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Vékony RG, Tamás A, Lukács A, Ujfalusi Z, Lőrinczy D, Takács-Kollár V, Bukovics P. Exploring the Role of Neuropeptide PACAP in Cytoskeletal Function Using Spectroscopic Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8063. [PMID: 39125632 PMCID: PMC11311697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The behavior and presence of actin-regulating proteins are characteristic of various clinical diseases. Changes in these proteins significantly impact the cytoskeletal and regenerative processes underlying pathological changes. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a cytoprotective neuropeptide abundant in the nervous system and endocrine organs, plays a key role in neuron differentiation and migration by influencing actin. This study aims to elucidate the role of PACAP as an actin-regulating polypeptide, its effect on actin filament formation, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. We examined PACAP27, PACAP38, and PACAP6-38, measuring their binding to actin monomers via fluorescence spectroscopy and steady-state anisotropy. Functional polymerization tests were used to track changes in fluorescent intensity over time. Unlike PACAP27, PACAP38 and PACAP6-38 significantly reduced the fluorescence emission of Alexa488-labeled actin monomers and increased their anisotropy, showing nearly identical dissociation equilibrium constants. PACAP27 showed weak binding to globular actin (G-actin), while PACAP38 and PACAP6-38 exhibited robust interactions. PACAP27 did not affect actin polymerization, but PACAP38 and PACAP6-38 accelerated actin incorporation kinetics. Fluorescence quenching experiments confirmed structural changes upon PACAP binding; however, all studied PACAP fragments exhibited the same effect. Our findings indicate that PACAP38 and PACAP6-38 strongly bind to G-actin and significantly influence actin polymerization. Further studies are needed to fully understand the biological significance of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Gábor Vékony
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.G.V.); (A.L.); (Z.U.); (D.L.); (V.T.-K.)
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - András Lukács
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.G.V.); (A.L.); (Z.U.); (D.L.); (V.T.-K.)
| | - Zoltán Ujfalusi
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.G.V.); (A.L.); (Z.U.); (D.L.); (V.T.-K.)
| | - Dénes Lőrinczy
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.G.V.); (A.L.); (Z.U.); (D.L.); (V.T.-K.)
| | - Veronika Takács-Kollár
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.G.V.); (A.L.); (Z.U.); (D.L.); (V.T.-K.)
| | - Péter Bukovics
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.G.V.); (A.L.); (Z.U.); (D.L.); (V.T.-K.)
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Tanaka M, Szabó Á, Körtési T, Szok D, Tajti J, Vécsei L. From CGRP to PACAP, VIP, and Beyond: Unraveling the Next Chapters in Migraine Treatment. Cells 2023; 12:2649. [PMID: 37998384 PMCID: PMC10670698 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a neurovascular disorder that can be debilitating for individuals and society. Current research focuses on finding effective analgesics and management strategies for migraines by targeting specific receptors and neuropeptides. Nonetheless, newly approved calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have a 50% responder rate ranging from 27 to 71.0%, whereas CGRP receptor inhibitors have a 50% responder rate ranging from 56 to 71%. To address the need for novel therapeutic targets, researchers are exploring the potential of another secretin family peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), as a ground-breaking treatment avenue for migraine. Preclinical models have revealed how PACAP affects the trigeminal system, which is implicated in headache disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated the significance of PACAP in migraine pathophysiology; however, a few clinical trials remain inconclusive: the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide 1 receptor mAb, AMG 301 showed no benefit for migraine prevention, while the PACAP ligand mAb, Lu AG09222 significantly reduced the number of monthly migraine days over placebo in a phase 2 clinical trial. Meanwhile, another secretin family peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is gaining interest as a potential new target. In light of recent advances in PACAP research, we emphasize the potential of PACAP as a promising target for migraine treatment, highlighting the significance of exploring PACAP as a member of the antimigraine armamentarium, especially for patients who do not respond to or contraindicated to anti-CGRP therapies. By updating our knowledge of PACAP and its unique contribution to migraine pathophysiology, we can pave the way for reinforcing PACAP and other secretin peptides, including VIP, as a novel treatment option for migraines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.S.); (D.S.); (J.T.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Körtési
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Temesvári krt. 31, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Preventive Health Sciences Research Group, Incubation Competence Centre of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Délia Szok
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.S.); (D.S.); (J.T.)
| | - János Tajti
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.S.); (D.S.); (J.T.)
| | - László Vécsei
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.S.); (D.S.); (J.T.)
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Gutierrez Cruz A, Aresta Branco MSL, Borhani Peikani M, Mutafova-Yambolieva VN. Differential Influences of Endogenous and Exogenous Sensory Neuropeptides on the ATP Metabolism by Soluble Ectonucleotidases in the Murine Bladder Lamina Propria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15650. [PMID: 37958631 PMCID: PMC10647406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder urothelium and suburothelium/lamina propria (LP) have prominent sensory and transducer functions with the active participation of afferent neurons and urothelium-derived purine mediators such as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine (ADO). Effective concentrations of purines at receptor targets depend significantly on the extracellular degradation of ATP by ectonucleotidases (ENTDs). We recently reported the regulated release of soluble ENTDs (s-ENTDs) in the LP and the consequent degradation of ATP to ADP, AMP, and ADO. Afferent neurons in the LP can be activated by urothelial ATP and release peptides and other transmitters that can alter the activity of cells in their vicinity. Using a murine decentralized ex vivo detrusor-free bladder model, 1,N6-etheno-ATP (eATP) as substrate, and sensitive HPLC-FLD methodologies, we found that exogenous neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (Sub P), neurokinin A (NKA), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide [PACAP (1-38)] all increased the degradation of eATP by s-ENTDs that were released in the LP spontaneously and/or during bladder filling. Using antagonists of neuropeptide receptors, we observed that endogenous NKA did not modify the ATP hydrolysis by s-ENTDs, whereas endogenous Sub P increased both the constitutive and distention-induced release of s-ENTDs. In contrast, endogenous CGRP and PACAP (1-38) increased the distention-induced, but not the spontaneous, release of s-ENTDs. The present study puts forward the novel idea that interactions between peptidergic and purinergic signaling mechanisms in the LP have an impact on bladder excitability and functions by regulating the effective concentrations of adenine purines at effector cells in the LP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Violeta N. Mutafova-Yambolieva
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (A.G.C.); (M.B.P.)
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Aresta Branco MSL, Gutierrez Cruz A, Borhani Peikani M, Mutafova-Yambolieva VN. Sensory Neurons, PIEZO Channels and PAC1 Receptors Regulate the Mechanosensitive Release of Soluble Ectonucleotidases in the Murine Urinary Bladder Lamina Propria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087322. [PMID: 37108490 PMCID: PMC10138949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary bladder requires adequate concentrations of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and other purines at receptor sites to function properly. Sequential dephosphorylation of ATP to ADP, AMP and adenosine (ADO) by membrane-bound and soluble ectonucleotidases (s-ENTDs) is essential for achieving suitable extracellular levels of purine mediators. S-ENTDs, in particular, are released in the bladder suburothelium/lamina propria (LP) in a mechanosensitive manner. Using 1,N6-etheno-ATP (eATP) as substrate and sensitive HPLC-FLD methodology, we evaluated the degradation of eATP to eADP, eAMP and eADO in solutions that were in contact with the LP of ex vivo mouse detrusor-free bladders during filling prior to substrate addition. The inhibition of neural activity with tetrodotoxin and ω-conotoxin GVIA, of PIEZO channels with GsMTx4 and D-GsMTx4 and of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor (PAC1) with PACAP6-38 all increased the distention-induced but not spontaneous release of s-ENTDs in LP. It is conceivable, therefore, that the activation of these mechanisms in response to distention restricts the further release of s-ENTDs and prevents excessive hydrolysis of ATP. Together, these data suggest that afferent neurons, PIEZO channels, PAC1 receptors and s-ENTDs form a system that operates a highly regulated homeostatic mechanism to maintain proper extracellular purine concentrations in the LP and ensure normal bladder excitability during bladder filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda S L Aresta Branco
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Alejandro Gutierrez Cruz
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Mahsa Borhani Peikani
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Hsiang HW, Girard BM, Vizzard MA. Changes in nerve growth factor signaling in female mice with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. FRONTIERS IN UROLOGY 2023; 2:1089220. [PMID: 37701183 PMCID: PMC10493645 DOI: 10.3389/fruro.2022.1089220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
IC/BPS is a chronic inflammatory pelvic pain syndrome characterized by lower urinary tract symptoms including unpleasant sensation (pain, pressure, or discomfort) in the suprapubic or bladder area, as well as increased urinary frequency and urgency, and decreased bladder capacity. While its etiology remains unknown, increasing evidence suggests a role for changes in nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling. However, NGF signaling is complex and highly context dependent. NGF activates two receptors, TrkA and p75NTR, which activate distinct but overlapping signaling cascades. Dependent on their coexpression, p75NTR facilitates TrkA actions. Here, we show effects of CYP treatment and pharmacological inhibition of p75NTR (via LM11A-31) and TrkA (ARRY-954) on NGF signaling-related proteins: NGF, TrkA, phosphorylated (p)-TrkA, p75NTR, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK. Cystitis conditions were associated with increased urothelial NGF expression and decreased TrkA and p75NTR expression as well as altering their co-expression ratio; phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK were also altered. Both TrkA and p75NTR inhibition affected the activation of signaling pathways downstream of TrkA, supporting the hypothesis that NGF actions during cystitis are primarily TrkA-mediated. Our findings, in tandem with our recent companion paper demonstrating the effects of TrkA, TrkB, and p75NTR inhibition on bladder function in a mouse model of cystitis, highlight a variety of potent therapeutic targets and provide further insight into the involvement of NGF signaling in sustained conditions of bladder inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison W. Hsiang
- The Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Department of Neurological Sciences, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Beatrice M. Girard
- The Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Department of Neurological Sciences, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Margaret A. Vizzard
- The Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Department of Neurological Sciences, Burlington, VT, United States
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Han X, Chen Y, Ha L, Yang J, Wang F, Chen H, Zhou Q, Long C, Qiu X, Chen Q. Effects of electroacupuncture on bladder dysfunction and the expression of PACAP38 in a diabetic rat model. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1008269. [PMID: 36699677 PMCID: PMC9868671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1008269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the effects and the possible mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) on diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) in streptozotocin-high fat diet (STZ-HFD) induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Methods: The experiment was divided into Control, diabetic bladder dysfunction, electroacupuncture, and Sham electroacupuncture group. After 8 weeks of electroacupuncture intervention, the body mass, 24 h urine volume, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), and urodynamics were detected. After the wet weight of the bladder was detected, the hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Masson's trichrome, and TUNEL were used to analyze histological changes. The PACAP38 expressions in the bladder were detected by Real-time PCR and Western blot. Results: Compared to the Control group, the bladder wet weight, 24 h urine volume, blood glucose, maximum bladder capacity, bladder compliance, bladder wall thickness, the smooth muscle/collagen ratio, and apoptosis rate of the diabetic bladder dysfunction group were significantly increased. Moreover, the body mass and leak point pressure were significantly reduced. Compared with the Sham electroacupuncture group, the bladder wet weight, maximum bladder capacity, bladder compliance, bladder wall thickness, and apoptosis rate of the electroacupuncture group were significantly reduced. In contrast, the leak point pressure was increased. The PACAP38 mRNA and PACAP38 protein expression of the diabetic bladder dysfunction group were significantly lower than the Control group, while electroacupuncture treatment could upregulate PACAP38 mRNA levels and PACAP38 protein expression of diabetic bladder dysfunction model rats. Conclusion: electroacupuncture could ameliorate bladder dysfunction in the diabetic bladder dysfunction model rats by reversing bladder remodeling, which might be mainly mediated by regulating the PACAP38 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuke Han
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China,Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lue Ha
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangzhou Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Huizhen Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cong Long
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianliang Qiu
- West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Qiu Chen,
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Lu J, Piper SJ, Zhao P, Miller LJ, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Targeting VIP and PACAP Receptor Signaling: New Insights into Designing Drugs for the PACAP Subfamily of Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8069. [PMID: 35897648 PMCID: PMC9331257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) are neuropeptides involved in a diverse array of physiological and pathological processes through activating the PACAP subfamily of class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): VIP receptor 1 (VPAC1R), VIP receptor 2 (VPAC2R), and PACAP type I receptor (PAC1R). VIP and PACAP share nearly 70% amino acid sequence identity, while their receptors PAC1R, VPAC1R, and VPAC2R share 60% homology in the transmembrane regions of the receptor. PACAP binds with high affinity to all three receptors, while VIP binds with high affinity to VPAC1R and VPAC2R, and has a thousand-fold lower affinity for PAC1R compared to PACAP. Due to the wide distribution of VIP and PACAP receptors in the body, potential therapeutic applications of drugs targeting these receptors, as well as expected undesired side effects, are numerous. Designing selective therapeutics targeting these receptors remains challenging due to their structural similarities. This review discusses recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms involved in the selectivity and signaling of the PACAP subfamily of receptors, and future considerations for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah J Piper
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Wróbel A, Zapała Ł, Kluz T, Rogowski A, Misiek M, Juszczak K, Sieńko J, Gold D, Stangel-Wójcikiewicz K, Poleszak E, Radziszewski P. The Potential of Asiatic Acid in the Reversion of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115853. [PMID: 34072606 PMCID: PMC8198845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if asiatic acid may act efficiently in the model of cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis in rats. We performed experiments after administration of CYP (single dose 200 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), asiatic acid (30 mg/kg/day for 14 consecutive days, by oral gavage), or CYP plus asiatic acid, during which conscious cystometry, measurements of urothelium thickness and bladder edema, as well as selected biomarkers analyses were conducted. In rats that received asiatic acid together with CYP, a drop in bladder basal pressure, detrusor overactivity index, non-voiding contraction amplitude, non-voiding contraction frequency, and the area under the pressure curve were observed, when compared to the CYP group. Furthermore, a significant increase in threshold pressure, voided volume, intercontraction interval, bladder compliance, and volume threshold to elicit NVC were found in that group accordingly. Administration of the asiatic acid successfully restored concentrations of biomarkers both in bladder urothelium (BDNF, CGRP, OCT-3, IL-1β, IL-6, NGF, nitrotyrosine, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, SV2A, SNAP23, SNAP25, PAC-1, ORM1, occludin, IGFBP-3, HB-EGF, T–H protein, Z01, and HPX) and detrusor muscle (Rho kinase and VAChT) in CYP-treated rats. Finally, asiatic acid significantly decreased urothelium thickness and bladder oedema. Asiatic acid proved to be a potent and effective drug in the rat model of CYP-induced cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wróbel
- Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (Ł.Z.)
| | - Łukasz Zapała
- Clinic of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindleya 4, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (Ł.Z.)
| | - Tomasz Kluz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Artur Rogowski
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Institute, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Misiek
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-377 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Kajetan Juszczak
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Jacek Sieńko
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Daniela Gold
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | | | - Ewa Poleszak
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piotr Radziszewski
- Clinic of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindleya 4, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland;
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Abstract
AbstractPituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread occurrence and diverse functions. PACAP binds to specific PAC1 and non-specific VPAC1/2 receptors. PACAP is considered as a growth factor, as it plays important roles during development and participates in reparative processes. Highest concentrations are found in the nervous system and endocrine glands, where several functions are known, including actions in tissue growth, differentiation and tumour development. Therefore, we have investigated expression of PACAP and its receptors in different tumours, including those of endocrine glands. We showed earlier that PACAP and PAC1 receptor staining intensity decreased in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In the present study we aimed to investigate alterations of PACAP and PAC1 receptor in human insulinoma and compared the immunostaining pattern with samples from chronic pancreatitis patients. We collected perioperative and histological data of patients who underwent operation because of insulinoma or chronic pancreatitis over a five-year-long period. Histology showed chronic pancreatitis with severe scar formation in pancreatitis patients, while tumour samples evidenced Grade 1 or 2 insulinoma. PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression was studied using immunohistochemistry. Staining intensity was very strong in the Langerhans islets of normal tissue and discernible staining was also observed in the exocrine pancreas. Immunostaining intensity for both PACAP and PAC1 receptor was markedly weaker in insulinoma samples, and disappeared from chronic pancreatitis samples except for intact islets. These findings show that PAC1 receptor/PACAP signalling is altered in insulinoma and this suggests a possible involvement of this system in tumour growth or differentiation.
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Toth D, Veszpremi B, Koppan M, Tamas A, Szogyi D, Brubel R, Nemeth J, Shams M, Reglodi D. Investigation of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in human amniotic fluid samples. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:491-495. [PMID: 32859528 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide acting as a hormone, a neuromodulator, a neurotransmitter, a trophic factor and is involved in a variety of developmental and regenerative processes. PACAP is present in several human tissues and biological fluids. In many pathological conditions, changes in PACAP levels have been described to reflect disease progression, therefore PACAP has diagnostic value as a potential biomarker. Since PACAP has been shown to play an important role in reproductive physiology and development, it was of interest to examine whether this neuropeptide occurs in the human amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid samples were collected between the 15-19th weeks of gestation from volunteering pregnant women undergoing amniocentesis as a prenatal diagnostic tool due to maternal age. Pathological cases were excluded after prenatal karyotype analysis. PACAP-like immunoreactivity was measured by radioimmunoassay and could be detected in all samples. The present study provides evidence for the presence of PACAP in human amniotic fluid, but determination of the exact physiological or pathological significance awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Bela Veszpremi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pécs Medical School, Édesanyák útja 17, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklos Koppan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pécs Medical School, Édesanyák útja 17, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Donat Szogyi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Reka Brubel
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Nemeth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mahsa Shams
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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11
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Decreased Serum Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Levels May Reflect Disease Severity in Patients with Non-traumatic Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Intrabladder PAC1 Receptor Antagonist, PACAP(6-38), Reduces Urinary Bladder Frequency and Pelvic Sensitivity in Mice Exposed to Repeated Variate Stress (RVS). J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1575-1588. [PMID: 32613552 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress causes symptom exacerbation in functional disorders of the urinary bladder. However, the potential mediators and underlying mechanisms of stress effects on micturition reflex function are unknown. We have characterized PACAP (Adcyap1) and PAC1 receptor (Adcyap1r1) signaling in stress-induced urinary bladder dysfunction in mice. We determined PACAP and PAC1 transcripts and protein expressions in the urinary bladder and lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord in repeated variate stress (RVS) or control mouse (handling only) groups. RVS in mice significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased serum corticosterone and urinary bladder NGF content and decreased weight gain. PACAP and PAC1 mRNA and protein were differentially regulated in lower urinary tract tissues with changes observed in lumbosacral DRG and spinal cord but not in urinary bladder. RVS exposure in mice significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased (2.5-fold) voiding frequency as determined using conscious cystometry. Intrabladder administration of the PAC1 receptor antagonist, PACAP(6-38) (300 nM), significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased infused volume (1.5-2.7-fold) to elicit a micturition event and increased the intercontraction interval (i.e., decreased voiding frequency) in mice exposed to RVS and in control mice, but changes were smaller in magnitude in control mice. We also evaluated the effect of PAC1 blockade at the level of the urinary bladder on pelvic sensitivity in RVS or control mouse groups using von Frey filament testing. Intrabladder administration of PACAP(6-38) (300 nM) significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced pelvic sensitivity following RVS. PACAP/receptor signaling in the CNS and PNS contributes to increased voiding frequency and pelvic sensitivity following RVS and may represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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13
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Toth D, Szabo E, Tamas A, Juhasz T, Horvath G, Fabian E, Opper B, Szabo D, Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, D'Agata V, Vicena V, Reglodi D. Protective Effects of PACAP in Peripheral Organs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:377. [PMID: 32765418 PMCID: PMC7381171 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the nervous system, where it exerts strong neuroprotective effects. PACAP is also expressed in peripheral organs but its peripheral protective effects have not been summarized so far. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to review the existing literature regarding the cytoprotective effects of PACAP in non-neuronal cell types, peripheral tissues, and organs. Among others, PACAP has widespread expression in the digestive system, where it shows protective effects in various intestinal pathologies, such as duodenal ulcer, small bowel ischemia, and intestinal inflammation. PACAP is present in both the exocrine and endocrine pancreas as well as liver where it reduces inflammation and steatosis by interfering with hepatic pathology related to obesity. It is found in several exocrine glands and also in urinary organs, where, with its protective effects being mainly published regarding renal pathologies, PACAP is protective in numerous conditions. PACAP displays anti-inflammatory effects in upper and lower airways of the respiratory system. In the skin, it is involved in the development of inflammatory pathology such as psoriasis and also has anti-allergic effects in a model of contact dermatitis. In the non-neuronal part of the visual system, PACAP showed protective effects in pathological conditions of the cornea and retinal pigment epithelial cells. The positive role of PACAP has been demonstrated on the formation and healing processes of cartilage and bone where it also prevents osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis development. The protective role of PACAP was also demonstrated in the cardiovascular system in different pathological processes including hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and age-related vascular changes. In the heart, PACAP protects against ischemia, oxidative stress, and cardiomyopathies. PACAP is also involved in the protection against the development of pre-senile systemic amyloidosis, which is presented in various peripheral organs in PACAP-deficient mice. The studies summarized here provide strong evidence for the cytoprotective effects of the peptide. The survival-promoting effects of PACAP depend on a number of factors which are also shortly discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fabian
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Opper
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Szabo
- Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata G. D'Amico
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Dora Reglodi
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14
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Ferencz S, Reglodi D, Kaszas B, Bardosi A, Toth D, Vekony Z, Vicena V, Karadi O, Kelemen D. PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression in pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5725-5730. [PMID: 31788045 PMCID: PMC6865831 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic carcinoma is one of the most malignant diseases and is associated with a poor survival rate. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that acts on three different G protein-coupled receptors: the specific PAC1 and the VPAC1/2 that also bind vasoactive intestinal peptide. PACAP is widely distributed in the body and has diverse physiological effects. Among other things, it acts as a trophic factor and influences proliferation and differentiation of several different cells both under normal circumstances and tumourous transformation. Changes of PACAP and its receptors have been shown in various tumour types. However, it is not known whether PACAP and its specific receptor are altered in pancreatic cancer. Perioperative data of patients with pancreas carcinoma was investigated over a five-year period. Histological results showed Grade 2 or Grade 3 adenocarcinoma in most cases. PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Staining intensity of PAC1 receptor was strong in normal tissues both in the exocrine and endocrine parts of the pancreas, the receptor staining was markedly weaker in the adenocarcinoma. PACAP immunostaining was weak in the exocrine part and very strong in the islets and nerve elements in non-tumourous tissues. The PACAP immunostaining almost disappeared in the adenocarcinoma samples. Based on these findings a decrease or lack of the PAC1 receptor/PACAP signalling might have an influence on tumour growth and/or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Ferencz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Balint Kaszas
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Attila Bardosi
- Center for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, and Proteopath GmbH, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Vekony
- Department of Surgery, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Oszkar Karadi
- Department of Oncology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Dezso Kelemen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
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15
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The Neuropeptide Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is Protective in Inflammation and Oxidative Stress-Induced Damage in the Kidney. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194944. [PMID: 31591326 PMCID: PMC6801442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide with a widespread distribution throughout the entire body including the urinary system. PACAP exerts protective actions in different injury models related to several organ systems. Its protective effect is mainly based on its antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present review aims to summarize the effects of PACAP in pathologies associated with inflammation and oxidative stress-induced damage in the kidney. Both in vitro and in vivo data are available proving its protective actions against oxidative stress, hypoxia, renal ischemia/reperfusion, diabetic nephropathy, myeloma kidney injury, amyloidosis and different types of drug-induced nephropathies. Data showing the nephroprotection by PACAP emphasize the potential of PACAP’s therapeutic use in various renal pathologies.
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