Sarnat HB, Flores-Sarnat L. Infantile tauopathies: Hemimegalencephaly; tuberous sclerosis complex; focal cortical dysplasia 2; ganglioglioma. Brain Dev 2015; 37:553-62. [PMID: 25451314 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tau is a normal microtubule-associated protein; mutations to phosphorylated or acetylated forms are neurotoxic. In many dementias of adult life tauopathies cause neuronal degeneration. Four developmental disorders of the fetal and infant brain are presented, each of which exhibits up-regulation of tau. Microtubules are cytoskeletal structures that provide the strands of mitotic spindles and specify cellular polarity, growth, lineage, differentiation, migration and axonal transport of molecules. Phosphorylated tau is abnormal in immature as in mature neurons. Several malformations are demonstrated in which upregulated tau may be important in pathogenesis. All produce highly epileptogenic cortical foci. The prototype infantile tauopathy is (1) hemimegalencephaly (HME); normal tau is degraded by a mutant AKT3 or AKT1 gene as the aetiology of focal somatic mosaicism in the periventricular neuroepithelium. HME may be isolated or associated with neurocutaneous syndromes, particularly epidermal naevus syndromes, also due to somatic mutations. Other tauopathies of early life include: (2) tuberous sclerosis complex; (3) focal cortical dysplasia type 2b (FCD2b); and (4) ganglioglioma, a tumor with dysplastic neurons and neoplastic glial cells. Pathological tau in these infantile cases alters cellular growth and architecture, synaptic function and tissue organization, but does not cause neuronal loss. All infantile tauopathies are defined neuropathologically as a tetrad of (1) dysmorphic and megalocytic neurons; (2) activation of the mTOR signaling pathway; (3) post-zygotic somatic mosaicism; and (4) upregulation of phosphorylated tau. HME and FCD2b may be the same disorder with different timing of the somatic mutation in the mitotic cycles of the neuroepithelium. HME and FCD2b may be the same disorder with different timing of the somatic mutation in the mitotic cycles of the neuroepithelium. Tauopathies must be considered in infantile neurological disease and no longer restricted to adult dementias. The mTOR inhibitor everolimus, already demonstrated to be effective in TSC, also may be a potential treatment in other infantile tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey B Sarnat
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Laura Flores-Sarnat
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Alquezar C, Esteras N, de la Encarnación A, Moreno F, López de Munain A, Martín-Requero Á. Increasing progranulin levels and blockade of the ERK1/2 pathway: upstream and downstream strategies for the treatment of progranulin deficient frontotemporal dementia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:386-403. [PMID: 25624003 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by mild-life onset and progressive changes in behavior, social cognition, and language. Loss-of-function progranulin gene (GRN) mutations are the major cause of FTLD with TDP-43 protein inclusions (FTLD-TDP). Disease-modifying treatments for FTLD-TDP are not available yet. Mounting evidence indicates that cell cycle dysfunction may play a pathogenic role in neurodegenerative disorders including FTLD. Since cell cycle re-entry of posmitotic neurons seems to precede neuronal death, it was hypothesized that strategies aimed at preventing cell cycle progression would have neuroprotective effects. Recent research in our laboratory revealed cell cycle alterations in lymphoblasts from FTLD-TDP patients carrying a null GRN mutation, and in PGRN deficient SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, involving overactivation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. In this work, we have investigated the effects of PGRN enhancers drugs and ERK1/2 inhibitors, in these cellular models of PGRN-deficient FTLD. We report here that both restoring the PGRN content, by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) or chloroquine (CQ), as blocking ERK1/2 activation by selumetinib (AZD6244) or MEK162 (ARRY-162), normalized the CDK6/pRb pathway and the proliferative activity of PGRN deficient cells. Moreover, we found that SAHA and selumetinib prevented the cytosolic TDP-43 accumulation in PGRN-deficient lymphoblasts. Considering that these drugs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and assuming that the alterations in cell cycle and signaling observed in lymphoblasts from FTLD patients could be peripheral signs of the disease, our results suggest that these treatments may serve as novel therapeutic drugs for FTLD associated to GRN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alquezar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Esteras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana de la Encarnación
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Neuroscience Area-Institute Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Donostia, san sebastian, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neuroscience Area-Institute Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Donostia, san sebastian, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
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21
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de la Encarnación A, Alquézar C, Esteras N, Martín-Requero Á. Progranulin Deficiency Reduces CDK4/6/pRb Activation and Survival of Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1714-1725. [PMID: 25377796 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Null mutations in GRN are associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP). However, the influence of progranulin (PGRN) deficiency in neurodegeneration is largely unknown. In neuroblastoma cells, silencing of GRN gene causes significantly reduced cell survival after serum withdrawal. The following observations suggest that alterations of the CDK4/6/retinoblastoma protein (pRb) pathway, secondary to changes in PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 activation induced by PGRN deficiency, are involved in the control of serum deprivation-induced apoptosis: (i) inhibiting CDK4/6 levels or their associated kinase activity by sodium butyrate or PD332991 sensitized control SH-SY5Y cells to serum deprivation-induced apoptosis without affecting survival of PGRN-deficient cells; (ii) CDK4/6/pRb seems to be downstream of the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways since their specific inhibitors, LY294002 and PD98059, were able to decrease CDK6-associated kinase activity and induce death of control SH-SY5Y cells; (iii) PGRN-deficient cells show reduced stimulation of PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, and CDK4/6 activities compared with control cells in the absence of serum; and (iv) supplementation of recombinant human PGRN was able to rescue survival of PGRN-deficient cells. These observations highlight the important role of PGRN-mediated stimulation of the PI3K/Akt-ERK1/2/CDK4/6/pRb pathway in determining the cell fate survival/death under serum deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana de la Encarnación
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Alquézar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Monforte de Lemos 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Esteras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Monforte de Lemos 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Wischik CM, Harrington CR, Storey JMD. Tau-aggregation inhibitor therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 88:529-39. [PMID: 24361915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many trials of drugs aimed at preventing or clearing β-amyloid pathology have failed to demonstrate efficacy in recent years and further trials continue with drugs aimed at the same targets and mechanisms. The Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangle is composed of tau and the core of its constituent filaments are made of a truncated fragment from the repeat domain of tau. This truncated tau can catalyse the conversion of normal soluble tau into aggregated oligomeric and fibrillar tau which, in turn, can spread to neighbouring neurons. Tau aggregation is not a late-life process and onset of Braak stage 1 peaks in people in their late 40s or early 50s. Tau aggregation pathology at Braak stage 1 or beyond affects 50% of the population over the age of 45. The initiation of tau aggregation requires its binding to a non-specific substrate to expose a high affinity tau-tau binding domain and it is self-propagating thereafter. The initiating substrate complex is most likely formed as a consequence of a progressive loss of endosomal-lysosomal processing of neuronal proteins, particularly of membrane proteins from mitochondria. Mutations in the APP/presenilin membrane complex may simply add to the age-related endosomal-lysosomal processing failure, bringing forward, but not directly causing, the tau aggregation cascade in carriers. Methylthioninium chloride (MTC), the first identified tau aggregation inhibitor (TAI), offers an alternative to the amyloid approach. Phase 3 trials are underway with a novel stabilized reduced form of methylthioninium (LMTX) that has improved tolerability and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude M Wischik
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore; School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Charles R Harrington
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore; School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John M D Storey
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore; Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
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23
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Iguchi Y, Katsuno M, Ikenaka K, Ishigaki S, Sobue G. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an update on recent genetic insights. J Neurol 2013; 260:2917-27. [PMID: 24085347 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease affecting both upper and lower motor neurons. The prognosis for ALS is extremely poor, but there is a limited course of treatment with only one approved medication. A most striking recent discovery is that TDP-43 is identified as a key molecule that is associated with both sporadic and familial forms of ALS. TDP-43 is not only a pathological hallmark, but also a genetic cause for ALS. Subsequently, a number of ALS-causative genes have been found. Above all, the RNA-binding protein, such as FUS, TAF15, EWSR1 and hnRNPA1, have structural and functional similarities to TDP-43, and physiological functions of some molecules, including VCP, UBQLN2, OPTN, FIG4 and SQSTM1, are involved in a protein degradation system. These discoveries provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of ALS, and open doors for developing an effective disease-modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Iguchi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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Sarnat HB. Clinical neuropathology practice guide 5-2013: markers of neuronal maturation. Clin Neuropathol 2013; 32:340-69. [PMID: 23883617 PMCID: PMC3796735 DOI: 10.5414/np300638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review surveys immunocytochemical and histochemical markers of neuronal lineage for application to tissue sections of fetal and neonatal brain. They determine maturation of individual nerve cells as the tissue progresses to mature architecture. From a developmental perspective, neuronal markers are all about timing. These diverse cellular labels may be classified in two ways: 1) time of onset of expression (early; intermediate; late); 2) labeling of subcellular structures or metabolic functions (nucleoproteins; synaptic vesicle proteins; enolases; cytoskeletal elements; calcium-binding; nucleic acids; mitochondria). Apart from these positive markers of maturation, other negative markers are expressed in primitive neuroepithelial cells and early stages of neuroblast maturation, but no longer are demonstrated after initial stages of maturation. These examinations are relevant for studies of normal neuroembryology at the cellular level. In fetal and perinatal neuropathology they provide control criteria for application to malformations of the brain, inborn metabolic disorders and acquired fetal insults in which neuroblastic maturation may be altered. Disorders, in which cells differentiate abnormally, as in tuberous sclerosis and hemimegalencephaly, pose another yet aspect of mixed cellular lineage. The measurement in living patients, especially neonates, of serum and CSF levels of enolases, chromogranins and S-100 proteins as biomarkers of brain damage may potentially be correlated with their corresponding tissue markers at autopsy in infants who do not survive. The neuropathological markers here described can be performed in ordinary hospital laboratories, not just research facilities, and offer another dimension of diagnostic precision in interpreting abnormally developed fetal and postnatal brains.
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Landqvist Waldö M, Frizell Santillo A, Passant U, Zetterberg H, Rosengren L, Nilsson C, Englund E. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain protein levels in subtypes of frontotemporal dementia. BMC Neurol 2013; 13:54. [PMID: 23718879 PMCID: PMC3671150 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is recognised as a clinically and morphologically heterogeneous group of interrelated neurodegenerative conditions. One of the subtypes within this disease spectrum is the behavioural variant FTD (bvFTD). This is known to be a varied disorder with a mixture of tau-positive and tau-negative underlying pathologies. The other subtypes include semantic dementia (SD), which generally exhibits tau-negative pathology, and progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA), which is usually tau-positive. As the clinical presentation of these subtypes may overlap, a specific diagnosis can be difficult to attain and today no specific biomarker can predict the underlying pathology. Neurofilament light chain protein (NFL), a cytoskeletal constituent of intermediate filaments, is thought to reflect neuronal and axonal death when appearing in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). NFL has been shown to be elevated in CSF in patients with FTD compared with AD and controls. Our hypothesis was that the levels of NFL also differ between the subtypes of FTD and may indicate the underlying pathological subtype. Methods We retrospectively analysed data from previous CSF analyses in 34 FTD cases (23 bvFTD, seven SD, four PNFA), 20 AD cases, and 26 healthy controls. A separate group of 10 neuropathologically verified and subtyped FTD cases (seven tau-negative, three tau-positive) were also analysed. Result NFL levels were significantly higher in FTD compared with both AD (p<0.001) and controls (p<0.001). The NFL levels of SD and bvFTD were significantly higher (p<0.001) compared with AD. The biomarker profiles of PNFA and AD were similar. In the neuropathologically verified FTD cases, NFL was higher in the tau-negative than in the tau-positive cases (exact p=0.017). Conclusions The marked NFL elevation in some but not all FTD cases is likely to reflect the different underlying pathologies. The highest NFL values found in the SD group as well as in the neuropathologically verified tau-negative cases may be of subtype diagnostic value, if corroborated in larger patient cohorts. In bvFTD, a mixture of tau-positive and tau-negative underlying pathologies could possibly explain the intermediate NFL values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Landqvist Waldö
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Klinikgatan 22, Lund SE-221 85, Sweden.
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Bahia VS, Takada LT, Deramecourt V. Neuropathology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a review. Dement Neuropsychol 2013; 7:19-26. [PMID: 29213815 PMCID: PMC5619540 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642013dn70100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the second most common cause of presenile dementia. Three main clinical variants are widely recognized within the FTLD spectrum: the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), semantic dementia (SD) and progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA). FTLD represents a highly heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders which are best classified according to the main protein component of pathological neuronal and glial inclusions. The most common pathological class of FTLD is associated with the TDP-43 protein (FTLD-TDP), while FTLD-Tau is considered slightly less common while the FTLD-FUS (Fused in sarcoma protein) pathology is rare. In this review, these three major pathological types of FTLD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Santoro Bahia
- MD, PhD. Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit,
Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São
Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Leonel Tadao Takada
- MD, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department
of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of
Medicine, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Vincent Deramecourt
- MD, PhD, Univ Lille Nord de France, Laboratory of
Excellence DISTALZ, Memory Clinic, Histology and Pathology Department, Lille,
France
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Sieben A, Van Langenhove T, Engelborghs S, Martin JJ, Boon P, Cras P, De Deyn PP, Santens P, Van Broeckhoven C, Cruts M. The genetics and neuropathology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:353-72. [PMID: 22890575 PMCID: PMC3422616 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by disturbances of behavior and personality and different types of language impairment with or without concomitant features of motor neuron disease or parkinsonism. FTLD is characterized by atrophy of the frontal and anterior temporal brain lobes. Detailed neuropathological studies have elicited proteinopathies defined by inclusions of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau, TAR DNA-binding protein TDP-43, fused-in-sarcoma or yet unidentified proteins in affected brain regions. Rather than the type of proteinopathy, the site of neurodegeneration correlates relatively well with the clinical presentation of FTLD. Molecular genetic studies identified five disease genes, of which the gene encoding the tau protein (MAPT), the growth factor precursor gene granulin (GRN), and C9orf72 with unknown function are most frequently mutated. Rare mutations were also identified in the genes encoding valosin-containing protein (VCP) and charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B). These genes are good markers to distinguish underlying neuropathological phenotypes. Due to the complex landscape of FTLD diseases, combined characterization of clinical, imaging, biological and genetic biomarkers is essential to establish a detailed diagnosis. Although major progress has been made in FTLD research in recent years, further studies are needed to completely map out and correlate the clinical, pathological and genetic entities, and to understand the underlying disease mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current state of the rapidly progressing field of genetic, neuropathological and clinical research of this intriguing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sieben
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Langenhove
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Paul Boon
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Peter-Paul De Deyn
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Taipa R, Pinho J, Melo-Pires M. Clinico-pathological correlations of the most common neurodegenerative dementias. Front Neurol 2012; 3:68. [PMID: 22557993 PMCID: PMC3340570 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative dementias are a group of neurological disorders characterized by deterioration in several cognitive domains in which there is selective and progressive loss of specific populations of neurons. The precise neurobiological basis for the different neurodegenerative dementias remains unknown. It is expected that different pathologies reflect different mechanisms, at least early in the neurodegeneration process. The next decades promise treatments directed to causes and mechanisms, bringing an outstanding challenge to clinicians due to heterogeneous clinical presentations with the same molecular pathology. The purpose of this brief review is to describe the key neuropathological features of the most common neurodegenerative dementias (Alzheimer disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration) and the relationship with the clinical syndromes described in clinico-pathological studies. We expect this overview contributes for the understanding of this broad topic integrating the two ends of the spectrum: clinical and pathological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Taipa
- Neuropathology Unit, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto Porto, Portugal
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Astrocytes carrying the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1G93A) mutation induce wild-type motor neuron degeneration in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17803-8. [PMID: 21969586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103141108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies highlight astrocytes as key drivers of motor neuron (MN) degeneration and disease propagation in mutant human superoxide dismutase 1 (mSOD1)-mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, in vivo analysis of specific astrocytic influence in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has proven difficult because mSOD1 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the CNS of rodent models studied. Here, we transplanted SOD1(G93A) glial-restricted precursor cells--glial progenitors capable of differentiating into astrocytes--into the cervical spinal cord of WT rats to reveal how mutant astrocytes influence WT MNs and other cells types (microglia and astrocytes) in an in vivo setting. Transplanted SOD1(G93A) glial-restricted precursor cells survived and differentiated efficiently into astrocytes. Graft-derived SOD1(G93A) astrocytes induced host MN ubiquitination and death, forelimb motor and respiratory dysfunction, reactive astrocytosis, and reduced GLT-1 transporter expression in WT animals. The SOD1(G93A) astrocyte-induced MN death seemed in part mediated by host microglial activation. These findings show that mSOD1 astrocytes alone can induce WT MN death and associated pathological changes in vivo.
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