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Dehghanizadeh Baghdadabad M, Naderi N, Atabaki V, Faramarzi MA, Tabarzad M, Hosseinabadi T. The Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Partially Purified Polysaccharide Fractions of Cell-free Medium and Biomass of Spirulina platensis PCST5. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2023; 22:e136661. [PMID: 38116564 PMCID: PMC10728851 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-136661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Spirulina is a cyanobacteria species containing various bioactive compounds. Spirulina is a known source of nutrients in some traditional diets. Different activities have been reported for various extracts of S. platensis. Objectives In this study, the polysaccharide content of culture media and biomass extract of one species of Spirulina was partially purified, and its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated. Methods Spirulina platensis PCST5 was cultured in a sterile Zarouk medium at 27°C and 16/8h of light/ dark exposure cycle for 25 days. Then, the polysaccharide content of biomass and cell-free culture medium samples (BPSs and CFPSs, respectively) was partially purified. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using animal models. Results 16S rRNA gene analysis confirmed that the organism was genetically similar to Spirulina platensis. The CFPSs (30 and 100 mg/kg) and BPSs (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced pain-related behaviors in rats. Similarly, all samples could significantly reduce carrageenan-induced paw inflammation volume compared with the control group. Our results suggest Spirulina's polysaccharide fractions (CFPSs and BPSs) had significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions Since Spirulina is a readily available source of bioactive compounds, finding such potent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive compounds can provide promising leads for novel drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nima Naderi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Atabaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tabarzad
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Hosseinabadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Monitoring of Spirulina Flakes and Powders from Italian Companies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103155. [PMID: 35630631 PMCID: PMC9143159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae and microalgae-derived compounds have great potential as supplements in the human diet and as a source of bioactive products with health benefits. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis (Nordstedt) Gomont, or Spirulina platensis) belongs to the class of cyanobacteria and has been studied for its numerous health benefits, which include anti-inflammatory properties, among others. This work was aimed at comparing some spirulina products available on the Italian market. The commercial products here analyzed consisted of spirulina cultivated and processed with different approaches. Single-component spirulina products in powder and flake form, free of any type of excipient produced from four different companies operating in the sector, have been analyzed. The macro- and micromorphological examination, and the content of pigments, phycobiliproteins, phenols, and proteins have shown differences regarding the morphology and chemical composition, especially for those classes of particularly unstable compounds such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, suggesting a great influence of both culture conditions and processing methods.
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Cuellar-Bermudez SP, Kilimtzidi E, Devaere J, Goiris K, Gonzalez-Fernandez C, Wattiez R, Muylaert K. Harvesting of Arthrospira platensis with helicoidal and straight trichomes using filtration and centrifugation. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1624573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara P. Cuellar-Bermudez
- KU Leuven Campus Kortrijk, Laboratory Aquatic Biology, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Department of Proteomic and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Jolien Devaere
- KU Leuven Technology Campus Ghent, Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Goiris
- KU Leuven Technology Campus Ghent, Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Department of Proteomic and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, Mons, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Muylaert
- KU Leuven Campus Kortrijk, Laboratory Aquatic Biology, Kortrijk, Belgium
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Cheng J, Guo W, Ameer Ali K, Ye Q, Jin G, Qiao Z. Promoting helix pitch and trichome length to improve biomass harvesting efficiency and carbon dioxide fixation rate by Spirulina sp. in 660 m 2 raceway ponds under purified carbon dioxide from a coal chemical flue gas. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:76-85. [PMID: 29654997 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The helix pitch and trichome length of Spirulina sp. were promoted to improve the biomass harvesting efficiency and CO2 fixation rate in 660 m2 raceway ponds aerated with food-grade CO2 purified from a coal chemical flue gas. The CO2 fixation rate was improved with increased trichome length of the Spirulina sp. in a raceway pond with double paddlewheels, baffles, and CO2 aerators (DBA raceway pond). The trichome length has increased by 33.3 μm, and CO2 fixation rate has increased by 42.3% and peaked to 51.3 g/m2/d in a DBA raceway pond. Biomass harvesting efficiency was increased with increased helix pitch. When the day-average greenhouse temperature was 33 °C and day-average sunlight intensity was 72,100 lu×, the helix pitch of Spirulina sp. was increased to 56.2 μm. Hence the biomass harvesting efficiency was maximized to 75.6% and biomass actual yield was increased to 35.9 kg in a DBA raceway pond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Wangbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kubar Ameer Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guiyong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture of Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003,China
| | - Zhanshan Qiao
- Ordos Jiali Spirulina.sp Co., Ltd, Ordos 016199, China
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5
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Chaiyasitdhi A, Miphonpanyatawichok W, Riehle MO, Phatthanakun R, Surareungchai W, Kundhikanjana W, Kuntanawat P. The biomechanical role of overall-shape transformation in a primitive multicellular organism: A case study of dimorphism in the filamentous cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196383. [PMID: 29746494 PMCID: PMC5945045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological transformations in primitive organisms have long been observed; however, its biomechanical roles are largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate the structural advantages of dimorphism in Arthrospira platensis, a filamentous multicellular cyanobacterium. We report that helical trichomes, the default shape, have a higher persistence length (Lp), indicating a higher resistance to bending or a large value of flexural rigidity (kf), the product of the local cell stiffness (E) and the moment of inertia of the trichomes’ cross-section (I). Through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), we determined that the E of straight and helical trichomes were the same. In contrast, our computational model shows that I is greatly dependent on helical radii, implying that trichome morphology is the major contributor to kf variation. According to our estimation, increasing the helical radii alone can increase kf by 2 orders of magnitude. We also observe that straight trichomes have improved gliding ability, due to its structure and lower kf. Our study shows that dimorphism provides mechanical adjustability to the organism and may allow it to thrive in different environmental conditions. The higher kf provides helical trichomes a better nutrient uptake through advection in aquatic environments. On the other hand, the lower kf improves the gliding ability of straight trichomes in aquatic environments, enabling it to chemotactically relocate to more favorable territories when it encounters certain environmental stresses. When more optimal conditions are encountered, straight trichomes can revert to their original helical form. Our study is one of the first to highlight the biomechanical role of an overall-shape transformation in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atitheb Chaiyasitdhi
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wirat Miphonpanyatawichok
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mathis Oliver Riehle
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Werasak Surareungchai
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worasom Kundhikanjana
- School of Physics, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Panwong Kuntanawat
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Fadl SE, ElGohary M, Elsadany AY, Gad DM, Hanaa FF, El-Habashi NM. Contribution of microalgae-enriched fodder for the Nile tilapia to growth and resistance to infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Rago L, Cristiani P, Villa F, Zecchin S, Colombo A, Cavalca L, Schievano A. Influences of dissolved oxygen concentration on biocathodic microbial communities in microbial fuel cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2017; 116:39-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Rai V, Karthikaichamy A, Das D, Noronha S, Wangikar PP, Srivastava S. Multi-omics Frontiers in Algal Research: Techniques and Progress to Explore Biofuels in the Postgenomics World. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 20:387-99. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Rai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Debasish Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
- DBT PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Santosh Noronha
- DBT PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Wadhwani Research Center for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Pramod P. Wangikar
- DBT PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Wadhwani Research Center for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- DBT PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Wadhwani Research Center for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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Battchikova N, Angeleri M, Aro EM. Proteomic approaches in research of cyanobacterial photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:47-70. [PMID: 25359503 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants is carried out by a fabulous pigment-protein machinery that is amazingly complicated in structure and function. Many different approaches have been undertaken to characterize the most important aspects of photosynthesis, and proteomics has become the essential component in this research. Here we describe various methods which have been used in proteomic research of cyanobacteria, and demonstrate how proteomics is implemented into on-going studies of photosynthesis in cyanobacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battchikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Martina Angeleri
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
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10
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Dong S, Chen J, Wang S, Wu Y, Hou H, Li M, Yan C. Draft genome sequence of cyanobacteria Arthrospira sp. TJSD091 isolated from seaside wetland. Mar Genomics 2015; 24 Pt 3:197-8. [PMID: 26001511 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cyanobacteria TJSD091 strain, a member of the genus Arthrospira was isolated from seaside wetland in China, Bohai. The draft genome sequence of Arthrospira sp. TJSD091 with a genome size of approximately 6.3 Mbp and a G+C content of 44.75% is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirui Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Suying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China.
| | - Yuemei Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Hujing Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Mi Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Chunyu Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
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11
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Treatment potential of a synergistic botanical pesticide combination for rotifer extermination during outdoor mass cultivation of Spirulina platensis. ALGAL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Kuntanawat P, Ruenin J, Phatthanakun R, Kunhorm P, Surareungchai W, Sukprasong S, Chomnawang N. An electrostatic microwell-based biochip for phytoplanktonic cell trapping. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:034108. [PMID: 25379069 PMCID: PMC4162410 DOI: 10.1063/1.4882196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple microwell-based microfluidic chip for microalgal cells trapping was fabricated. An electrostaticcell trapping mechanism, enabled by a positively charged glass surface, was used. The chip was capable of capturing multiple algal cell types. In the case of filamentous Spirulina platensis, we observed single filament occupancy of up to ∼30% available wells, as high as some previously proposed methods. Captured filaments were not of any preferential size, suggesting well randomized cell trapping. It was found that the electrostatic attraction did not affect the cell growth. Total replacement of liquid inside the wells could be achieved by pumping new solutions via the inlet, making single cell experiments in controlled chemical conditions possible. After the top layer of the chip was removed, cells in the wells could be simply transferred using a micropipette, turning the chip into a platform for strain selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jirapat Ruenin
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi , 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Rungrueang Phatthanakun
- Beamline 6a: Deep X-ray lithography (DXL), The Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization) , Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Kunhorm
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhuntien) , 49 Soi Thian Thale 25, Bangkhunthian-Chaithale, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Werasak Surareungchai
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhuntien) , 49 Soi Thian Thale 25, Bangkhunthian-Chaithale, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Sompong Sukprasong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Nimit Chomnawang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Rodrigues MS, Ferreira LS, Converti A, Sato S, Carvalho JCM. Fed-batch cultivation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride as simultaneous nitrogen sources. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:4491-4498. [PMID: 20153635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Arthrospiraplatensis was cultivated in minitanks at 13 klux, using a mixture of KNO(3) and NH(4)Cl as nitrogen source. Fed-batch daily supply of NH(4)Cl at exponentially-increasing feeding rate allowed preventing ammonia toxicity and nitrogen deficiency, providing high maximum cell concentration (X(m)) and high-quality biomass (21.85 mg chlorophyll g cells(-1); 20.5% lipids; 49.8% proteins). A central composite design combined to response surface methodology was utilized to determine the relationships between responses (X(m), cell productivity and nitrogen-to-cell conversion factor) and independent variables (KNO(3) and NH(4)Cl concentrations). Under optimum conditions (15.5mM KNO(3); 14.1mM NH(4)Cl), X(m) was 4327 mg L(-1), a value almost coincident with that obtained with only 25.4mM KNO(3), but more than twice that obtained with 21.5mM NH(4)Cl. A 30%-reduction of culture medium cost can be estimated when compared to KNO(3)-batch runs, thus behaving as a cheap alternative for the commercial production of this cyanobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-16, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Ma Z, Gao K. Photoregulation of morphological structure and its physiological relevance in the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. PLANTA 2009; 230:329-337. [PMID: 19466449 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The spiral structure of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Nordst.) Gomont was previously found to be altered by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm). However, how photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm) and UVR interact in regulating this morphological change remains unknown. Here, we show that the spiral structure of A. platensis (D-0083) was compressed under PAR alone at 30 degrees C, but that at 20 degrees C, the spirals compressed only when exposed to PAR with added UVR, and that UVR alone (the PAR was filtered out) did not tighten the spiral structure, although its presence accelerated morphological regulation by PAR. Their helix pitch decreased linearly as the cells received increased PAR doses, and was reversible when they were transferred back to low PAR levels. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that a 52.0 kDa periplasmic protein was more abundant in tighter filaments, which may have been responsible for the spiral compression. This spiral change together with the increased abundance of the protein made the cells more resistant to high PAR as well as UVR, resulting in a higher photochemical yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
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Mazokopakis EE, Karefilakis CM, Tsartsalis AN, Milkas AN, Ganotakis ES. Acute rhabdomyolysis caused by Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:525-527. [PMID: 18434120 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is a potentially life-threatening disorder that occurs as a primary disease or as a complication of a broad spectrum of other diseases. We report the first case of acute rhabdomyolysis after ingestion of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), a plantonic blue-green alga, as a dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias E Mazokopakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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