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Higa GSV, Viana FJC, Francis-Oliveira J, Cruvinel E, Franchin TS, Marcourakis T, Ulrich H, De Pasquale R. Serotonergic neuromodulation of synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2024; 257:110036. [PMID: 38876308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity constitutes a fundamental process in the reorganization of neural networks that underlie memory, cognition, emotional responses, and behavioral planning. At the core of this phenomenon lie Hebbian mechanisms, wherein frequent synaptic stimulation induces long-term potentiation (LTP), while less activation leads to long-term depression (LTD). The synaptic reorganization of neuronal networks is regulated by serotonin (5-HT), a neuromodulator capable of modify synaptic plasticity to appropriately respond to mental and behavioral states, such as alertness, attention, concentration, motivation, and mood. Lately, understanding the serotonergic Neuromodulation of synaptic plasticity has become imperative for unraveling its impact on cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions. Through a comparative analysis across three main forebrain structures-the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, this review discusses the actions of 5-HT on synaptic plasticity, offering insights into its role as a neuromodulator involved in emotional and cognitive functions. By distinguishing between plastic and metaplastic effects, we provide a comprehensive overview about the mechanisms of 5-HT neuromodulation of synaptic plasticity and associated functions across different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Shigueto Vilar Higa
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (USP), Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe José Costa Viana
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - José Francis-Oliveira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Emily Cruvinel
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thainá Soares Franchin
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (USP), Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto De Pasquale
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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2
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Vlkolinsky R, Khom S, Vozella V, Bajo M, Roberto M. Withdrawal from chronic alcohol impairs the serotonin-mediated modulation of GABAergic transmission in the infralimbic cortex in male rats. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106590. [PMID: 38996987 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The infralimbic cortex (IL) is part of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), exerting top-down control over structures that are critically involved in the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Activity of the IL is tightly controlled by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission, which is susceptible to chronic alcohol exposure and withdrawal. This inhibitory control is regulated by various neuromodulators, including 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin). We used chronic intermittent ethanol vapor inhalation exposure, a model of AUD, in male Sprague-Dawley rats to induce alcohol dependence (Dep) followed by protracted withdrawal (WD; 2 weeks) and performed ex vivo electrophysiology using whole-cell patch clamp to study GABAergic transmission in layer V of IL pyramidal neurons. We found that WD increased frequencies of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs), whereas miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs; recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin) were unaffected by either Dep or WD. The application of 5-HT (50 μM) increased sIPSC frequencies and amplitudes in naive and Dep rats but reduced sIPSC frequencies in WD rats. Additionally, 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084 reduced basal GABA release in all groups to a similar extent. The blockage of either 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors in WD rats restored the impaired response to 5-HT, which then resembled responses in naive rats. Our findings expand our understanding of synaptic inhibition in the IL in AUD, indicating that antagonism of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors may restore GABAergic control over IL pyramidal neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Impairment in the serotonergic modulation of GABAergic inhibition in the medial prefrontal cortex contributes to alcohol use disorder (AUD). We used a well-established rat model of AUD and ex vivo whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to characterize the serotonin modulation of GABAergic transmission in layer V infralimbic (IL) pyramidal neurons in ethanol-naive, ethanol-dependent (Dep), and ethanol-withdrawn (WD) male rats. We found increased basal inhibition following WD from chronic alcohol and altered serotonin modulation. Exogenous serotonin enhanced GABAergic transmission in naive and Dep rats but reduced it in WD rats. 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor blockage in WD rats restored the typical serotonin-mediated enhancement of GABAergic inhibition. Our findings expand our understanding of synaptic inhibition in the infralimbic neurons in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Vlkolinsky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Sophia Khom
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
| | - Valentina Vozella
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Michal Bajo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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3
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Li M. Roadmap for maternal behavior research in domestic dogs: lessons from decades of laboratory rodent work. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1394201. [PMID: 38993275 PMCID: PMC11236756 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1394201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal behavior research in laboratory rats has revealed important behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms governing the onset, maintenance and decline of maternal behavior. However, the extent to which these mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved across species is less clear. This manuscript proposes that examining these mechanisms in dogs may be a viable approach to test their generality and help bridge the gap between rodent and human research, as domestic dogs show greater individual differences and exhibit more human-like maternal characteristics than rodents. These aspects represent advantages over rodent models, which in turn allow systems biological approaches not available in rodents. Additionally, domestic dogs share similar social environments with humans, suffer from the same mental disorders as humans, and can be treated with the same medications. This paper begins with a summary of key findings and theoretical developments from decades of rat maternal behavior research, followed by a literature review of the extant maternal behavior research on dogs and related methodology, highlighting the unique behavioral characteristics of dog maternal behavior and similarities and differences from rat maternal behavior. Finally, several knowledge gaps in dog maternal behavior research, as well as the future research in this area is discussed. It concludes that research on dog maternal behavior will not only advance our understanding of the universality of the neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms in maternal behavior, but also improve our understanding of risk factors associated with postpartum mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Yin L, Yu Y, Han F, Wang Q. Unveiling serotonergic dysfunction of obsessive-compulsive disorder on prefrontal network dynamics: a computational perspective. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae258. [PMID: 38904079 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) regulates working memory within the prefrontal cortex network, which is crucial for understanding obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, the mechanisms how network dynamics and serotonin interact in obsessive-compulsive disorder remain elusive. Here, we incorporate 5-HT receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A) and dopamine receptors into a multistable prefrontal cortex network model, replicating the experimentally observed inverted U-curve phenomenon. We show how the two 5-HT receptors antagonize neuronal activity and modulate network multistability. Reduced binding of 5-HT1A receptors increases global firing, while reduced binding of 5-HT2A receptors deepens attractors. The obtained results suggest reward-dependent synaptic plasticity mechanisms may attenuate 5-HT related network impairments. Integrating serotonin-mediated dopamine release into circuit, we observe that decreased serotonin concentration triggers the network into a deep attractor state, expanding the domain of attraction of stable nodes with high firing rate, potentially causing aberrant reverse learning. This suggests a hypothesis wherein elevated dopamine concentrations in obsessive-compulsive disorder might result from primary deficits in serotonin levels. Findings of this work underscore the pivotal role of serotonergic dysregulation in modulating synaptic plasticity through dopamine pathways, potentially contributing to learned obsessions. Interestingly, serotonin reuptake inhibitors and antidopaminergic potentiators can counteract the over-stable state of high-firing stable points, providing new insights into obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Yin
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fang Han
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, No. 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China
- Ningxia Basic Science Research Center of Mathematics, Ningxia University, No. 217 Wencui North Street, Xixia District, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Hamada HT, Abe Y, Takata N, Taira M, Tanaka KF, Doya K. Optogenetic activation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons induces brain-wide activation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4152. [PMID: 38755120 PMCID: PMC11099070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a neuromodulator that affects multiple behavioral and cognitive functions. Nonetheless, how serotonin causes such a variety of effects via brain-wide projections and various receptors remains unclear. Here we measured brain-wide responses to optogenetic stimulation of serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of the male mouse brain using functional MRI with an 11.7 T scanner and a cryoprobe. Transient activation of DRN serotonin neurons caused brain-wide activation, including the medial prefrontal cortex, the striatum, and the ventral tegmental area. The same stimulation under anesthesia with isoflurane decreased brain-wide activation, including the hippocampal complex. These brain-wide response patterns can be explained by DRN serotonergic projection topography and serotonin receptor expression profiles, with enhanced weights on 5-HT1 receptors. Together, these results provide insight into the DR serotonergic system, which is consistent with recent discoveries of its functions in adaptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Taiyo Hamada
- Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
- Research & Development Department, Araya Inc, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Abe
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Takata
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Taira
- Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Doya
- Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
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Maximiliano JE, Ares I, Martínez M, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Martínez MA. Dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems as preferential targets of the pyrethroid tefluthrin exposure in the rat brain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118239. [PMID: 38244974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The monoaminergic systems dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) play important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control, cognitive, affective, and neuroendocrine functions. In the present research study, we addressed the hypothesis that exposure to Type I pyrethroid tefluthrin may specifically target the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems. Tefluthrin could modify brain monoamine neurotransmitters, DA and 5-HT levels as well as dopaminergic and serotoninergic signaling pathways. Adult male Wistar rats were treated with tefluthrin [2.2, 4.4 and 5.5 mg/kg bw, equivalent to 1/10, 1/5 and 1/4 of the acute oral rat lethal dose 50 (LD50) value] by oral gavage, six days. After last dose of tefluthrin, DA and 5-HT and metabolites levels were determined in brain regions (striatum, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus). Tefluthrin induced a decrease of DA, 5-HT and metabolites contents, in a brain regional- and dose-related manner. The major decreases in DA and 5-HT contents were observed in prefrontal cortex tissue. Here, we studied that in vivo exposure to tefluthrin may alter DA and 5-HT neurotransmission in prefrontal cortex. Transcripts related to (i) dopaminergic [dopamine transporter 1 (Dat1), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine receptors (Drd1, Drd2)], (ii) serotoninergic [serotonin transporter (SERT), tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), serotonin receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A)] and (iii) DA and 5-HT degradation [monoamine oxidases (MAOA, MAOB)] signaling pathways were investigated. Results showed that tefluthrin induced down-regulation of transcripts responsible for the synthesis and action of DA (TH, Drd1, Drd2) and 5-HT (SERT, TPH2). In contrast, tefluthrin treatment induced up-regulation of genes involved in DA transporter (Dat1), 5-HT receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A) and monoamine oxidases (MAOA, MAOB). Given the integral roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic and serotoninergic alterations as hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases, our data suggest that tefluthrin may be a candidate for pesticides contributing to neurodegenerative disorders pathogenesis by causing damage to the DA and 5-HT systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge-Enrique Maximiliano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bernardo Lopez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Farias CP, Leite AKO, Schmidt BE, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Wyse ATS. The 5-HT2A, 5-HT5A, and 5-HT6 serotonergic receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex behave differently in extinction learning: Does social support play a role? Behav Brain Res 2024; 463:114922. [PMID: 38408524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Studies on the social modulation of fear have revealed that in social species, individuals in a distressed state show better recovery from aversive experiences when accompanied - referred to as social buffering. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown, hindering the understanding of such an approach. Our previous data showed that the presence of a conspecific during the extinction task inhibited the retrieval of fear memory without affecting the extinction memory in the retention test. Here, we investigate the role of serotonergic receptors (5-HTRs), specifically 5-HT2A, 5-HT5A, and 5-HT6 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), In the retention of extinction after the extinction task, in the absence or presence of social support. Extinction training was conducted on 60-day-old male Wistar rats either alone or with a conspecific (a familiar cagemate, non-fearful). The antagonists for these receptors were administered directly into the mPFC immediately after the extinction training. The results indicate that blocking 5-HT5A (SB-699551-10 μg/side) and 5-HT6 (SB-271046A - 10 μg/side) receptors in the mPFC impairs the consolidation of CFC in the social support group. Interestingly, blocking 5-HT2A receptors (R65777 - 4 μg/side) in the mPFC led to impaired CFC specifically in the group undergoing extinction training alone. These findings contribute to a better understanding of brain mechanisms and neuromodulation associated with social support during an extinction protocol. They are consistent with previously published research, suggesting that the extinction of contextual fear conditioning with social support involves distinct neuromodulatory processes compared to when extinction training is conducted alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Penha Farias
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil
| | - Ana Karla Oliveira Leite
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil
| | - Bianca Estefani Schmidt
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience, PGNET, National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse´s Lab), Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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8
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Lee KKY, Chattopadhyaya B, do Nascimento ASF, Moquin L, Rosa-Neto P, Amilhon B, Di Cristo G. Neonatal hypoxia impairs serotonin release and cognitive functions in adult mice. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 193:106465. [PMID: 38460800 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Children who experienced moderate perinatal asphyxia (MPA) are at risk of developing long lasting subtle cognitive and behavioral deficits, including learning disabilities and emotional problems. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulates cognitive flexibility and emotional behavior. Neurons that release serotonin (5-HT) project to the PFC, and compounds modulating 5-HT activity influence emotion and cognition. Whether 5-HT dysregulations contribute to MPA-induced cognitive problems is unknown. We established a MPA mouse model, which displays recognition and spatial memory impairments and dysfunctional cognitive flexibility. We found that 5-HT expression levels, quantified by immunohistochemistry, and 5-HT release, quantified by in vivo microdialysis in awake mice, are reduced in PFC of adult MPA mice. MPA mice also show impaired body temperature regulation following injection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT, suggesting the presence of deficits in 5-HT auto-receptor function on raphe neurons. Finally, chronic treatment of adult MPA mice with fluoxetine, an inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake transporter, or the 5-HT1A receptor agonist tandospirone rescues cognitive flexibility and memory impairments. All together, these data demonstrate that the development of 5-HT system function is vulnerable to moderate perinatal asphyxia. 5-HT hypofunction might in turn contribute to long-term cognitive impairment in adulthood, indicating a potential target for pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ka Yan Lee
- Neurosciences Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Azrieli Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - Luc Moquin
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Canada
| | - Bénédicte Amilhon
- Neurosciences Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Azrieli Research Center, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Graziella Di Cristo
- Neurosciences Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Azrieli Research Center, Montréal, Canada.
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9
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Zhao Y, Huang CX, Gu Y, Zhao Y, Ren W, Wang Y, Chen J, Guan NN, Song J. Serotonergic modulation of vigilance states in zebrafish and mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2596. [PMID: 38519480 PMCID: PMC10959952 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vigilance refers to being alertly watchful or paying sustained attention to avoid potential threats. Animals in vigilance states reduce locomotion and have an enhanced sensitivity to aversive stimuli so as to react quickly to dangers. Here we report that an unconventional 5-HT driven mechanism operating at neural circuit level which shapes the internal state underlying vigilance behavior in zebrafish and male mice. The neural signature of internal vigilance state was characterized by persistent low-frequency high-amplitude neuronal synchrony in zebrafish dorsal pallium and mice prefrontal cortex. The neuronal synchronization underlying vigilance was dependent on intense release of 5-HT induced by persistent activation of either DRN 5-HT neuron or local 5-HT axon terminals in related brain regions via activation of 5-HTR7. Thus, we identify a mechanism of vigilance behavior across species that illustrates the interplay between neuromodulators and neural circuits necessary to shape behavior states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Yacong Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Na N Guan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jianren Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Gutierrez-Castellanos N, Sarra D, Godinho BS, Mainen ZF. Maturation of cortical input to dorsal raphe nucleus increases behavioral persistence in mice. eLife 2024; 13:e93485. [PMID: 38477558 PMCID: PMC10994666 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to persist toward a desired objective is a fundamental aspect of behavioral control whose impairment is implicated in several behavioral disorders. One of the prominent features of behavioral persistence is that its maturation occurs relatively late in development. This is presumed to echo the developmental time course of a corresponding circuit within late-maturing parts of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, but the specific identity of the responsible circuits is unknown. Here, we used a genetic approach to describe the maturation of the projection from layer 5 neurons of the neocortex to the dorsal raphe nucleus in mice. Using optogenetic-assisted circuit mapping, we show that this projection undergoes a dramatic increase in synaptic potency between postnatal weeks 3 and 8, corresponding to the transition from juvenile to adult. We then show that this period corresponds to an increase in the behavioral persistence that mice exhibit in a foraging task. Finally, we used a genetic targeting strategy that primarily affected neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, to selectively ablate this pathway in adulthood and show that mice revert to a behavioral phenotype similar to juveniles. These results suggest that frontal cortical to dorsal raphe input is a critical anatomical and functional substrate of the development and manifestation of behavioral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario Sarra
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud FoundationLisbonPortugal
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Beatriz S Godinho
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud FoundationLisbonPortugal
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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11
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Francis-Oliveira J, Higa GSV, Viana FJC, Cruvinel E, Carlos-Lima E, da Silva Borges F, Zampieri TT, Rebello FP, Ulrich H, De Pasquale R. TREK-1 inhibition promotes synaptic plasticity in the prelimbic cortex. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114652. [PMID: 38103709 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is one of the putative mechanisms involved in the maturation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during postnatal development. Early life stress (ELS) affects the shaping of cortical circuitries through impairment of synaptic plasticity supporting the onset of mood disorders. Growing evidence suggests that dysfunctional postnatal maturation of the prelimbic division (PL) of the PFC might be related to the emergence of depression. The potassium channel TREK-1 has attracted particular interest among many factors that modulate plasticity, concerning synaptic modifications that could underlie mood disorders. Studies have found that ablation of TREK-1 increases the resilience to depression, while rats exposed to ELS exhibit higher TREK-1 levels in the PL. TREK-1 is regulated by multiple intracellular transduction pathways including the ones activated by metabotropic receptors. In the hippocampal neurons, TREK-1 interacts with the serotonergic system, one of the main factors involved in the action of antidepressants. To investigate possible mechanisms related to the antidepressant role of TREK-1, we used brain slice electrophysiology to evaluate the effects of TREK-1 pharmacological blockade on synaptic plasticity at PL circuitry. We extended this investigation to animals subjected to ELS. Our findings suggest that in non-stressed animals, TREK-1 activity is required for the reduction of synaptic responses mediated by the 5HT1A receptor activation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TREK-1 blockade promotes activity-dependent long-term depression (LTD) when acting in synergy with 5HT1A receptor stimulation. On the other hand, in ELS animals, TREK-1 blockade reduces synaptic transmission and facilitates LTD expression. These results indicate that TREK-1 inhibition stimulates synaptic plasticity in the PL and this effect is more pronounced in animals subjected to ELS during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francis-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Guilherme Shigueto Vilar Higa
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (USP), Butantã, SP 05508-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Felipe José Costa Viana
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Emily Cruvinel
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Estevão Carlos-Lima
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando da Silva Borges
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Thais Tessari Zampieri
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pereira Rebello
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (USP), Butantã, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto De Pasquale
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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12
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Ogelman R, Gomez Wulschner LE, Hoelscher VM, Hwang IW, Chang VN, Oh WC. Serotonin modulates excitatory synapse maturation in the developing prefrontal cortex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1368. [PMID: 38365905 PMCID: PMC10873381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) imbalances in the developing prefrontal cortex (PFC) are linked to long-term behavioral deficits. However, the synaptic mechanisms underlying 5-HT-mediated PFC development are unknown. We found that chemogenetic suppression and enhancement of 5-HT release in the PFC during the first two postnatal weeks decreased and increased the density and strength of excitatory spine synapses, respectively, on prefrontal layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in mice. 5-HT release on single spines induced structural and functional long-term potentiation (LTP), requiring both 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptor signals, in a glutamatergic activity-independent manner. Notably, LTP-inducing 5-HT stimuli increased the long-term survival of newly formed spines ( ≥ 6 h) via 5-HT7 Gαs activation. Chronic treatment of mice with fluoxetine, a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, during the first two weeks, but not the third week of postnatal development, increased the density and strength of excitatory synapses. The effect of fluoxetine on PFC synaptic alterations in vivo was abolished by 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists. Our data describe a molecular basis of 5-HT-dependent excitatory synaptic plasticity at the level of single spines in the PFC during early postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ogelman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Luis E Gomez Wulschner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Victoria M Hoelscher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - In-Wook Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Victoria N Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Won Chan Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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13
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Suzuki M, Pennartz CMA, Aru J. How deep is the brain? The shallow brain hypothesis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:778-791. [PMID: 37891398 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Deep learning and predictive coding architectures commonly assume that inference in neural networks is hierarchical. However, largely neglected in deep learning and predictive coding architectures is the neurobiological evidence that all hierarchical cortical areas, higher or lower, project to and receive signals directly from subcortical areas. Given these neuroanatomical facts, today's dominance of cortico-centric, hierarchical architectures in deep learning and predictive coding networks is highly questionable; such architectures are likely to be missing essential computational principles the brain uses. In this Perspective, we present the shallow brain hypothesis: hierarchical cortical processing is integrated with a massively parallel process to which subcortical areas substantially contribute. This shallow architecture exploits the computational capacity of cortical microcircuits and thalamo-cortical loops that are not included in typical hierarchical deep learning and predictive coding networks. We argue that the shallow brain architecture provides several critical benefits over deep hierarchical structures and a more complete depiction of how mammalian brains achieve fast and flexible computational capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototaka Suzuki
- Department of Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cyriel M A Pennartz
- Department of Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaan Aru
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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14
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Lee D, Slomkowski M, Hefting N, Chen D, Larsen KG, Kohegyi E, Hobart M, Cummings JL, Grossberg GT. Brexpiprazole for the Treatment of Agitation in Alzheimer Dementia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:1307-1316. [PMID: 37930669 PMCID: PMC10628834 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Importance Agitation is a prevalent, distressing, and burdensome manifestation of Alzheimer dementia in need of an efficacious, safe, and well-tolerated treatment. Objective To confirm the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of brexpiprazole in patients with agitation in Alzheimer dementia. Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized clinical trial was a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose, parallel-arm trial that ran from May 2018 to June 2022 at 123 clinical trial sites in Europe and the United States. Participants included patients with agitation in Alzheimer dementia in a care facility or community-based setting. Stable Alzheimer disease medications were permitted. Interventions In this 2-arm trial, patients were randomized to receive oral brexpiprazole or placebo (2:1 ratio) for 12 weeks. Within the brexpiprazole arm, patients were further randomized to receive fixed doses of 2 mg/d or 3 mg/d in a 1:2 ratio. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was change in Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory total score (which measures the frequency of 29 agitated behaviors) from baseline to week 12 for brexpiprazole, 2 or 3 mg, vs placebo. Safety was assessed by standard measures, including treatment-emergent adverse events. Results A total of 345 patients were randomized to receive brexpiprazole (n = 228) or placebo (n = 117); completion rates were 198 (86.8%) for brexpiprazole and 104 (88.9%) for placebo. Mean (SD) age was 74.0 (7.5) years, and 195 of 345 patients were female (56.5%). Patients receiving brexpiprazole, 2 or 3 mg (n = 225), demonstrated statistically significantly greater improvement than those taking placebo (n = 116) in Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory total score from baseline to week 12 (brexpiprazole baseline, 80.6, mean change, -22.6; placebo baseline, 79.2, mean change, -17.3; least-squares mean difference, -5.32; 95% CI, -8.77 to -1.87; P = .003; Cohen d effect size, 0.35). No treatment-emergent adverse events had an incidence of 5% or more with brexpiprazole and greater incidence than placebo. The proportion of patients who discontinued because of adverse events was 12 of 226 (5.3%) for brexpiprazole and 5 of 116 (4.3%) for placebo. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, patients with Alzheimer dementia who took brexpiprazole, 2 or 3 mg, showed a statistically significant improvement vs placebo in agitation over 12 weeks. Brexpiprazole was generally well tolerated over 12 weeks in this vulnerable patient population. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03548584.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lee
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Mary Slomkowski
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | - Dalei Chen
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | - Eva Kohegyi
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Mary Hobart
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey L. Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
| | - George T. Grossberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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15
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Bomfim AJDL, Zuze SMF, Fabrício DDM, Pessoa RMDP, Crippa JAS, Chagas MHN. Effects of the Acute and Chronic Administration of Cannabidiol on Cognition in Humans and Animals: A Systematic Review. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:955-973. [PMID: 37792394 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition has been investigated in recent years to determine the therapeutic potential of this cannabinoid for a broad gamut of medical conditions, including neuropsychiatric disorders. The aim of the present study was to perform a systematic review of studies that analyzed the effects of the acute and chronic administration of CBD on cognition in humans and animals both to assess the cognitive safety of CBD and to determine a beneficial potential of CBD on cognition. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched in December of 2022 for relevant articles using the following combinations of keywords: ("cannabidiol" OR "CBD") AND ("cognition" OR "processing cognitive" OR "memory" OR "language" OR "attention" OR "executive function" OR "social cognition" OR "perceptual motor ability" OR "processing speed"). Results: Fifty-nine articles were included in the present review (36 preclinical and 23 clinical trials). CBD seems not to have any negative effect on cognitive processing in rats. The clinical trials confirmed these findings in humans. One study found that repeated dosing with CBD may improve cognitive in people who use cannabis heavily but not individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders. Considering the context of neuropsychiatric disorders in animal models, CBD seems to reverse the harm caused by the experimental paradigms, such that the performance of these animals becomes similar to that of control animals. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the chronic and acute administration of CBD seems not to impair cognition in humans without neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, preclinical studies report promising results regarding the effects of CBD on the cognitive processing of animals. Future double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials with larger, less selective samples, with standardized tests, and using different doses of CBD in outpatients are of particular interest to elucidate the cognitive effects of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Julia de Lima Bomfim
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefany Mirrelle Fávero Zuze
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daiene de Morais Fabrício
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Mendes de Paula Pessoa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre S Crippa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes N Chagas
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Parekh P, Begley P, Jessop M, Aplin M, Missir E, McMeekin H, Raczek G, Singh N, Dizdarevic S. Association between body mass index (BMI) and [ 123I]Ioflupane (DaTSCAN) availabilities in patients with parkinsonism using single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT). Eur J Hybrid Imaging 2023; 7:21. [PMID: 37981626 PMCID: PMC10657921 DOI: 10.1186/s41824-023-00181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM [123I]Ioflupane (DaTSCAN) has a high binding affinity to the dopamine (DA) transporter (DaT) and tenfold less affinity to serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT). Both neurotransmitters are considered to contribute to body weight regulation. This study assesses the association between body mass index (BMI) and DaTSCAN availability in brain. METHOD Scans from 74 consecutive patients who had undergone DaTSCAN single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) were used to obtain semi- and absolute quantitative data in several volumes of interest (VOIs). Relative semi-quantitative specific binding ratios (SBRs) from Chang attenuated SPECT were obtained from GE DaTQUANT. Absolute normalised concentration (NC) was calculated from attenuation/scatter corrected SPECT-CT images, using an adapted version of the EARL Ltd (European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Research 4 Life) template. Scans were subdivided into either degenerative parkinsonism (abnormal = 49), borderline (n = 14) or scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD = 11) using visual assessment and SBR values by two nuclear medicine consultants. RESULTS SBRs did not correlate with BMI. However, NC values correlated negatively in the entire cohort, with the strongest correlation in the frontal (r = - 0.649. p = 0.000), occipital (r = - 0.555, p = 0.000) regions and pons (r = - 0.555, p = 0.000). In the abnormal (n = 49) and SWEDD group (n = 11), NC of the frontal region was the most correlated with BMI (r = - 0.570, p = 0.000; r = - 0.813, p = 0.002, respectively). In the borderline group (n = 14), the left posterior putamen displayed the strongest correlation (r = - 0.765, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Absolute NC values demonstrate a strong inverse correlation with BMI, strongest in the extrastriatal regions. Due to the predominately non-overlapping distribution of DaT and SERT, this study suggests greater involvement of SERT in obesity with possible interplay with DA transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Parekh
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England
| | - Patrick Begley
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, England
| | - Maryam Jessop
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, England
| | - Mark Aplin
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, England
| | - Elena Missir
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England
| | | | - Gosia Raczek
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England
| | - Nitasha Singh
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, England
| | - Sabina Dizdarevic
- Clinical Imaging Science Centre, Neuroscience and Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England.
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England.
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, England.
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17
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Watanabe C, Oyanagi E, Aoki T, Hamada H, Kawashima M, Yamagata T, Kremenik MJ, Yano H. Antidepressant properties of voluntary exercise mediated by gut microbiota. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1407-1419. [PMID: 37667506 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Although regular exercise has been reported to prevent depression, it has not been clarified whether the gut microbiota is involved in the factors that prevent depression through exercise. We investigated the effects of voluntary exercise on the gut microbiota and the prevention of depression-like behaviors using mice. C57BL/6 J male mice were subjected to 10 weeks of sedentary control or wheel running, then they were subjected to social defeat stress (SDS). Exercise attenuated that sucrose drinking was decreased by SDS treatment. Exercise increased the expression of Bdnf and decreased expression of Zo-1 and Claudin5 in the brain. Fecal Turicibacter, Allobaculum, and Clostridium sensu stricto, and propionate in the cecum were decreased by the exercise. Voluntary exercise-induced antidepressant properties might be partially caused by suppression of serotonin uptake into gut microbiota and increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier via reduced propionate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eri Oyanagi
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Aoki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hamada
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masato Kawashima
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamagata
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Michel J Kremenik
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yano
- Graduate School of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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18
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Li W, Ali T, Mou S, Gong Q, Li N, Hao L, Yu ZJ, Li S. D1R-5-HT2AR Uncoupling Reduces Depressive Behaviours via HDAC Signalling. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1875-1892. [PMID: 37782408 PMCID: PMC10684469 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine and serotonin signalling are associated with major depressive disorder, which is a prevalent life-threatening illness worldwide. Numerous FDA-approved dopamine/serotonin signalling-modifying drugs are available but are associated with concurrent side effects and limited efficacy. Thus, identifying and targeting their signalling pathway is crucial for improving depression treatment. Here, we determined that serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2AR) abundantly forms a protein complex with dopamine receptor 1 (D1R) in high abundance via its carboxy-terminus in the brains of mice subjected to various chronic stress paradigms. Furthermore, the D1R/5-HT2AR interaction elicited CREB/ERK/AKT modulation during synaptic regulation. An interfering peptide (TAT-5-HT2AR-SV) agitated the D1R/5-HT2AR interaction and attenuated depressive symptoms accompanied by CREB/ERK molecule costimulation. Interestingly, HDAC antagonism but not TrkB antagonism reversed the antidepressant effect of competitive peptides. These findings revealed a novel D1R/5-HT2AR heteroreceptor complex mechanism in the pathophysiology of depression, and their uncoupling ameliorates depressive-like behaviours through HDAC-, and not BDNF-, dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infections, the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Tahir Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Shengnan Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qichao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Precision Medicine Research Centre, Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Liangliang Hao
- Hospital of Chengdu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infections, the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China.
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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19
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de Kock CPJ, Feldmeyer D. Shared and divergent principles of synaptic transmission between cortical excitatory neurons in rodent and human brain. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1274383. [PMID: 37731775 PMCID: PMC10508294 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1274383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Information transfer between principal neurons in neocortex occurs through (glutamatergic) synaptic transmission. In this focussed review, we provide a detailed overview on the strength of synaptic neurotransmission between pairs of excitatory neurons in human and laboratory animals with a specific focus on data obtained using patch clamp electrophysiology. We reach two major conclusions: (1) the synaptic strength, measured as unitary excitatory postsynaptic potential (or uEPSP), is remarkably consistent across species, cortical regions, layers and/or cell-types (median 0.5 mV, interquartile range 0.4-1.0 mV) with most variability associated with the cell-type specific connection studied (min 0.1-max 1.4 mV), (2) synaptic function cannot be generalized across human and rodent, which we exemplify by discussing the differences in anatomical and functional properties of pyramidal-to-pyramidal connections within human and rodent cortical layers 2 and 3. With only a handful of studies available on synaptic transmission in human, it is obvious that much remains unknown to date. Uncovering the shared and divergent principles of synaptic transmission across species however, will almost certainly be a pivotal step toward understanding human cognitive ability and brain function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan P. J. de Kock
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Aachen, Germany
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20
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Conradi J, E. Svensson J, V. Larsen S, Frokjaer VG. Is serotonin transporter brain binding associated with the cortisol awakening response? An independent non-replication. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290663. [PMID: 37651457 PMCID: PMC10470919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonergic brain signaling is considered critical for an appropriate and dynamic adaptation to stress, seemingly through modulating limbic system functions, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis. This interplay is of great interest since it holds promise as a target for preventing stress-related brain disorders, e.g., major depression. Our group has previously observed that prefrontal serotonin transporter (5-HTT) binding, imaged with positron emission tomography (PET), is positively associated with the cortisol awakening response (CAR), an index of HPA axis stress hormone dynamics. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to replicate the previous finding in a larger independent group of healthy individuals. METHODS Molecular imaging and cortisol data were available for 90 healthy individuals. Prefrontal 5-HTT binding was imaged with [11C]DASB brain PET. Non-displaceable 5-HTT binding potential (BPND) was quantified using the Multilinear Reference Tissue Model 2 (MRTM2) with cerebellum as the reference region. CAR was based on five serial salivary cortisol samples within the first hour upon awakening. The association between CAR and prefrontal 5-HTT BPND was evaluated using a multiple linear regression model adjusted for age and sex. Further, we tested for sex differences in the association. Finally, an exploratory analysis of the association, was performed in 8 additional brain regions. RESULTS We observed no statistically significant association between 5-HTT binding and CAR corrected for age and sex in the prefrontal cortex (β = -0.28, p = 0.26). We saw no interaction with sex on the association (p = 0.99). CONCLUSION We could not confirm a positive association between CAR and prefrontal 5-HTT BPND in this independent dataset. Also, sex differences in the association were not apparent. Our data do not exclude that the serotonin transporter system is involved in the regulation of stress responses in at-risk or manifest depressed states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Conradi
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas E. Svensson
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren V. Larsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibe G. Frokjaer
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Services Capital Region Denmark, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Dag U, Nwabudike I, Kang D, Gomes MA, Kim J, Atanas AA, Bueno E, Estrem C, Pugliese S, Wang Z, Towlson E, Flavell SW. Dissecting the functional organization of the C. elegans serotonergic system at whole-brain scale. Cell 2023; 186:2574-2592.e20. [PMID: 37192620 PMCID: PMC10484565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin influences many aspects of animal behavior. But how serotonin acts on its diverse receptors across the brain to modulate global activity and behavior is unknown. Here, we examine how serotonin release in C. elegans alters brain-wide activity to induce foraging behaviors, like slow locomotion and increased feeding. Comprehensive genetic analyses identify three core serotonin receptors (MOD-1, SER-4, and LGC-50) that induce slow locomotion upon serotonin release and others (SER-1, SER-5, and SER-7) that interact with them to modulate this behavior. SER-4 induces behavioral responses to sudden increases in serotonin release, whereas MOD-1 induces responses to persistent release. Whole-brain imaging reveals widespread serotonin-associated brain dynamics, spanning many behavioral networks. We map all sites of serotonin receptor expression in the connectome, which, together with synaptic connectivity, helps predict which neurons show serotonin-associated activity. These results reveal how serotonin acts at defined sites across a connectome to modulate brain-wide activity and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Dag
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ijeoma Nwabudike
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Di Kang
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew A Gomes
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jungsoo Kim
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam A Atanas
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Bueno
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cassi Estrem
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Pugliese
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emma Towlson
- Department of Computer Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Research Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Steven W Flavell
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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22
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Nicoletti F, Di Menna L, Iacovelli L, Orlando R, Zuena AR, Conn PJ, Dogra S, Joffe ME. GPCR interactions involving metabotropic glutamate receptors and their relevance to the pathophysiology and treatment of CNS disorders. Neuropharmacology 2023; 235:109569. [PMID: 37142158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular responses to metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor activation are shaped by mechanisms of receptor-receptor interaction. mGlu receptor subtypes form homodimers, intra- or inter-group heterodimers, and heteromeric complexes with other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In addition, mGlu receptors may functionally interact with other receptors through the βγ subunits released from G proteins in response to receptor activation or other mechanisms. Here, we discuss the interactions between (i) mGlu1 and GABAB receptors in cerebellar Purkinje cells; (ii) mGlu2 and 5-HT2Aserotonergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex; (iii) mGlu5 and A2A receptors or mGlu5 and D1 dopamine receptors in medium spiny projection neurons of the indirect and direct pathways of the basal ganglia motor circuit; (iv) mGlu5 and A2A receptors in relation to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease; and (v) mGlu7 and A1 adenosine or α- or β1 adrenergic receptors. In addition, we describe in detail a novel form of non-heterodimeric interaction between mGlu3 and mGlu5 receptors, which appears to be critically involved in mechanisms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Finally, we highlight the potential implication of these interactions in the pathophysiology and treatment of cerebellar disorders, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias, stress-related disorders, and cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
| | | | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Italy; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Shalini Dogra
- Department of Pharmacology, Italy; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Max E Joffe
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
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23
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Delgado-Sallent C, Gener T, Nebot P, López-Cabezón C, Puig MV. Neural substrates of cognitive impairment in a NMDAR hypofunction mouse model of schizophrenia and partial rescue by risperidone. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1152248. [PMID: 37066076 PMCID: PMC10104169 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1152248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction is a pathophysiological mechanism relevant for schizophrenia. Acute administration of the NMDAR antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) induces psychosis in patients and animals while subchronic PCP (sPCP) produces cognitive dysfunction for weeks. We investigated the neural correlates of memory and auditory impairments in mice treated with sPCP and the rescuing abilities of the atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone administered daily for two weeks. We recorded neural activities in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) during memory acquisition, short-term, and long-term memory in the novel object recognition test and during auditory processing and mismatch negativity (MMN) and examined the effects of sPCP and sPCP followed by risperidone. We found that the information about the familiar object and its short-term storage were associated with mPFC→dHPC high gamma connectivity (phase slope index) whereas long-term memory retrieval depended on dHPC→mPFC theta connectivity. sPCP impaired short-term and long-term memories, which were associated with increased theta power in the mPFC, decreased gamma power and theta-gamma coupling in the dHPC, and disrupted mPFC-dHPC connectivity. Risperidone rescued the memory deficits and partly restored hippocampal desynchronization but did not ameliorate mPFC and circuit connectivity alterations. sPCP also impaired auditory processing and its neural correlates (evoked potentials and MMN) in the mPFC, which were also partly rescued by risperidone. Our study suggests that the mPFC and the dHPC disconnect during NMDAR hypofunction, possibly underlying cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, and that risperidone targets this circuit to ameliorate cognitive abilities in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Delgado-Sallent
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Gener
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and BIST, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Nebot
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Cabezón
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and BIST, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Puig
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and BIST, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: M. Victoria Puig,
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24
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Eckard ML, Welle K, Sobolewski M, Cory-Slechta DA. A behavioral timing intervention upregulates striatal serotonergic markers and reduces impulsive action in adult male mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 440:114267. [PMID: 36539165 PMCID: PMC9839656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many studies support the hypothesis that time-based interventions reduce impulsive behavior in rodents. However, few studies have directly assessed 1) how such interventions affect impulsive action rather than impulsive choice, 2) if intervention effects differ by sex, and 3) how time-based interventions affect neurochemistry in regions mediating decision-making and reward. Thus, we assessed how a fixed-interval (FI) intervention initiated during late adolescence and extending into adulthood affected dopaminergic and serotonergic analytes in the frontal cortex and striatum and subsequent impulsive action in adult male and female mice. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 45, mice were either trained on a progressive series of FI schedules (FI 20, 40, & 60 s) or remained in the home cage. Following the intervention, increases in striatal serotonergic analytes were found in FI-exposed males and females (n = 8/sex/group) with few changes found in the frontal cortex. Impulsive action was assessed in the remaining mice (n = 10/sex/group) using a fixed-ratio waiting-for-reward (FR-wait) task in which completion of an FR-25 component initiated a "free" pellet component in which pellets were delivered at increasing intervals according to a fixed delay increment that varied across sessions. Responses reset the additive delay and initiated a new FR-25 component. FI-exposed males, but not females, showed fewer delay resets and no-wait resets relative to control mice. Importantly, FI-exposure did not affect discrimination reversal performance in either sex. These data suggest that time-based interventions may reduce impulsive action in addition to impulsive choice perhaps with increased male sensitivity. Additionally, time-based interventions appear to operate through striatal serotonergic augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Eckard
- Department of Psychology, Radford University, Radford, VA, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - K Welle
- Mass Spectrometry Resource Laboratory, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D A Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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25
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The Role of α-Synuclein in the Regulation of Serotonin System: Physiological and Pathological Features. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020541. [PMID: 36831077 PMCID: PMC9953742 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD), up to 50% of them experience cognitive changes, and psychiatric disturbances, such as anxiety and depression, often precede the onset of motor symptoms and have a negative impact on their quality of life. Pathologically, PD is characterized by the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the presence of intracellular inclusions, called Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, composed mostly of α-synuclein (α-Syn). Much of PD research has focused on the role of α-Syn aggregates in the degeneration of SNc DA neurons due to the impact of striatal DA deficits on classical motor phenotypes. However, abundant Lewy pathology is also found in other brain regions including the midbrain raphe nuclei, which may contribute to non-motor symptoms. Indeed, dysfunction of the serotonergic (5-HT) system, which regulates mood and emotional pathways, occurs during the premotor phase of PD. However, little is known about the functional consequences of α-Syn inclusions in this neuronal population other than DA neurons. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of α-Syn and its role in regulating the 5-HT function in health and disease. Understanding the relative contributions to α-Syn-linked alterations in the 5-HT system may provide a basis for identifying PD patients at risk for developing depression and could lead to a more targeted therapeutic approach.
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26
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Saito Y, Sugimura T. Serotonergic current responses of neurons in rat oculomotor neural integrators. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:399-409. [PMID: 36651645 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00452.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The prepositus hypoglossi nucleus (PHN) and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) are involved in controlling horizontal and vertical gaze, respectively. Previous studies have shown that PHN neurons exhibit depolarized or hyperpolarized responses to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). However, serotonergic modulation of INC neurons has not been examined. Furthermore, the relationship between 5-HT-induced responses and neuron types based on neurotransmitter phenotypes has not been clarified. In this study, we investigated 5-HT-induced current responses in PHN and INC neurons and the distributions of distinct current responses in different neuron types, using whole cell recordings of wild-type and transgenic rat brain stem slices. Local application of 5-HT to the cell soma confirmed that slow inward (SI) and slow outward (SO) currents were mediated by 5-HT2 and 5-HT1A receptors, respectively. Furthermore, fast inward (FI) currents that were mediated by 5-HT3 receptors were observed. These three current responses were observed in both PHN and INC neurons. Analyses of the distributions of the three current responses revealed that fluorescently identified glutamatergic and inhibitory neurons in the PHN showed high proportions of SI and SO currents, respectively, whereas glutamatergic and inhibitory neurons in the INC showed mainly SO currents. When PHN and INC neurons were characterized on the basis of firing patterns, the proportions of the currents depended on the firing patterns. The different distributions of 5-HT-induced currents suggest distinct serotonergic modulation modes specific to horizontal and vertical gaze control.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Serotonergic modulation of vertical gaze control (interstitial nucleus of Cajal, INC) is less understood than that of horizontal gaze control (prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, PHN). Here, we report 5-HT-induced fast inward currents in addition to the previously reported slow inward and outward currents. The distributions of these currents in INC neurons based on neurotransmitter phenotypes differ from those in PHN neurons. These results suggest distinct serotonergic modulation modes in horizontal and vertical gaze control centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Sugimura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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27
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Dag U, Nwabudike I, Kang D, Gomes MA, Kim J, Atanas AA, Bueno E, Estrem C, Pugliese S, Wang Z, Towlson E, Flavell SW. Dissecting the Functional Organization of the C. elegans Serotonergic System at Whole-Brain Scale. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.15.524132. [PMID: 36711891 PMCID: PMC9882198 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.15.524132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin controls many aspects of animal behavior and cognition. But how serotonin acts on its diverse receptor types in neurons across the brain to modulate global activity and behavior is unknown. Here, we examine how serotonin release from a feeding-responsive neuron in C. elegans alters brain-wide activity to induce foraging behaviors, like slow locomotion and increased feeding. A comprehensive genetic analysis identifies three core serotonin receptors that collectively induce slow locomotion upon serotonin release and three others that interact with them to further modulate this behavior. The core receptors have different functional roles: some induce behavioral responses to sudden increases in serotonin release, whereas others induce responses to persistent release. Whole-brain calcium imaging reveals widespread serotonin-associated brain dynamics, impacting different behavioral networks in different ways. We map out all sites of serotonin receptor expression in the connectome, which, together with synaptic connectivity, helps predict serotonin-associated brain-wide activity changes. These results provide a global view of how serotonin acts at defined sites across a connectome to modulate brain-wide activity and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Dag
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ijeoma Nwabudike
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Di Kang
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Matthew A. Gomes
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jungsoo Kim
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam A. Atanas
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Bueno
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cassi Estrem
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Pugliese
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emma Towlson
- Department of Computer Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children’s Research Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steven W. Flavell
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Corresponding Author:
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28
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Gacoin M, Ben Hamed S. Fluoxetine degrades luminance perceptual thresholds while enhancing motivation and reward sensitivity. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1103999. [PMID: 37153796 PMCID: PMC10157648 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin activity in the brain. While they are mostly known for their antidepressant properties, they have been shown to improve visual functions in amblyopia and impact cognitive functions ranging from attention to motivation and sensitivity to reward. Yet, a clear understanding of the specific action of serotonin to each of bottom-up sensory and top-down cognitive control components and their interaction is still missing. To address this question, we characterize, in two adult male macaques, the behavioral effects of fluoxetine, a specific SSRI, on visual perception under varying bottom-up (luminosity, distractors) and top-down (uncertainty, reward biases) constraints while they are performing three different visual tasks. We first manipulate target luminosity in a visual detection task, and we show that fluoxetine degrades luminance perceptual thresholds. We then use a target detection task in the presence of spatial distractors, and we show that under fluoxetine, monkeys display both more liberal responses as well as a degraded perceptual spatial resolution. In a last target selection task, involving free choice in the presence of reward biases, we show that monkeys display an increased sensitivity to reward outcome under fluoxetine. In addition, we report that monkeys produce, under fluoxetine, more trials and less aborts, increased pupil size, shorter blink durations, as well as task-dependent changes in reaction times. Overall, while low level vision appears to be degraded by fluoxetine, performances in the visual tasks are maintained under fluoxetine due to enhanced top-down control based on task outcome and reward maximization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Gacoin
- *Correspondence: Maëva Gacoin, ; Suliann Ben Hamed,
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29
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5-HT-dependent synaptic plasticity of the prefrontal cortex in postnatal development. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21015. [PMID: 36470912 PMCID: PMC9723183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Important functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are established during early life, when neurons exhibit enhanced synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis. This developmental stage drives the organization of cortical connectivity, responsible for establishing behavioral patterns. Serotonin (5-HT) emerges among the most significant factors that modulate brain activity during postnatal development. In the PFC, activated 5-HT receptors modify neuronal excitability and interact with intracellular signaling involved in synaptic modifications, thus suggesting that 5-HT might participate in early postnatal plasticity. To test this hypothesis, we employed intracellular electrophysiological recordings of PFC layer 5 neurons to study the modulatory effects of 5-HT on plasticity induced by theta-burst stimulation (TBS) in two postnatal periods of rats. Our results indicate that 5-HT is essential for TBS to result in synaptic changes during the third postnatal week, but not later. TBS coupled with 5-HT2A or 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors stimulation leads to long-term depression (LTD). On the other hand, TBS and synergic activation of 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT7 receptors lead to long-term potentiation (LTP). Finally, we also show that 5-HT dependent synaptic plasticity of the PFC is impaired in animals that are exposed to early-life chronic stress.
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30
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Edem EE, Okhonmina UE, Nebo KE, Akinluyi ET, Ikuelogbon DA, Fafure AA, Olabiyi AA, Adedokun MA. Combined Exposure to Chronic Sleep Deprivation and Caffeine Potentiates Behavioural Deficits by Altering Neurochemical Profile and Synaptophysin Expression in Long-Evans Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:2001-2015. [PMID: 36434357 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using the Unpredictable Chronic Sleep Deprivation (UCSD) paradigm we developed, the combined effects of chronic sleep deprivation and high caffeine intake on prefrontal cortical synaptophysin expression, neurochemical profiles, and behavioural outcomes in Long-Evans rats were evaluated. The combination of chronic sleep deprivation and high-dose caffeine treatment produced varying degrees of behavioural impairments, depletion of antioxidants, serotonin, and an upregulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the prefrontal cortex. An immunohistochemical assessment revealed a reduction in synaptophysin protein expression in the prefrontal cortex following exposure to high-dose caffeine and chronic sleep deprivation. Overall, our findings support the advocacy for adequate sleep for optimal mental performance as a high intake of caffeine to attenuate the effects of sleep deprivation that may alter the neurochemical profile and synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex, significantly increasing the risk of neuropsychiatric/degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edem Ekpenyong Edem
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. .,Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria.
| | - Uyi Emmanuel Okhonmina
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Kate Eberechukwu Nebo
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Toyin Akinluyi
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Adedamola Adediran Fafure
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji Augustine Olabiyi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ekiti State, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Mujeeb Adekunle Adedokun
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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Zhukov IS, Karpova IV, Krotova NA, Tissen IY, Demin KA, Shabanov PD, Budygin EA, Kalueff AV, Gainetdinov RR. Enhanced Aggression, Reduced Self-Grooming Behavior and Altered 5-HT Regulation in the Frontal Cortex in Mice Lacking Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214066. [PMID: 36430544 PMCID: PMC9695497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) is one of the six functional receptors belonging to the family of monoamine-related G protein-coupled receptors (TAAR1-TAAR9) found in humans. However, the exact biological mechanisms of TAAR1 central and peripheral action remain to be fully understood. TAAR1 is widely expressed in the prefrontal cortex and several limbic regions, interplaying with the dopamine system to modulate the reward circuitry. Recent clinical trials suggest the efficacy of TAAR1 agonists as potential novel antipsychotic agents. Here, we characterize behavioral and neurochemical phenotypes of TAAR1 knockout mice, focusing on aggression and self-grooming behavior that both strongly depend on the monoaminergic signaling and cortico-striatal and cortico-limbic circuits. Overall, we report increased aggression in these knockout mice in the resident-intruder test, accompanied by reduced self-grooming behavior in the novelty-induced grooming test, and by higher cortical serotonin (5-HT) tissue levels. Further studies are necessary to explore whether TAAR1-based therapies can become potential novel treatments for a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya S. Zhukov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, University nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov str. 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Inessa V. Karpova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov str. 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nataliya A. Krotova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, University nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Y. Tissen
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov str. 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin A. Demin
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, University nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Petr D. Shabanov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov str. 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Budygin
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, University nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, University nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Beopoulos A, Géa M, Fasano A, Iris F. Autism spectrum disorders pathogenesis: Toward a comprehensive model based on neuroanatomic and neurodevelopment considerations. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:988735. [PMID: 36408388 PMCID: PMC9671112 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.988735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves alterations in neural connectivity affecting cortical network organization and excitation to inhibition ratio. It is characterized by an early increase in brain volume mediated by abnormal cortical overgrowth patterns and by increases in size, spine density, and neuron population in the amygdala and surrounding nuclei. Neuronal expansion is followed by a rapid decline from adolescence to middle age. Since no known neurobiological mechanism in human postnatal life is capable of generating large excesses of frontocortical neurons, this likely occurs due to a dysregulation of layer formation and layer-specific neuronal migration during key early stages of prenatal cerebral cortex development. This leads to the dysregulation of post-natal synaptic pruning and results in a huge variety of forms and degrees of signal-over-noise discrimination losses, accounting for ASD clinical heterogeneities, including autonomic nervous system abnormalities and comorbidities. We postulate that sudden changes in environmental conditions linked to serotonin/kynurenine supply to the developing fetus, throughout the critical GW7 - GW20 (Gestational Week) developmental window, are likely to promote ASD pathogenesis during fetal brain development. This appears to be driven by discrete alterations in differentiation and patterning mechanisms arising from in utero RNA editing, favoring vulnerability outcomes over plasticity outcomes. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive model of the pathogenesis and progression of ASD neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessio Fasano
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
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Unraveling the functional attributes of the language connectome: crucial subnetworks, flexibility and variability. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119672. [PMID: 36209795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Language processing is a highly integrative function, intertwining linguistic operations (processing the language code intentionally used for communication) and extra-linguistic processes (e.g., attention monitoring, predictive inference, long-term memory). This synergetic cognitive architecture requires a distributed and specialized neural substrate. Brain systems have mainly been examined at rest. However, task-related functional connectivity provides additional and valuable information about how information is processed when various cognitive states are involved. We gathered thirteen language fMRI tasks in a unique database of one hundred and fifty neurotypical adults (InLang [Interactive networks of Language] database), providing the opportunity to assess language features across a wide range of linguistic processes. Using this database, we applied network theory as a computational tool to model the task-related functional connectome of language (LANG atlas). The organization of this data-driven neurocognitive atlas of language was examined at multiple levels, uncovering its major components (or crucial subnetworks), and its anatomical and functional correlates. In addition, we estimated its reconfiguration as a function of linguistic demand (flexibility) or several factors such as age or gender (variability). We observed that several discrete networks could be specifically shaped to promote key functional features of language: coding-decoding (Net1), control-executive (Net2), abstract-knowledge (Net3), and sensorimotor (Net4) functions. The architecture of these systems and the functional connectivity of the pivotal brain regions varied according to the nature of the linguistic process, gender, or age. By accounting for the multifaceted nature of language and modulating factors, this study can contribute to enriching and refining existing neurocognitive models of language. The LANG atlas can also be considered a reference for comparative or clinical studies involving various patients and conditions.
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Gambino G, Bhik-Ghanie R, Giglia G, Puig MV, Ramirez-Villegas J, Zaldivar D. Editorial: Neuromodulatory ascending systems: Their influence at the microscopic and macroscopic levels. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:1028154. [DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.1028154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kessi M, Duan H, Xiong J, Chen B, He F, Yang L, Ma Y, Bamgbade OA, Peng J, Yin F. Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder updates. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:925049. [PMID: 36211978 PMCID: PMC9532551 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.925049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that commonly occurs in children with a prevalence ranging from 3.4 to 7.2%. It profoundly affects academic achievement, well-being, and social interactions. As a result, this disorder is of high cost to both individuals and society. Despite the availability of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of ADHD, the pathogenesis is not clear, hence, the existence of many challenges especially in making correct early diagnosis and provision of accurate management. Objectives We aimed to review the pathogenic pathways of ADHD in children. The major focus was to provide an update on the reported etiologies in humans, animal models, modulators, therapies, mechanisms, epigenetic changes, and the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Methods References for this review were identified through a systematic search in PubMed by using special keywords for all years until January 2022. Results Several genes have been reported to associate with ADHD: DRD1, DRD2, DRD4, DAT1, TPH2, HTR1A, HTR1B, SLC6A4, HTR2A, DBH, NET1, ADRA2A, ADRA2C, CHRNA4, CHRNA7, GAD1, GRM1, GRM5, GRM7, GRM8, TARBP1, ADGRL3, FGF1, MAOA, BDNF, SNAP25, STX1A, ATXN7, and SORCS2. Some of these genes have evidence both from human beings and animal models, while others have evidence in either humans or animal models only. Notably, most of these animal models are knockout and do not generate the genetic alteration of the patients. Besides, some of the gene polymorphisms reported differ according to the ethnic groups. The majority of the available animal models are related to the dopaminergic pathway. Epigenetic changes including SUMOylation, methylation, and acetylation have been reported in genes related to the dopaminergic pathway. Conclusion The dopaminergic pathway remains to be crucial in the pathogenesis of ADHD. It can be affected by environmental factors and other pathways. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how environmental factors relate to all neurotransmitter pathways; thus, more studies are needed. Although several genes have been related to ADHD, there are few animal model studies on the majority of the genes, and they do not generate the genetic alteration of the patients. More animal models and epigenetic studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kessi
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Haolin Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Baiyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Olumuyiwa A. Bamgbade
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Yin,
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Golden CT, Chadderton P. Psilocybin reduces low frequency oscillatory power and neuronal phase-locking in the anterior cingulate cortex of awake rodents. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12702. [PMID: 35882885 PMCID: PMC9325720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16325-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psilocybin is a hallucinogenic compound that is showing promise in the ability to treat neurological conditions such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. There have been several investigations into the neural correlates of psilocybin administration using non-invasive methods, however, there has yet to be an invasive study of the mechanism of action in awake rodents. Using multi-unit extracellular recordings, we recorded local field potential and spiking activity from populations of neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex of awake mice during the administration of psilocybin (2 mg/kg). The power of low frequency bands in the local field potential was found to significantly decrease in response to psilocybin administration, whilst gamma band activity trended towards an increase. The population firing rate was found to increase overall, with just under half of individual neurons showing a significant increase. Psilocybin significantly decreased the level of phase modulation of cells with each neural frequency band except high-gamma oscillations, consistent with a desynchronization of cortical populations. Furthermore, bursting behavior was altered in a subset of cells, with both positive and negative changes in the rate of bursting. Neurons that increased their burst firing following psilocybin administration were highly likely to transition from a phase-modulated to a phase unmodulated state. Taken together, psilocybin reduces low frequency oscillatory power, increases overall firing rates and desynchronizes local neural activity. These findings are consistent with dissolution of the default mode network under psilocybin, and may be indicative of disruption of top-down processing in the acute psychedelic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline T Golden
- Department of Bioengineering and Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul Chadderton
- School of Physiology Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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Shine JM, O’Callaghan C, Walpola IC, Wainstein G, Taylor N, Aru J, Huebner B, John YJ. Understanding the effects of serotonin in the brain through its role in the gastrointestinal tract. Brain 2022; 145:2967-2981. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The neuromodulatory arousal system imbues the nervous system with the flexibility and robustness required to facilitate adaptive behaviour. While there are well-understood mechanisms linking dopamine, noradrenaline and acetylcholine to distinct behavioural states, similar conclusions have not been as readily available for serotonin. Fascinatingly, despite clear links between serotonergic function and cognitive capacities as diverse as reward processing, exploration, and the psychedelic experience, over 95% of the serotonin in the body is released in the gastrointestinal tract, where it controls digestive muscle contractions (peristalsis). Here, we argue that framing neural serotonin as a rostral extension of the gastrointestinal serotonergic system dissolves much of the mystery associated with the central serotonergic system. Specifically, we outline that central serotonin activity mimics the effects of a digestion/satiety circuit mediated by hypothalamic control over descending serotonergic nuclei in the brainstem. We review commonalities and differences between these two circuits, with a focus on the heterogeneous expression of different classes of serotonin receptors in the brain. Much in the way that serotonin-induced peristalsis facilitates the work of digestion, serotonergic influences over cognition can be reframed as performing the work of cognition. Extending this analogy, we argue that the central serotonergic system allows the brain to arbitrate between different cognitive modes as a function of serotonergic tone: low activity facilitates cognitive automaticity, whereas higher activity helps to identify flexible solutions to problems, particularly if and when the initial responses fail. This perspective sheds light on otherwise disparate capacities mediated by serotonin, and also helps to understand why there are such pervasive links between serotonergic pathology and the symptoms of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ishan C Walpola
- Prince of Wales Hospital , Randwick, New South Wales , Australia
| | | | | | - Jaan Aru
- University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
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Souza R, Bueno D, Lima LB, Muchon MJ, Gonçalves L, Donato J, Shammah-Lagnado SJ, Metzger M. Top-down projections of the prefrontal cortex to the ventral tegmental area, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and median raphe nucleus. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2465-2487. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Collins SM, O’Connell CJ, Reeder EL, Norman SV, Lungani K, Gopalan P, Gudelsky GA, Robson MJ. Altered Serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) Receptor Signaling Underlies Mild TBI-Elicited Deficits in Social Dominance. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:930346. [PMID: 35910378 PMCID: PMC9337880 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.930346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various forms of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are a leading cause of disability in the United States, with the generation of neuropsychiatric complications such as depression, anxiety, social dysfunction, and suicidality being common comorbidities. Serotonin (5-HT) signaling is linked to psychiatric disorders; however, the effects of neurotrauma on normal, homeostatic 5-HT signaling within the central nervous system (CNS) have not been well characterized. We hypothesize that TBI alters specific components of 5-HT signaling within the CNS and that the elucidation of specific TBI-induced alterations in 5-HT signaling may identify novel targets for pharmacotherapies that ameliorate the neuropsychiatric complications of TBI. Herein, we provide evidence that closed-head blast-induced mild TBI (mTBI) results in selective alterations in cortical 5-HT2A receptor signaling. We find that mTBI increases in vivo cortical 5-HT2A receptor sensitivity and ex vivo radioligand binding at time points corresponding with mTBI-induced deficits in social behavior. In contrast, in vivo characterizations of 5-HT1A receptor function revealed no effect of mTBI. Notably, we find that repeated pharmacologic activation of 5-HT2A receptors post-injury reverses deficits in social dominance resulting from mTBI. Cumulatively, these studies provide evidence that mTBI drives alterations in cortical 5-HT2A receptor function and that selective targeting of TBI-elicited alterations in 5-HT2A receptor signaling may represent a promising avenue for the development of pharmacotherapies for TBI-induced generation of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Collins
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christopher J. O’Connell
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Evan L. Reeder
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sophia V. Norman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Arts and Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kainat Lungani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Arts and Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Poornima Gopalan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Arts and Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Gary A. Gudelsky
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Matthew J. Robson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew J. Robson,
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Morici JF, Cicuttin G, Silva A, Gallo FT, Miranda M, Beluscio M, Zold C, Bekinschtein P, Weisstaub NV. Serotonin Type 2a Receptor in the Prefrontal Cortex Controls Perirhinal Cortex Excitability During Object Recognition Memory Recall. Neuroscience 2022; 497:196-205. [PMID: 35597334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous experiences can drive adaptive behavior based on different characteristics, including contextual ones. Indeed, contextual information can be used as a criterion to guide the recall of the most relevant memory trace and the inhibition of others. The medial Prefontal Cortex (mPFC) has been proposed as an area that plays a pivotal role in regulating the retrieval of memory traces in downstream regions. Also, we have shown that mPFC Serotonin 2a Receptors (5-HT2aR) modulates the retrieval of a contextually guided recognition memory task and modulates the retrieval and reconsolidation of memories in the Perirhinal Cortex (PRH). However, how the mPFC output mediated by the 5-HT2aR activity is modulating memory retrieval in the PRH is a question that remains unclear. To tackle this question, we analyzed neuronal activity in the PRH and mPFC, by measuring expression of the immediate early gene c-Fos. We combined behavioral, pharmacological and immunohistochemical techniques to examine how mPFC 5-HT2aR controls mPFC and the PRH activity. We found that blockade of mPFC 5-HT2aR increase the level of c-Fos expression in the PHR and that this increase correlates with animals' performance in the task. We also found an increase in c-Fos expression in the mPFC after mPFC 5-HT2aR blockade that does not correlate with the animals' behavioral response. However, these changes showed a significant correlation with those observed in the PRH. These results suggest that mPFC 5-HT2aR signaling may modulate the behavioral response during memory recall by controlling the neuronal activation in the PRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Morici
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional, Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Favaloro, Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Pacheco de Melo 1860, C1126AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Cicuttin
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional, Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Favaloro, Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Pacheco de Melo 1860, C1126AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Silva
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Bernardo Houssay" (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F T Gallo
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional, Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Favaloro, Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Pacheco de Melo 1860, C1126AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Miranda
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional, Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Favaloro, Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Pacheco de Melo 1860, C1126AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Beluscio
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Bernardo Houssay" (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Zold
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Bernardo Houssay" (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Bekinschtein
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional, Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Favaloro, Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Pacheco de Melo 1860, C1126AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N V Weisstaub
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional, Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Favaloro, Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Pacheco de Melo 1860, C1126AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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The Interaction between Serotonin Transporter Allelic Variation and Maternal Care Modulates Instagram Sociability in a Sample of Singaporean Users. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095348. [PMID: 35564743 PMCID: PMC9105050 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human social interactions ensure recognition and approval from others, both in offline and online environments. This study applies a model from behavioral genetics on Instagram sociability to explore the impact of individual development on behavior on social networks. We hypothesize that sociable attitudes on Instagram resulted from an interaction between serotonin transporter gene alleles and the individual’s social relationship with caregivers. We assess the environmental and genetic components of 57 Instagram users. The self-report questionnaire Parental Bonding Instrument is adopted to determine the quality of parental bonding. The number of posts, followed users (“followings”), and followers are collected from Instagram as measures of online social activity. Additionally, the ratio between the number of followers and followings (“Social Desirability Index”) was calculated to estimate the asymmetry of each user’s social network. Finally, buccal mucosa cell samples were acquired, and the polymorphism rs25531 (T/T homozygotes vs. C-carriers) within the serotonin transporter gene was examined. In the preliminary analysis, we identified a gender effect on the number of followings. In addition, we specifically found a gene–environment interaction on the standardized Instagram “Social Desirability Index” in line with our predictions. Users with the genotype more sensitive to environmental influences (T/T homozygotes) showed a higher Instagram “Social Desirability Index” than nonsensitive ones (C-carriers) when they experienced positive maternal care. This result may contribute to understanding online social behavior from a gene*environment perspective.
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5-HT2A receptor dysregulation in a schizophrenia relevant mouse model of NMDA receptor hypofunction. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:168. [PMID: 35459266 PMCID: PMC9033804 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) is known to augment cortical serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2ARs), which is implicated in psychosis. However, the pathways from NMDAR hypofunction to 5-HT2AR up-regulation are unclear. Here we addressed in mice whether genetic deletion of the indispensable NMDAR-subunit Grin1 principally in corticolimbic parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking interneurons, could up-regulate 5-HT2ARs leading to cortical hyper-excitability. First, in vivo local-field potential recording revealed that auditory cortex in Grin1 mutant mice became hyper-excitable upon exposure to acoustic click-train stimuli that release 5-HT in the cortex. This excitability increase was reproduced ex vivo where it consisted of an increased frequency of action potential (AP) firing in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of mutant auditory cortex. Application of the 5-HT2AR agonist TCB-2 produced similar results. The effect of click-trains was reversed by the 5-HT2AR antagonist M100907 both in vivo and ex vivo. Increase in AP frequency of pyramidal neurons was also reversed by application of Gαq protein inhibitor BIM-46187 and G protein-gated inwardly-rectifying K+ (GIRK) channel activator ML297. In fast-spiking interneurons, 5-HT2AR activation normally promotes GABA release, contributing to decreased excitability of postsynaptic pyramidal neurons, which was missing in the mutants. Moreover, unlike the controls, the GABAA receptor antagonist (+)-bicuculline had little effect on AP frequency of mutant pyramidal neurons, indicating a disinhibition state. These results suggest that the auditory-induced hyper-excitable state is conferred via GABA release deficits from Grin1-lacking interneurons leading to 5-HT2AR dysregulation and GIRK channel suppression in cortical pyramidal neurons, which could be involved in auditory psychosis.
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Martucci LL, Cancela JM. Neurophysiological functions and pharmacological tools of acidic and non-acidic Ca2+ stores. Cell Calcium 2022; 104:102582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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de Oliveira RP, de Andrade JS, Spina M, Chamon JV, Silva PHD, Werder AK, Ortolani D, Thomaz LDSC, Romariz S, Ribeiro DA, Longo BM, Spadari RC, Viana MDB, Melo-Thomas L, Céspedes IC, da Silva RCB. Clozapine prevented social interaction deficits and reduced c-Fos immunoreactivity expression in several brain areas of rats exposed to acute restraint stress. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262728. [PMID: 35239670 PMCID: PMC8893644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluate the effect of acute restraint stress (15 min) of male Wistar rats on social interaction measurements and c-Fos immunoreactivity (c-Fos-ir) expression, a marker of neuronal activity, in areas involved with the modulation of acute physical restraint in rats, i.e., the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), median raphe nucleus (MnR), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), cingulate prefrontal cortex (cPFC), nucleus accumbens (NaC), hippocampus (CA3), lateral septum (LS) and medial amygdala (MeA). We considered the hypothesis that restraint stress exposure could promote social withdrawal induced by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, and increase c-Fos expression in these limbic forebrain areas investigated. In addition, we investigated whether pretreatment with the atypical antipsychotic clozapine (5 mg/kg; I.P.) could attenuate or block the effects of restraint on these responses. We found that restraint stress induced social withdrawal, and increased c-Fos-ir in these areas, demonstrating that a single 15 min session of physical restraint of rats effectively activated the HPA axis, representing an effective tool for the investigation of neuronal activity in brain regions sensitive to stress. Conversely, pretreatment with clozapine, prevented social withdrawal and reduced c-Fos expression. We suggest that treatment with clozapine exerted a preventive effect in the social interaction deficit, at least in part, by blocking the effect of restraint stress in brain regions that are known to regulate the HPA-axis, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, septum and amygdala. Further experiments will be done to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Simões de Andrade
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Marianna Spina
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - João Vítor Chamon
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | | | - Ana Keyla Werder
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Daniela Ortolani
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | | | - Simone Romariz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Beatriz Monteiro Longo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia Spadari
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Liana Melo-Thomas
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps-Universityof Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Marburg Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (MCMBB), Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Cristina Céspedes
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Cláudia Barbosa da Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
- Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Desrochers SS, Spring MG, Nautiyal KM. A Role for Serotonin in Modulating Opposing Drive and Brake Circuits of Impulsivity. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:791749. [PMID: 35250501 PMCID: PMC8892181 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.791749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity generally refers to a deficit in inhibition, with a focus on understanding the neural circuits which constitute the “brake” on actions and gratification. It is likely that increased impulsivity can arise not only from reduced inhibition, but also from a heightened or exaggerated excitatory “drive.” For example, an action which has more vigor, or is fueled by either increased incentive salience or a stronger action-outcome association, may be harder to inhibit. From this perspective, this review focuses on impulse control as a competition over behavioral output between an initially learned response-reward outcome association, and a subsequently acquired opposing inhibitory association. Our goal is to present a synthesis of research from humans and animal models that supports this dual-systems approach to understanding the behavioral and neural substrates that contribute to impulsivity, with a focus on the neuromodulatory role of serotonin. We review evidence for the role of serotonin signaling in mediating the balance of the “drive” and “brake” circuits. Additionally, we consider parallels of these competing instrumental systems in impulsivity within classical conditioning processes (e.g., extinction) in order to point us to potential behavioral and neural mechanisms that may modulate the competing instrumental associations. Finally, we consider how the balance of these competing associations might contribute to, or be extracted from, our experimental assessments of impulsivity. A careful understanding of the underlying behavioral and circuit level contributions to impulsivity is important for understanding the pathogenesis of increased impulsivity present in a number of psychiatric disorders. Pathological levels of impulsivity in such disorders are likely subserved by deficits in the balance of motivational and inhibitory processes.
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Normalizing hyperactivity of the Gunn rat with bilirubin-induced neurological disorders via ketanserin. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:556-564. [PMID: 33790408 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia has been known to cause the clinical syndrome of kernicterus and a milder one the syndrome of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND). BIND clinically manifests itself after the neonatal period as developmental delay, cognitive impairment, and related behavioral and psychiatric disorders. The complete picture of BIND is not clear. METHODS The Gunn rat is a mutant strain of the Wistar rat with the BIND phenotype, and it demonstrates abnormal behavior. We investigated serotonergic dysfunction in Gunn rats by pharmacological analyses and ex vivo neurochemical analyses. RESULTS Ketanserin, the 5-HT2AR antagonist, normalizes hyperlocomotion of Gunn rats. Both serotonin and its metabolites in the frontal cortex of Gunn rats were higher in concentrations than in control Wistar rats. The 5-HT2AR mRNA expression was downregulated without alteration of the protein abundance in the Gunn rat frontal cortex. The TPH2 protein level in the Gunn rat raphe region was significantly higher than that in the Wistar rat. CONCLUSIONS It would be of value to be able to postulate that a therapeutic strategy for BIND disorders would be the restoration of brain regions affected by the serotonergic dysfunction to normal operation to prevent before or to normalize after onset of BIND manifestations. IMPACT We demonstrated serotonergic dysregulation underlying hyperlocomotion in Gunn rats. This finding suggests that a therapeutic strategy for bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) would be the restoration of brain regions affected by the serotonergic dysfunction to normal operation to prevent before or to normalize after the onset of the BIND manifestations. Ketanserin normalizes hyperlocomotion of Gunn rats. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a hyperlocomotion link to serotonergic dysregulation in Gunn rats.
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Mack NR, Deng SX, Yang SS, Shu YS, Gao WJ. Prefrontal Cortical Control of Anxiety: Recent Advances. Neuroscientist 2022:10738584211069071. [PMID: 35086369 PMCID: PMC9869286 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211069071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex is commonly implicated in anxiety disorders, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Approach-avoidance conflict tasks have been extensively used in animal research to better understand how changes in neural activity within the prefrontal cortex contribute to avoidance behaviors, which are believed to play a major role in the maintenance of anxiety disorders. In this article, we first review studies utilizing in vivo electrophysiology to reveal the relationship between changes in neural activity and avoidance behavior in rodents. We then review recent studies that take advantage of optical and genetic techniques to test the unique contribution of specific prefrontal cortex circuits and cell types to the control of anxiety-related avoidance behaviors. This new body of work reveals that behavior during approach-avoidance conflict is dynamically modulated by individual cell types, distinct neural pathways, and specific oscillatory frequencies. The integration of these different pathways, particularly as mediated by interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons, represents an exciting opportunity for the future of understanding anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R. Mack
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Sui-Xin Deng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sha-Sha Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - You-Sheng Shu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China,Corresponding author: You-Sheng Shu, Ph.D., Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Fudan University, 131 Dong’an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China, ; Wen-Jun Gao, M.D., Ph.D.,
| | - Wen-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129,Corresponding author: You-Sheng Shu, Ph.D., Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Fudan University, 131 Dong’an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China, ; Wen-Jun Gao, M.D., Ph.D.,
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Ghin F, Beste C, Stock AK. Neurobiological mechanisms of control in alcohol use disorder - moving towards mechanism-based non-invasive brain stimulation treatments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104508. [PMID: 34942268 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by excessive habitual drinking and loss of control over alcohol intake despite negative consequences. Both of these aspects foster uncontrolled drinking and high relapse rates in AUD patients. Yet, common interventions mostly focus on the phenomenological level, and prioritize the reduction of craving and withdrawal symptoms. Our review provides a mechanistic understanding of AUD and suggests alternative therapeutic approaches targeting the mechanisms underlying dysfunctional alcohol-related behaviours. Specifically, we explain how repeated drinking fosters the development of rigid drinking habits and is associated with diminished cognitive control. These behavioural and cognitive effects are then functionally related to the neurobiochemical effects of alcohol abuse. We further explain how alterations in fronto-striatal network activity may constitute the neurobiological correlates of these alcohol-related dysfunctions. Finally, we discuss limitations in current pharmacological AUD therapies and suggest non-invasive brain stimulation (like TMS and tDCS interventions) as a potential addition/alternative for modulating the activation of both cortical and subcortical areas to help re-establish the functional balance between controlled and automatic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Ghin
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Delgado-Sallent C, Nebot P, Gener T, Fath AB, Timplalexi M, Puig MV. Atypical, but Not Typical, Antipsychotic Drugs Reduce Hypersynchronized Prefrontal-Hippocampal Circuits during Psychosis-Like States in Mice: Contribution of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A Receptors. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3472-3487. [PMID: 34875009 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural synchrony and functional connectivity are disrupted in schizophrenia. We investigated changes in prefrontal-hippocampal neural dynamics during psychosis-like states induced by the NMDAR antagonist phencyclidine and subsequent rescue by two atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs), risperidone and clozapine, and the classical APD haloperidol. The psychotomimetic effects of phencyclidine were associated with prefrontal hypersynchronization, hippocampal desynchronization, and disrupted circuit connectivity. Phencyclidine boosted prefrontal oscillatory power at atypical bands within delta, gamma, and high frequency ranges, while irregular cross-frequency and spike-LFP coupling emerged. In the hippocampus, phencyclidine enhanced delta rhythms but suppressed theta oscillations, theta-gamma coupling, and theta-beta spike-LFP coupling. Baseline interregional theta-gamma coupling, theta phase coherence, and hippocampus-to-cortex theta signals were redirected to delta frequencies. Risperidone and clozapine, but not haloperidol, reduced phencyclidine-induced prefrontal and cortical-hippocampal hypersynchrony. None of the substances restored hippocampal and circuit desynchronization. These results suggest that AAPDs, but not typical APDs, target prefrontal-hippocampal pathways to elicit antipsychotic action. We investigated whether the affinity of AAPDs for serotonin receptors could explain their distinct effects. Serotonin 5-HT2AR antagonism by M100907 and 5-HT1AR agonism by 8-OH-DPAT reduced prefrontal hypersynchronization. Our results point to fundamentally different neural mechanisms underlying the action of atypical versus typical APDs with selective contribution of serotonin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Delgado-Sallent
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Nebot
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Gener
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda B Fath
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Melina Timplalexi
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Victoria Puig
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Craig F, Mascheroni E, Giorda R, Felline MG, Bacco MG, Castagna A, Tenuta F, Villa M, Costabile A, Trabacca A, Montirosso R. Exploring the Contribution of Proximal Family Risk Factors on SLC6A4 DNA Methylation in Children with a History of Maltreatment: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312736. [PMID: 34886461 PMCID: PMC8657512 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cumulative effects of proximal family risk factors have been associated with a high number of adverse outcomes in childhood maltreatment, and DNA methylation of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) has been associated with child maltreatment. However, the relationships between proximal family risk factors and SLC6A4 methylation remains unexplored. We examined the association among cumulative family risk factors, maltreatment experiences and DNA methylation in the SLC6A4 gene in a sample of 33 child victims of maltreatment. We computed a cumulative family risk (CFR) index that included proximal family risk factors, such as drug or alcohol abuse, psychopathology, parents’ experiences of maltreatment/abuse in childhood, criminal history, and domestic violence. The majority of children (90.9%) experienced more than one type of maltreatment. Hierarchical regression models suggested that the higher the CFR index score and the number of maltreatment experiences, and the older the children, the higher the SLC6A4 DNA methylation levels. Although preliminary, our findings suggest that, along with childhood maltreatment experiences per se, cumulative proximal family risk factors are seemingly critically associated with DNA methylation at the SLC6A4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Craig
- Department of Culture, Education and Society, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (F.C.); (F.T.); (A.C.)
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 72100 Brindisi, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Eleonora Mascheroni
- 0–3 Center for the at-Risk Infant, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy; (E.M.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy; (R.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Maria Grazia Felline
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 72100 Brindisi, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Maria Grazia Bacco
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 72100 Brindisi, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Annalisa Castagna
- 0–3 Center for the at-Risk Infant, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy; (E.M.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Flaviana Tenuta
- Department of Culture, Education and Society, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (F.C.); (F.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Marco Villa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy; (R.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Angela Costabile
- Department of Culture, Education and Society, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (F.C.); (F.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Trabacca
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 72100 Brindisi, Italy; (M.G.F.); (M.G.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosario Montirosso
- 0–3 Center for the at-Risk Infant, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy; (E.M.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
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