1
|
He W, Shi X, Dong Z. The roles of RACK1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Biomed Res 2024; 38:137-148. [PMID: 38410996 PMCID: PMC11001590 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.37.20220259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is a protein that plays a crucial role in various signaling pathways and is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a prevalent neurodegenerative disease. RACK1 is highly expressed in neuronal cells of the central nervous system and regulates the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, RACK1 is involved in regulation of the amyloid-β precursor protein processing through α- or β-secretase by binding to different protein kinase C isoforms. Additionally, RACK1 promotes synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and activating gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors, thereby preventing neuronal excitotoxicity. RACK1 also assembles inflammasomes that are involved in various neuroinflammatory pathways, such as nuclear factor-kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 pathways. The potential to design therapeutics that block amyloid-β accumulation and inflammation or precisely regulate synaptic plasticity represents an attractive therapeutic strategy, in which RACK1 is a potential target. In this review, we summarize the contribution of RACK1 to the pathogenesis of AD and its potential as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting He
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiuyu Shi
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mojiri-Forushani H, Khajehali E, Adelipour M, Mohammadi A. Inhibitory effects of fluoxetine on the secretion of inflammatory mediators and JAK/STAT3 and JNK/TLR4 gene expression. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2231-2241. [PMID: 36571654 PMCID: PMC9791631 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most common class of medicines used for the treatment of major depression. Recent studies have reported an association between depression and inflammation and suggested the significant effects of SSRIs on inflammatory processes. METHODS The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of fluoxetine, an SSRI, on the level of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in the rat serum and RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line, using ELISA sandwich assays. Also, the expression of inflammatory genes, including JAK/STAT3 and TLR4/JNK, was examined in macrophages, using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR to determine the potential mechanism of fluoxetine in inflammation. The rats received fluoxetine (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) 30 min before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment for 90 min. The cells received different doses of fluoxetine (5, 10, and 20 µg/mL) before stimulation with LPS for 24 or 48 h. RESULTS The serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were reduced in rats and cells treated with fluoxetine. Following fluoxetine administration, the expression of JAK/STAT3 and TLR4/JNK genes was significantly decreased in the RAW264.7 cells treated with LPS for 24 h. However, after 48 h of treatment with LPS, fluoxetine failed to diminish the elevated expression of JAK and JNK genes, while it significantly decreased the expression of STAT3 and TLR4 genes. CONCLUSION The findings revealed that fluoxetine has anti-inflammatory properties, mainly due to the reduction of inflammatory cytokines and inhibition of JAK/STAT3 and TLR4/JNK gene expression in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Maryam Adelipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abu-Elfotuh K, Al-Najjar AH, Mohammed AA, Aboutaleb AS, Badawi GA. Fluoxetine ameliorates Alzheimer's disease progression and prevents the exacerbation of cardiovascular dysfunction of socially isolated depressed rats through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and hindering TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 104:108488. [PMID: 35042170 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a risk factor for Alzheimer's (AD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, depression treatment restricts its deteriorating effects on mood, memory and CV system. Fluoxetine is the most widely used antidepressant drug, it has neuroprotective effect through its antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties. The current study investigated for the first-time the cross link between depression, AD and CVD besides, role of fluoxetine in mitigating such disorders. Depression was induced in rats by social isolation (SI) for 12 weeks, AlCL3 (70 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was used to induce AD which was administered either in SI or normal control (NC) grouped rats starting at 8th week till the end of the experiment, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day, p.o) treatment also was started at 8th week. SI and AD showed a statistically significant deteriorated effect on behavioral, neurochemical and histopathological analysis which was exaggerated when two disorder combined than each alone. Fluoxetine treatment showed protective effect against SI, AD and prevents exacerbation of CVD. Fluoxetine improved animals' behavior, increased brain monoamines, BDNF besides increased antioxidant defense mechanism of SOD, TAC contents and increased protein expression of Nrf2/HO-1 with significant decrease of AChE activity, β-amyloid, Tau protein, MDA, TNF-α, IL1β contents as well as decreased protein expression of NF-kB, TLR4, NLRP3 and caspase1. It also showed cardioprotective effects as it improved lipid profile with pronounced decrease of cardiac enzymes of CK-MB, troponin and MEF2. In conclusion, fluoxetine represents as a promising drug against central and peripheral disorders through its anti-inflammatory/antioxidant effects via targeting antioxidant Nrf2/HO-1 and hindering TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karema Abu-Elfotuh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya H Al-Najjar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Mohammed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany S Aboutaleb
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Badawi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El Arish, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Matt SM. Targeting neurotransmitter-mediated inflammatory mechanisms of psychiatric drugs to mitigate the double burden of multimorbidity and polypharmacy. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100353. [PMID: 34647105 PMCID: PMC8495104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of multimorbidities and polypharmacy is a major concern, particularly in the growing aging population. While polypharmacy can be beneficial, in many cases it can be more harmful than no treatment, especially in individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders, who have elevated risks of multimorbidity and polypharmacy. Age-related chronic inflammation and immunopathologies might contribute to these increased risks in this population, but the optimal clinical management of drug-drug interactions and the neuro-immune mechanisms that are involved warrants further investigation. Given that neurotransmitter systems, which psychiatric medications predominantly act on, can influence the development of inflammation and the regulation of immune function, it is important to better understand these interactions to develop more successful strategies to manage these comorbidities and complicated polypharmacy. I propose that expanding upon research in translationally relevant human in vitro models, in tandem with other preclinical models, is critical to defining the neurotransmitter-mediated mechanisms by which psychiatric drugs alter immune function. This will define more precisely the interactions of psychiatric drugs and other immunomodulatory drugs, used in combination, enabling identification of novel targets to be translated into more efficacious diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic interventions. This interdisciplinary approach will aid in better precision polypharmacy for combating adverse events associated with multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Matt
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Adam G, Shiomi T, Monica G, Jarrod S, Vincent A, Becky M, Tina Z, Jeanine D. Suppression of cigarette smoke induced MMP1 expression by selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21519. [PMID: 34137477 PMCID: PMC9292461 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001966rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Globally, COPD remains a major cause of disability and death. In the United States alone, it is estimated that approximately 14 million people suffer from the disease. Given the high disease burden and requirement for chronic, long‐term medical care associated with COPD, it is essential that new disease modifying agents are developed to complement the symptomatic therapeutics currently available. In the present report, we have identified a potentially novel therapeutic agent through the use of a high throughput screen based on the knowledge that cigarette smoke induces the proteolytic enzyme MMP1 leading to destruction of the lung in COPD. A construct utilizing the cigarette responsive promoter element of MMP‐1 was conjugated to a luciferase reporter and utilized in an in vitro assay to screen the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository to identify putative targets that suppressed luciferase expression in response to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors potently inhibited luciferase expression and were further validated. SSRI treatment suppressed MMP‐1 production in small airway epithelial cells exposed to (CSE) in vitro as well as in smoke exposed rabbits. In addition, SSRI treatment inhibited inflammatory cytokine production while rescuing cigarette smoke induced downregulation in vivo of the anti‐inflammatory lipid transporter ABCA1, previously shown by our laboratory to be lung protective. Importantly, SSRI treatment prevented lung destruction in smoke exposed rabbits as measured by morphometry. These studies support further investigation into SSRIs as a novel therapeutic for COPD may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerber Adam
- Department of Medicine, Anesthesiology, Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takayuki Shiomi
- Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Goldklang Monica
- Department of Medicine, Anesthesiology, Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sonett Jarrod
- Department of Medicine, Anesthesiology, Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anguiano Vincent
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mercer Becky
- Office of Academic Affairs, Palm Beach State College, Florida, USA
| | - Zelonina Tina
- Department of Medicine, Anesthesiology, Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D'Armiento Jeanine
- Department of Medicine, Anesthesiology, Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu EY, Xia Y, Kong X, Guo MS, Yu AX, Zheng BZ, Mak S, Xu ML, Tsim KW. Interacting with α 7 nAChR is a new mechanism for AChE to enhance the inflammatory response in macrophages. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1926-1942. [PMID: 33163344 PMCID: PMC7606108 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) regulates inflammation via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme hydrolyzing ACh, is expressed in immune cells suggesting non-classical function in inflammatory responses. Here, the expression of PRiMA-linked G4 AChE was identified on the surface of macrophages. In lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory processes, AChE was upregulated by the binding of NF-κB onto the ACHE promotor. Conversely, the overexpression of G4 AChE inhibited ACh-suppressed cytokine release and cell migration, which was in contrast to that of applied AChE inhibitors. AChEmt, a DNA construct without enzymatic activity, was adopted to identify the protein role of AChE in immune system. Overexpression of G4 AChEmt induced cell migration and inhibited ACh-suppressed cell migration. The co-localization of α7 nAChR and AChE was found in macrophages, suggesting the potential interaction of α7 nAChR and AChE. Besides, immunoprecipitation showed a close association of α7 nAChR and AChE protein in cell membrane. Hence, the novel function of AChE in macrophage by interacting with α7 nAChR was determined. Together with hydrolysis of ACh, AChE plays a direct role in the regulation of inflammatory response. As such, AChE could serve as a novel target to treat age-related diseases by anti-inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- AChE
- AChE, acetylcholinesterase
- BChE, butyrylcholinesterase
- CAP pathway, cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
- CDC42, cell division cycle
- ChAT, choline acetyltransferase
- Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
- DPZ, donepezil
- GAL, galantamine hydrobromide
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MLA, methyllycaconitine citrate salt
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- Macrophage
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PHA, PHA-543613
- PRiMA, proline-rich membrane anchor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- nAChR, nicotinic AChR
- α7 nAChR
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu YQ, Zhang YL, Wang Z, Liu Y, Li H, Zhou XF, Hu ZL, Dai RP. Involvement of proBDNF in Monocytes/Macrophages with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Depressive Mice. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:887-899. [PMID: 32588356 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorders (MDD) are often comorbid with the gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF) has been reported to contribute to the development of depression in mouse models. However, the role of proBDNF in depression-associated GI disorders is still unrevealed. Mice experienced unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) procedure and were then intraperitoneally injected with fluoxetine (20 mg/kg). Open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST), and sucrose preference test (SPT) were performed to evaluate the severity of depression. Oral administration of food dye gel and histological staining were performed to assess GI transit and morphological alterations. QPCR was performed to assess the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were performed to examine the expression and cellular localization of proBDNF. It was found that (a) in the peripheral blood, the expression of proBDNF and its receptor pan neurotrophin receptor 75 (p75NTR) in CD11b+ cells in depressive mice was higher than in controls; (b) the GI motility was decreased after the UCMS procedure and partly reversed by fluoxetine treatment; (c) proBDNF/p75NTR was highly expressed in macrophages in the intestinal lamina propria; (d) the upregulated proBDNF/p75NTR and the activated cytokines, including IL (interleukin)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN (interferon)-γ, were positively correlated with the depression and GI disorders, and were inhibited by fluoxetine treatment. UCMS procedure upregulated the expression of proBDNF and p75NTR in monocytes/macrophages of peripheral blood and intestinal lamina propria, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of depression-associated GI disorders. Fluoxetine reversed the GI dysfunction, infiltration of macrophages, and upregulation of proBDNF signaling in the depressive mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Qing Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zhao-Lan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ru-Ping Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang L, Wang R, Liu L, Qiao D, Baldwin DS, Hou R. Effects of SSRIs on peripheral inflammatory markers in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:24-38. [PMID: 30797959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral levels of inflammatory markers are elevated in major depressive disorder (MDD). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect levels of inflammatory markers in patients with MDD, but studies have reported inconsistent findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate the effects of SSRI treatment on peripheral levels of a range of inflammatory markers in MDD patients. METHODS Systematic literature search (Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane) for studies published before November 2018. Studies were included if they used SSRI monotherapy and peripheral levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ were measured before and after treatment in patients with MDD. Meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-analysis (version 2). Effect sizes were calculated using bias-corrected standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) between pre- and post-treatment. Sub-group analyses, meta-regression and publication bias estimates were undertaken; sensitivity analyses were performed using different estimated pre- and post-treatment correlations and after removing poor quality studies. RESULTS Twenty two eligible studies including 827 MDD patients were included in the meta-analysis: fifteen studies for IL-6; eleven for TNF-α; eight for IL-10; seven for IL-1β; six for IL-4; five for IL-2; and four for IFN-γ. The pooled effect estimate indicates SSRI treatment decreased levels of pro-inflammatory markers IL-6 (Hedges' g, -0.418; 95%CI, -0.663 to -0.174; I2 = 89.412), TNF-α (Hedges' g, -0.554; 95%CI, -0.990 to -0.118; I2 = 95.438) and IL-1β (Hedges' g = -0.574; 95%CI, -1.014 to -0.135; I2 = 91.622), and anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 (Hedges' g = -0.615; 95%CI, -0.989 to -0.242; I2 = 90.406). There were no significant treatment effects on levels of IL-2, IL-4, or IFN-γ. There was a high level of heterogeneity between studies. Sensitivity analyses indicated the robustness of the primary analyses. CONCLUSIONS The current review and meta-analysis indicates moderate immunomodulating effects of SSRI treatment for MDD, which suggests SSRIs may owe some of their therapeutic effect to their anti-inflammatory properties. High heterogeneity across studies may limit interpretation of the findings and larger randomized clinical trials are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Centre, Jinan, Shandong 250014 China
| | - Ruzhan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Centre, Jinan, Shandong 250014 China
| | - Lanfen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Centre, Jinan, Shandong 250014 China
| | - Dongdong Qiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Centre, Jinan, Shandong 250014 China
| | - David S Baldwin
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruihua Hou
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The vagus nerve role in antidepressants action: Efferent vagal pathways participate in peripheral anti-inflammatory effect of fluoxetine. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
10
|
Liang Q, Ou M, Ren Y, Yao Z, Hu R, Li J, Liu Y, Wang W. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of S- adenosyl- L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) during the pathogenic infection of Litopenaeus vannamei by Vibrio alginolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:284-292. [PMID: 30849500 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
SAHH is an enzyme, playing a significant role in the catalyzation of the S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH) into homocysteine (Hcy) and adenosine (Ado). However, little is known information of the enzyme in crustaceans. In the present study, SAHH cDNA was cloned from Litopenaeus vannamei (LvSAHH). The full length of the LvSAHH was found, containing a 5' UTR of 119 bp, an ORF of 1236 bp and a 3' UTR of 549 bp. The LvSAHH gene encoded a polypeptide of 411 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 45.55 kD and a predicted isoelectronic point (pI) of 5.63. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence showed that LvSAHH has high identity (70 %-82%) with other known species. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that LvSAHH mRNA was broadly expressed in all of the examined tissues, while the highest expression level was observed in muscle, followed by the expression in stomach, gill, pleopod, hepatopancreas, heart, eye and intestine. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that LvSAHH was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. LvSAHH mRNA expression levels in hepatopancreas and gill were significantly up-regulated from 6 to 48 h after V. alginolyticus injection and reached the highest level (15-fold and 8-fold, p < 0.01) at 24 h, respectively. Additionally, the Toll-like receptors (TLR) and interleukins-16 (IL-16) were detected in hepatopancreas and gill of LvSAHH-knockdown SAHH. LvRack1, LvToll1, LvToll2, LvToll3 and LvIL-16 transcripts were decreased significantly in LvSAHH-knockdown shrimp at 24 h post V. alginolyticus stimulation in hepatopancreas and gill. But LvToll3 was no significant difference in gill. In summary, these results indicated that LvSAHH may play a regulatory role in the invertebrate innate immune defense by regulating TLR and IL-16 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- QingJian Liang
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, PR China
| | - MuFei Ou
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, PR China
| | - YingHao Ren
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, PR China
| | - ZeNa Yao
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, PR China
| | - Rui Hu
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, PR China
| | - JieZhen Li
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, PR China
| | - Weina Wang
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Peripheral serotonin continuously reveals its unexpected involvements in many organ functions. In bone tissue, there is an increasing evidence for a local serotonergic system affecting the cellular and molecular actors involved in bone turnover. During orthodontic treatment, tooth movement relies on bone remodeling, itself a result of the inflammatory process triggered by application of orthodontic forces to the teeth. Nowadays, many adults proceed to an orthodontic treatment, it therefore seems important to consider physiological growth-related factors and external factors as medications that may influence adverse effects and efficacy of orthodontic treatment techniques. In this review, we focus on peripheral serotonin mechanism of regulation of bone remodeling during orthodontic movement. We discuss the differential effect of serotonin on alveolar bone inflammation that may open new strategies in orthodontics.
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu FY, Cai J, Wang C, Ruan W, Guan GP, Pan HZ, Li JR, Qian C, Chen JS, Wang L, Chen G. Fluoxetine attenuates neuroinflammation in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a possible role for the regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:347. [PMID: 30572907 PMCID: PMC6302437 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is closely associated with functional outcome in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. Our recent study demonstrated that fluoxetine inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and attenuated necrotic cell death in early brain injury after SAH, while the effects and potential mechanisms of fluoxetine on neuroinflammation after SAH have not been well-studied yet. Methods One hundred and fifty-three male SD rats were subjected to the endovascular perforation model of SAH. Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) was administered intravenously at 6 h after SAH induction. TAK-242 (1.5 mg/kg), an exogenous TLR4 antagonist, was injected intraperitoneally 1 h after SAH. SAH grade, neurological scores, brain water content, Evans blue extravasation, immunofluorescence/TUNEL staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blot were performed. Results Fluoxetine administration attenuated BBB disruption, brain edema, and improved neurological function after SAH. In addition, fluoxetine alleviated the number of Iba-1-positive microglia/macrophages, neutrophil infiltration, and cell death. Moreover, fluoxetine reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, downregulated the expression of TLR4 and MyD88, and promoted the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, which were also found in rats with TAK-242 administration. Combined administration of fluoxetine and TAK-242 did not enhance the neuroprotective effects of fluoxetine. Conclusion Fluoxetine attenuated neuroinflammation and improved neurological function in SAH rats. The potential mechanisms involved, at least in part, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1388-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wu Ruan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Ping Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Sen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang X, Guo J, Wang H, Zhang C, Shi N, Cai W, Jin T, Lin Z, Ma Y, Yang X, Xia Q, Xue P. Underexpression of Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) in Leukocytes from Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2018; 245:205-215. [PMID: 30047498 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.245.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Chenlong Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Na Shi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Wenhao Cai
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Ziqi Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Yun Ma
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Ping Xue
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mendez-David I, Boursier C, Domergue V, Colle R, Falissard B, Corruble E, Gardier AM, Guilloux JP, David DJ. Differential Peripheral Proteomic Biosignature of Fluoxetine Response in a Mouse Model of Anxiety/Depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:237. [PMID: 28860968 PMCID: PMC5561647 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of peripheral biomarkers in the treatment of major depressive disorders (MDD) could improve the efficiency of treatments and increase remission rate. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) represent an attractive biological substrate allowing the identification of a drug response signature. Using a proteomic approach with high-resolution mass spectrometry, the present study aimed to identify a biosignature of antidepressant response (fluoxetine, a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor) in PBMCs in a mouse model of anxiety/depression. Following determination of an emotionality score, using complementary behavioral analysis of anxiety/depression across three different tests (Elevated Plus Maze, Novelty Suppressed Feeding, Splash Test), we showed that a 4-week corticosterone treatment (35 μg/ml, CORT model) in C57BL/6NTac male mice induced an anxiety/depressive-like behavior. Then, chronic fluoxetine treatment (18 mg/kg/day for 28 days in the drinking water) reduced corticosterone-induced increase in emotional behavior. However, among 46 fluoxetine-treated mice, only 30 of them presented a 50% decrease in emotionality score, defining fluoxetine responders (CORT/Flx-R). To determine a peripheral biological signature of fluoxetine response, proteomic analysis was performed from PBMCs isolated from the “most” affected corticosterone/vehicle (CORT/V), corticosterone/fluoxetine responders and non-responders (CORT/Flx-NR) animals. In comparison to CORT/V, a total of 263 proteins were differently expressed after fluoxetine exposure. Expression profile of these proteins showed a strong similarity between CORT/Flx-R and CORT/Flx-NR (R = 0.827, p < 1e-7). Direct comparison of CORT/Flx-R and CORT/Flx-NR groups revealed 100 differently expressed proteins, representing a combination of markers associated either with the maintenance of animals in a refractory state, or associated with behavioral improvement. Finally, 19 proteins showed a differential direction of expression between CORT/Flx-R and CORT/Flx-NR that drove them away from the CORT-treated profile. Among them, eight upregulated proteins (RPN2, HSPA9, NPTN, AP2B1, UQCRC2, RACK-1, TOLLIP) and one downregulated protein, TLN2, were previously associated with MDD or antidepressant drug response in the literature. Future preclinical studies will be required to validate whether proteomic changes observed in PBMCs from CORT/Flx-R mice mirror biological changes in brain tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indira Mendez-David
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-SaclayChâtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Céline Boursier
- Proteomic Facility, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique (UMS IPSIT), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-SaclayChâtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Valérie Domergue
- Animal Facility, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique (UMS IPSIT), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-SaclayChâtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Romain Colle
- CESP/UMR 1178, Service de Psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital BicêtreLe Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Falissard
- CESP/UMR 1178, Service de Psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital BicêtreLe Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- CESP/UMR 1178, Service de Psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital BicêtreLe Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Alain M Gardier
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-SaclayChâtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Guilloux
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-SaclayChâtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Denis J David
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-SaclayChâtenay-Malabry, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
TNFAIP3, a negative regulator of the TLR signaling pathway, is a potential predictive biomarker of response to antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:265-272. [PMID: 27640899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and abnormalities in Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and activation have been linked to major depressive disorder (MDD). However, negative regulators of TLR pathways have not been previously investigated in this context. Here, we sought to investigate the association of depression severity, measured by the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), with mRNA expression levels of negative regulators of the TLR pathway, including SOCS1, TOLLIP, SIGIRR, MyD88s, NOD2 and TNFAIP3, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 100 patients with MDD and 53 healthy controls, before and after treatment with antidepressants. Positive regulators of the TLR4 pathway, including Pellino 1, TRAF6 and IRAK1, were also investigated. Among all patients, MyD88s, and TNFAIP3 mRNAs were expressed at lower levels in PBMCs from patients with MDD. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that TNFAIP3 mRNA expression before treatment was inversely correlated with severity of depression and effectively predicted improvement in HAMD-17 scores. Among 79 treatment-completers, only TNFAIP3 mRNA was significantly increased by treatment with antidepressants for 4 weeks. Treatment of human monocytes (THP-1) and mouse microglia (SIM-A9) cell lines with fluoxetine significantly increased TNFAIP3 mRNA expression and suppressed IL-6 levels. The suppressive effect of fluoxetine on IL-6 was attenuated by knockdown of TNFAIP3 expression. These findings suggest that both dysfunction of the negative regulatory system in patients with MDD and antidepressant treatment exert anti-inflammatory effects, at least in part through increased expression of the TNFAIP3 gene. They also indicate that modulating expression of the TNFAIP3 gene to rebalance TLR-mediated inflammatory signaling may be potential therapeutic strategy for treating MDD.
Collapse
|
16
|
Latorre E, Layunta E, Grasa L, Castro M, Pardo J, Gomollón F, Alcalde AI, Mesonero JE. Intestinal Serotonin Transporter Inhibition by Toll-Like Receptor 2 Activation. A Feedback Modulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169303. [PMID: 28033388 PMCID: PMC5199115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR2 is a microbiota recognition receptor that has been described to contribute to intestinal homeostasis and to ameliorate inflammatory intestinal injury. In this context, serotonin (5-HT) has shown to be an essential intestinal physiological neuromodulator that is also involved in intestinal inflammatory diseases. Since the interaction between TLR2 activation and the intestinal serotoninergic system remains non-investigated, our main aim was to analyze the effect of TLR2 on intestinal serotonin transporter (SERT) activity and expression and the intracellular pathways involved. Caco-2/TC7 cells were used to analyze SERT and TLR2 molecular expression and SERT activity by measuring 5-HT uptake. The results showed that apical TLR2 activation inhibits SERT activity in Caco-2/TC7 cells mainly by reducing SERT protein level either in the plasma membrane, after short-term TLR2 activation or in both the plasma membrane and cell lysate, after long-term activation. cAMP/PKA pathway appears to mediate short-term inhibitory effect of TLR2 on SERT; however, p38 MAPK pathway has been shown to be involved in both short- and long-term TLR2 effect. Reciprocally, 5-HT long-term treatment yielded TLR2 down regulation in Caco-2/TC7 cells. Finally, results from in vivo showed an augmented intestinal SERT expression in mice Tlr2-/-, thus confirming our inhibitory effect of TLR2 on intestinal SERT in vitro. The present work infers that TLR2 may act in intestinal pathophysiology, not only by its inherent innate immune role, but also by regulating the intestinal serotoninergic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Latorre
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- RNA—Mediated Mechanisms of Disease, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School. Exeter. United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena Layunta
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Castro
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Gomollón
- Servicio de Sistema Digestivo. Hospital Clínico Universitario "Lozano Blesa", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana I. Alcalde
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José E. Mesonero
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nazimek K, Strobel S, Bryniarski P, Kozlowski M, Filipczak-Bryniarska I, Bryniarski K. The role of macrophages in anti-inflammatory activity of antidepressant drugs. Immunobiology 2016; 222:823-830. [PMID: 27453459 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common disease influencing patients' quality of life, whose etiology involves complex interactions of environmental, genetic and immunological factors. The latter factors include proinflammatory activation of monocytes and macrophages and increased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, altogether formulated as the "macrophage theory of depression". Our current review summarizes the impact of the most commonly used antidepressant drugs on the immune response with special emphasis on the role of macrophages in the clinically observed effects. The anti-inflammatory action of antidepressants mainly results from their direct interaction with immune cells and from changes in the concentration and the relations of neurotransmitters sensed by these cells. The summarized data revealed that Mφs are one of the leading cell populations involved in drug-mediated immune effects that can be observed both in subjects with depression as well as in individuals not suffering from depression. Thus, currently reviewed immunomodulatory effects of the experimental use of different antidepressant drugs suggest the possibility of utilizing them in complex therapeutic strategies dedicated to various inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. It is worth noting that an excessive inflammatory reaction is also associated with the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular, metabolic and neuro-endocrine diseases. Thus, the inclusion of antidepressants in the complex therapy of these disorders may have beneficial effects through the enhancement of the mood of the patient and alleviation of chronic inflammation. On the other hand, presented data suggest that the influence of chronically used antidepressants on anti-microbial and anti-tumor immunity could also be taken into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St, PL 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Spencer Strobel
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St, PL 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Bryniarski
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St, PL 31-121 Krakow, Poland; Students' Scientific Society, Department of Pain Treatment and Palliative Care, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 10 Sniadeckich St, PL 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Michael Kozlowski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St, PL 31-121 Krakow, Poland; Students' Scientific Society, Department of Pain Treatment and Palliative Care, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 10 Sniadeckich St, PL 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Iwona Filipczak-Bryniarska
- Department of Pain Treatment and Palliative Care, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 10 Sniadeckich St, PL 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St, PL 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baumeister D, Ciufolini S, Mondelli V. Effects of psychotropic drugs on inflammation: consequence or mediator of therapeutic effects in psychiatric treatment? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1575-89. [PMID: 26268146 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Current psychotropic medications have been shown to modulate immune activation. However, the effects of individual psychotropic agents on the immune system and how these might contribute to their efficacy remain largely unclear. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to review previous literature on the effects of antidepressants and antipsychotics on the immune system, with a systematic review of in vitro findings, and discuss the relevance of these effects for the response to treatment and future drug development. RESULTS Inflammatory markers have been associated with fluctuations in clinical status and with treatment response both in depression and psychosis. The in vitro literature on antidepressants shows that some antidepressants, such as clomipramine and fluoxetine, more consistently decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α), whilst others (mirtazapine and venlafaxine) tend to increase their levels. However, any overall conclusion is challenged by several inconsistent findings, which appear partly dependent on different methodological approaches used. The in vitro studies on antipsychotics are even less clear-cut showing pro- and anti-inflammatory activity for the same antipsychotic agent (haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone) across different studies. We also noted inconsistencies between in vivo and in vitro literature, which could partly be attributed to the interaction in vivo with various biological systems or lifestyle factors that can modulate the immune system. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory markers seem to hold potential for developing more individualised treatment strategies in the future. In this context, further research disentangling the differential immunomodulatory effects of different drugs could be used for tailoring treatment to specific individuals, according to their immune endophenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Baumeister
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RT, London, UK
- Department of Psychology London, King's College, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RT, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RT, London, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ren ZL, Zhang J, Li HD, Chu MJ, Zhang LS, Yao XK, Xia Y, Lv XH, Cao HQ. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of α-Aminophosphonate Derivatives Containing a Pyrazole Moiety. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1755-1762. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Li Ren
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Hai-dong Li
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester
| | - Ming-Jie Chu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University
| | - Li-Song Zhang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University
| | - Xiao-Kang Yao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University
| | - Yong Xia
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University
| | - Xian-Hai Lv
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rafiei M, Sadeghian S, Torabinia N, Hajhashemi V. Systemic effects of fluoxetine on the amount of tooth movement, root resorption, and alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic force application in rat. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2015; 12:482-7. [PMID: 26604964 PMCID: PMC4630714 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.166232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antidepressant drugs such as fluoxetine are of the most commonly used drugs among the public. These drugs may impact the regulation of bone cell functioning, and thus affect orthodontic tooth movement. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fluoxetine on tooth movements during orthodontic treatment in rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 male rats were randomly assigned into two groups and injected with fluoxetine 10 mg/kg (experimental group) and normal saline (control group) for a period of 1-month intraperitoneally 5 times/week. Then, the rats were anesthetized and a nickel-titanium closed-coil spring was placed between the left maxillary first molar and left maxillary central incisors of all samples, and then fluoxetine (experimental group) and normal saline (control group) were injected for another 3 weeks by the same method. After measuring tooth movements, rats were sacrificed, and histomorphometric analyses were conducted and the obtained data were statistically analyzed using independent t-test and the significance was set at 0.05. Results: Following the fluoxetine injection, the mean amount of tooth movements in the experimental group was reduced compared to the control group, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.14). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding bone apposition rate (P = 0.83), external root resorption rate (P = 0.1), and mean number of root resorption lacunae (P = 0.16). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, systemic use of fluoxetine may cause insignificant reduction of tooth movement rate in rats; however, this subject needs more evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rafiei
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soosan Sadeghian
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nakisa Torabinia
- Dental Materials Research Center and Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Valiollah Hajhashemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nadorp B, Soreq H. Gut feeling: MicroRNA discriminators of the intestinal TLR9-cholinergic links. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:8-14. [PMID: 26003847 PMCID: PMC4646847 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal tissue notably responds to stressful, cholinergic and innate immune signals by microRNA (miRNA) changes, but whether and how those miRNA regulators modify the intestinal cholinergic and innate immune pathways remained unexplored. Here, we report changes in several miRNA regulators of cholinesterases (ChEs) and correspondingly modified ChE activities in intestine, splenocytes and the circulation of mice exposed to both stress and canonical or alternative Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) oligonucleotide (ODN) aptamer activators or blockers. Stressful intraperitoneal injection of saline, the anti-inflammatory TLR9 agonist mEN101 aptamer or the inflammation-activating TLR9 aptamer ODN 1826 all increased the expression of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-targeting miR-132. In comparison, mEN101 but neither ODN 1826 nor saline injections elevated intestinal miR-129-5p, miR-186 and miR-200c, all predicted to target both AChE and the homologous enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). In cultured immune cells, BL-7040, the human counterpart of mEN101, reduced AChE activity reflecting inflammatory reactions in a manner preventable by the TLR9 blocking ODN 2088. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory BL-7040 TLR9 aptamer caused reduction in nitric oxide and AChE activity in both murine splenocytes and human mononuclear cells at molar concentrations four orders of magnitude lower than ODN 1826. Our findings demonstrate differential reaction of cholinesterase-targeting miRNAs to distinct TLR9 challenges, indicating upstream miRNA co-regulation of the intestinal alternative NFκB pathway and cholinergic signaling. TLR9 aptamers may hence potentiate miRNA regulation that enhances cholinergic signaling and the resolution of inflammation, which opens new venues for manipulating bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Nadorp
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hermona Soreq
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xi HJ, Wu RP, Liu JJ, Zhang LJ, Li ZS. Role of acetylcholinesterase in lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:390-8. [PMID: 26273392 PMCID: PMC4511315 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a key role in catalytic hydrolysis of cholinergic neurotransmitters. Intensive research has proven the involvement of this protein in novel functions, such as cell adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation. In addition, several recent studies have indicated that acetylcholinesterase is potentially a marker and regulator of apoptosis. Importantly, AChE is also a promising tumor suppressor. In this review, we briefly summarize the involvement of AChE in apoptosis and cancer, focusing on the role of AChE in lung cancer, as well as the therapeutic consideration of AChE for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Xi
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-Pei Wu
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- School of Nursing, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Juan Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China ; Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qiu S, Feng Y, LeSage G, Zhang Y, Stuart C, He L, Li Y, Caudle Y, Peng Y, Yin D. Chronic morphine-induced microRNA-124 promotes microglial immunosuppression by modulating P65 and TRAF6. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:1021-30. [PMID: 25539811 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioids have been widely applied in clinics as one of the most potent pain relievers for centuries, but their abuse has deleterious physiological effects including immunosuppression. However, the mechanisms are unclear. TLRs and acetylcholine are widely expressed in the immune and nervous systems, and play critical roles in immune responses. In this article, we show that morphine suppresses the innate immunity in microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages through differential regulation of TLRs and acetylcholinesterase. Either morphine or inhibition of acetylcholine significantly promotes upregulation of microRNA-124 (miR-124) in microglia, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and the mouse brain, where miR-124 mediates morphine inhibition of the innate immunity by directly targeting a subunit of NF-κB p65 and TNFR-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Furthermore, transcription factors AP-1 and CREB inhibited miR-124, whereas p65 bound directly to promoters of miR-124, thereby enhancing miR-124 transcription. Moreover, acute morphine treatment transiently upregulated the expression of p65 and phospho-p65 in both nucleus and cytoplasm priming the expression of miR-124, whereas long exposure of morphine maintained miR-124 expression, which inhibited p65- and TRAF6-dependent TLR signaling. These data suggest that modulation of miRs is capable of preventing opioid-induced damage to microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614; and
| | - Yimin Feng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614; and
| | - Gene LeSage
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614; and
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Charles Stuart
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614; and
| | - Lei He
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yi Caudle
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614; and
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China;
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614; and
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zaky A, Mahmoud M, Awad D, El Sabaa BM, Kandeel KM, Bassiouny AR. Valproic acid potentiates curcumin-mediated neuroprotection in lipopolysaccharide induced rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:337. [PMID: 25374508 PMCID: PMC4204527 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of neuroinflammation is complex and comprises multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors during which diverse genetic and epigenetic modulations are implicated. Curcumin (Cur) and valproic acid (VPA), histone deacetylase 1 inhibitor, have neuroprotective effects. The present study was designed with an aim to investigate the ability of co-treatment of both compounds (Cur or VPA, 200 mg/kg) for 4 weeks to augment neuroprotection and enhance brain recovery from intra-peritoneal injection of (250 μg/kg) lipopolysaccharide-stimulated neuroinflammatory condition on rat brain cortex. Cortex activation and the effects of combined treatment and production of proinflammatory mediators, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), APE1, and nitric oxide/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were investigated. Neuroinflammation development was assessed by histological analyses and by investigating associated indices [β-secretase (BACE1), amyloid protein precursor (APP), presenilin (PSEN-1), and PSEN-2)]. Furthermore we measured the expression profile of lethal-7 (let-7) miRNAs members a, b, c, e, and f in all groups, a highly abundant regulator of gene expression in the CNS. Protein and mRNA levels of neuroinflammation markers COX-2, BACE1, APP, and iNOS were also attenuated by combined therapy. On the other hand, assessment of the indicated five let-7 members, showed distinct expression profile pattern in the different groups. Let-7 a, b, and c disappeared in the induced group, an effect that was partially suppressed by co-addition of either Cur or VPA. These data suggest that the combined treatment induced significantly the expression of the five members when compared to rats treated with Cur or VPA only as well as to self-recovery group, which indicates a possible benefit from the synergistic effect of Cur-VPA combination as therapeutic agents for neuroinflammation and its associated disorders. The mechanism elucidated here highlights the particular drug-induced expression profile of let-7 family as new targets for future pharmacological development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zaky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mariam Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa Awad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Kamal M Kandeel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmad R Bassiouny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lv Y, Hu S, Lu J, Dong N, Liu Q, Du M, Zhang H. Upregulating nonneuronal cholinergic activity decreases TNF release from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:873728. [PMID: 24733966 PMCID: PMC3964895 DOI: 10.1155/2014/873728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonneuronal cholinergic system plays a primary role in maintaining homeostasis. It has been proved that endogenous neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) could play an anti-inflammatory role, and exogenous cholinergic agonists could weaken macrophages inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation through activation of α7 subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). We assumed that nonneuronal cholinergic system existing in macrophages could modulate inflammation through autocrine ACh and expressed α7nAChR on the cells. Therefore, we explored whether LPS continuous stimulation could upregulate the nonneuronal cholinergic activity in macrophages and whether increasing autocrine ACh could decrease TNF release from the macrophages. The results showed that, in RAW264.7 cells incubated with LPS for 20 hours, the secretion of ACh was significantly decreased at 4 h and then gradually increased, accompanied with the enhancement of α7nAChR expression level. The release of TNF was greatly increased from RAW264.7 cells at 4 h and 8 h exposure to LPS; however, it was suppressed at 20 h. Upregulating choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression through ChAT gene transfection could enhance ACh secretion and reduce TNF release from the infected RAW264. 7cells. The results indicated that LPS stimulation could modulate the activity of nonneuronal cholinergic system of RAW264.7 cells. Enhancing autocrine ACh production could attenuate TNF release from RAW264.7 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lv
- Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Sen Hu
- Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiangyang Lu
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital Affiliated to the People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ning Dong
- Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital Affiliated to the People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Minghua Du
- Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|