1
|
Mu X, Liu Z, Zhao X, Chen L, Jia Q, Wang C, Li T, Guo Y, Qiu J, Qian Y. Bisphenol analogues induced social defects and neural impairment in zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:166307. [PMID: 37586522 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence in humans that endocrine disrupting chemicals exposure, such as bisphenol A (BPA), is tied to social behavior impacts when evaluated in early life stage. However, the potential social impact of BPA alternatives and its association with central nervous system (CNS) is poorly understood. Here, we performed behavioral test for zebrafish that are continuously exposed to environmental relevant concentrations (5 and 500 ng/L) of BPA, BPF, and BPAF since embryonic stage. Surprisingly, significant social behavior defects, including increased social distance and decreased contact time, were identified in zebrafish treated by 500 ng/L BPAF and BPA. These behavioral changes were accompanied by apparent histological injury, microglia activation, enhanced apoptosis and neuron loss in brain. The gut-brain transcriptional profile showed that genes involved in neuronal development pathways were up-regulated in all bisphenol analogs treatments, indicating a protective phenotype of CNS; however, these pathways were inhibited in gut. Besides, a variety of key regulators in the gut-brain regulation were identified based on protein interaction prediction, such as rac1-limk1, insrb1 and fosab. These findings implicated that the existence of bisphenol analogues in water would influence the social life of fish, and revealed a potential role of gut-brain transcriptional alteration in mediating this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Mu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaiteng Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Jia
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, China
| | - Yuanming Guo
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ba R, Yang L, Zhang B, Jiang P, Ding Z, Zhou X, Yang Z, Zhao C. FOXG1 drives transcriptomic networks to specify principal neuron subtypes during the development of the medial pallium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade2441. [PMID: 36791184 PMCID: PMC9931217 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The medial pallium (MP) is the major forebrain region underlying learning and memory, spatial navigation, and emotion; however, the mechanisms underlying the specification of its principal neuron subtypes remain largely unexplored. Here, by postmitotic deletion of FOXG1 (a transcription factor linked to autism spectrum disorders and FOXG1 syndrome) and single-cell RNA sequencing of E17.5 MP in mice, we found that FOXG1 controls the specification of upper-layer retrosplenial cortical pyramidal neurons [RSC-PyNs (UL)], subiculum PyNs (SubC-PyNs), CA1-PyNs, CA3-PyNs, and dentate gyrus granule cells (DG-GCs) in the MP. We uncovered subtype-specific and subtype-shared FOXG1-regulated transcriptomic networks orchestrating MP neuron specification. We further demonstrated that FOXG1 transcriptionally represses Zbtb20, Prox1, and Epha4 to prevent CA3-PyN and DG-GC identities during the specification of RSC-PyNs (UL) and SubC-PyNs; FOXG1 directly activates Nr4a2 to promote SubC-PyN identity. We showed that TBR1, controlled by FOXG1 during CA1-PyN specification, was down-regulated. Thus, our study illuminates MP principal neuron subtype specification and related neuropathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Ba
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Baoshen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhipeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
STAT3 in medulloblastoma: a key transcriptional regulator and potential therapeutic target. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10635-10652. [PMID: 35716286 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood accounting for about 60% of all pediatric embryonal tumors. Despite improvements in the overall survival rate, this tumor still lacks an efficient, reliable, and less toxic therapeutic approach. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in medulloblastoma initiation and progression is a crucial step for the development of effective therapies. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 is a convergence point for several signaling cascades that are implicated in medulloblastoma tumorigenesis. Accumulated evidence has revealed the pivotal role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in medulloblastoma pathogenesis such as proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression as well as maintenance, drug resistance, and recurrence. In this review, we focus on the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in medulloblastoma tumorigenesis and discuss the recent advances of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibition as a promising developed strategy for medulloblastoma therapy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ohgomori T, Jinno S. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Activation in Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells and Cognitive Deficits in Mice Following Short-term Cuprizone Exposure. Neuroscience 2021; 472:90-102. [PMID: 34358632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have emphasized that adult hippocampal neurogenesis impairment may be associated with cognitive problems. Because cuprizone (CPZ), a copper-chelating reagent, was shown to decrease the production of new neurons, we aimed to further understand the involvement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis impairment in cognitive function by using a short-term (2-week) CPZ exposure paradigm. The CPZ-fed mice showed cognitive deficits, i.e., impaired sensorimotor gating and reduced social novelty preference, compared to normal-fed mice. Although a long-term (e.g., 5-week) CPZ exposure paradigm was found to cause demyelination, we encountered that the labeling for myelin in the hippocampus was unaffected by 2-week CPZ exposure. The densities of neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) and newborn granule cells (NGCs) were lower in CPZ-fed mice than in normal-fed mice, while those of neural stem cells (NSCs) were comparable between groups. We then examined whether short-term CPZ exposure might induce activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which plays a major role in cytokine receptor signaling. The densities of phosphorylated STAT3-positive (pSTAT3+) NSCs were higher in CPZ-fed mice than in normal-fed mice, while those of pSTAT3+ NPCs/NGCs were very low in both groups. Interestingly, the densities of bromodeoxyuridine-positive (BrdU+) NSCs were higher in CPZ-fed mice than in normal-fed mice 2 weeks after BrdU injection, while those of BrdU+ NPCs/NGCs were lower in CPZ-fed mice than in normal-fed mice. These findings suggest that short-term CPZ exposure inhibits differentiation of NSCs into NPCs via activation of STAT3, which may in part underlie cognitive deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka 597-0104, Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmed MM, Carrel AJ, Cruz Del Angel Y, Carlsen J, Thomas AX, González MI, Gardiner KJ, Brooks-Kayal A. Altered Protein Profiles During Epileptogenesis in the Pilocarpine Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654606. [PMID: 34122302 PMCID: PMC8194494 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, spontaneous seizures and is a major contributor to the global burden of neurological disease. Although epilepsy can result from a variety of brain insults, in many cases the cause is unknown and, in a significant proportion of cases, seizures cannot be controlled by available treatments. Understanding the molecular alterations that underlie or are triggered by epileptogenesis would help to identify therapeutics to prevent or control progression to epilepsy. To this end, the moderate throughput technique of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) was used to profile changes in protein expression in a pilocarpine mouse model of acquired epilepsy. Levels of 54 proteins, comprising phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent components of major signaling pathways and cellular complexes, were measured in hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum of mice at six time points, spanning 15 min to 2 weeks after induction of status epilepticus. Results illustrate the time dependence of levels of the commonly studied MTOR pathway component, pS6, and show, for the first time, detailed responses during epileptogenesis of multiple components of the MTOR, MAPK, JAK/STAT and apoptosis pathways, NMDA receptors, and additional cellular complexes. Also noted are time- and brain region- specific changes in correlations among levels of functionally related proteins affecting both neurons and glia. While hippocampus and cortex are primary areas studied in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, cerebellum also shows significant time-dependent molecular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew J Carrel
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Yasmin Cruz Del Angel
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jessica Carlsen
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ajay X Thomas
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Section of Child Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marco I González
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Amy Brooks-Kayal
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hollensen AK, Thomsen HS, Lloret-Llinares M, Kamstrup AB, Jensen JM, Luckmann M, Birkmose N, Palmfeldt J, Jensen TH, Hansen TB, Damgaard CK. circZNF827 nucleates a transcription inhibitory complex to balance neuronal differentiation. eLife 2020; 9:e58478. [PMID: 33174841 PMCID: PMC7657652 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs are important for many cellular processes but their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here, we map circRNA inventories of mouse embryonic stem cells, neuronal progenitor cells and differentiated neurons and identify hundreds of highly expressed circRNAs. By screening several candidate circRNAs for a potential function in neuronal differentiation, we find that circZNF827 represses expression of key neuronal markers, suggesting that this molecule negatively regulates neuronal differentiation. Among 760 tested genes linked to known neuronal pathways, knockdown of circZNF827 deregulates expression of numerous genes including nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR), which becomes transcriptionally upregulated to enhance NGF signaling. We identify a circZNF827-nucleated transcription-repressive complex containing hnRNP-K/L proteins and show that knockdown of these factors strongly augments NGFR regulation. Finally, we show that the ZNF827 protein is part of the mRNP complex, suggesting a functional co-evolution of a circRNA and the protein encoded by its linear pre-mRNA host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Lloret-Llinares
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, HinxtonCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Majbritt Luckmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Nanna Birkmose
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Torben Heick Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Thomas B Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim HR, Kim DH, An JY, Kang D, Park JW, Hwang EM, Seo EJ, Jang IH, Ha CM, Lee BJ. NELL2 Function in Axon Development of Hippocampal Neurons. Mol Cells 2020; 43:581-589. [PMID: 32597395 PMCID: PMC7332358 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons have multiple dendrites and single axon. This neuronal polarity is gradually established during early processes of neuronal differentiation: generation of multiple neurites (stages 1-2); differentiation (stage 3) and maturation (stages 4-5) of an axon and dendrites. In this study, we demonstrated that the neuron-specific n-glycosylated protein NELL2 is important for neuronal polarization and axon growth using cultured rat embryonic hippocampal neurons. Endogenous NELL2 expression was gradually increased in parallel with the progression of developmental stages of hippocampal neurons, and overexpression of NELL2 stimulated neuronal polarization and axon growth. In line with these results, knockdown of NELL2 expression resulted in deterioration of neuronal development, including inhibition of neuronal development progression, decreased axon growth and increased axon branching. Inhibitor against extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) dramatically inhibited NELL2-induced progression of neuronal development and axon growth. These results suggest that NELL2 is an important regulator for the morphological development for neuronal polarization and axon growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Rae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 4460, Korea
- Present address: Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 4460, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Ji Young An
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 4460, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Dasol Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 4460, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 4460, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 079, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Seo
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Il Ho Jang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Chang Man Ha
- Research Division and Brain Research Core Facilities of Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 1068, Korea,
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 4460, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brain STAT5 signaling modulates learning and memory formation. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2229-2241. [PMID: 29460051 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is a transcription factor recruited by numerous cytokines. STAT5 is important for several physiological functions, including body and tissue growth, mammary gland development, immune system and lipid metabolism. However, the role of STAT5 signaling for brain functions is still poorly investigated, especially regarding cognitive aspects. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether brain STAT5 signaling modulates learning and memory formation. For this purpose, brain-specific STAT5 knockout (STAT5 KO) mice were studied in well-established memory tests. Initially, we confirmed a robust reduction in STAT5a and STAT5b mRNA levels in different brain structures of STAT5 KO mice. STAT5 KO mice showed no significant alterations in metabolism, growth, somatotropic axis and spontaneous locomotor activity. In contrast, brain-specific STAT5 ablation impaired learning and memory formation in the novel object recognition, Barnes maze and contextual fear conditioning tests. To unravel possible mechanisms that might underlie the memory deficits of STAT5 KO mice, we assessed neurogenesis in the hippocampus, but no significant differences were observed between groups. On the other hand, reduced insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression was found in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of STAT5 KO mice. These findings collectively indicate that brain STAT5 signaling is required to attain normal learning and memory. Therefore, STAT5 is an important downstream cellular mechanism shared by several cytokines to regulate cognitive functions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang W, Hu W. Salvianolic acid B recovers cognitive deficits and angiogenesis in a cerebral small vessel disease rat model via the STAT3/VEGF signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3146-3151. [PMID: 29257241 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvianolic acid B is one of the key water‑soluble components of Salvia extract. It has been verified that salvianolic acid B possesses multiple pharmacological activities, it protects against myocardial infarction, however additionally improves injury of myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion. The present study, the possible effects of salvianolic acid B on cognitive deficits and angiogenesis in cerebral small vessel disease were investigated. Salvianolic acid B was identified to recover cognitive deficits and neurocytes, reduce inflammation, oxidative stress and neurocyte apoptosis (caspase‑3 and Bax protein expression) in cerebral small vessel disease rats. In addition, salvianolic acid B upregulated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation protein expression, and induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 protein expression in cerebral small vessel disease rats. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that salvianolic acid B recovers cognitive deficits and angiogenesis in the cerebral small vessel disease rat model via STAT3/VEGF signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Wenli Hu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|