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Blum K, Mclaughlin T, Gold MS, Gondre-Lewis MC, Thanos PK, Elman I, Baron D, Bowirrat A, Barh D, Khalsa J, Hanna C, Jafari N, Zeine F, Braverman ER, Dennen C, Makale MT, Makale M, Sunder K, Murphy KT, Badgaiyan RD. Are We Getting High Cause the Thrill is Gone? JOURNAL OF ADDICTION PSYCHIATRY 2023; 7:5-516. [PMID: 38164471 PMCID: PMC10758019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In the USA alone, opioid use disorder (OUD) affects approximately 27 million people. While the number of prescriptions may be declining due to increased CDC guidance and prescriber education, fatalities due to fentanyl-laced street heroin are still rising. Our laboratory has extended the overall concept of both substance and non-substance addictive behaviors, calling it "Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)." Who are its victims, and how do we get this unwanted disorder? Is RDS caused by genes (Nature), environment (Neuro-epigenetics, Nurture), or both? Recent research identifies resting-state functional connectivity in the brain reward circuitry as a crucial factor. Analogously, it is of importance to acknowledge that the cumulative discharge of dopamine, governed by the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and modulated by an array of additional neurotransmitters, constitutes a cornerstone of an individual's overall well-being. Neuroimaging reveals that high-risk individuals exhibit a blunted response to stimuli, potentially due to DNA polymorphisms or epigenetic alterations. This discovery has given rise to the idea of a diminished 'thrill,' though we must consider whether this 'thrill' may have been absent from birth due to high-risk genetic predispositions for addiction. This article reviews this issue and suggests the general concept of the importance of "induction of dopamine homeostasis." We suggest coupling a validated genetic assessment (e.g., GARS) with pro-dopamine regulation (KB220) as one possible frontline modality in place of prescribing potent addictive opioids for OUD except for short time harm reduction. Could gene editing offer a 'cure' for this undesirable genetic modification at birth, influenced by the environment and carried over generations, leading to impaired dopamine and other neurotransmitter imbalances, as seen in RDS? Through dedicated global scientific exploration, we hope for a future where individuals are liberated from pain and disease, achieving an optimal state of well-being akin to the proverbial 'Garden of Eden'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- The Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University, Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Thomas Mclaughlin
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addiction, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Center for Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Debamyla Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Jag Khalsa
- Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences, Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse and Infections Branch, NIDA-NIH, Special Volunteer, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addiction, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Jafari
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Clinical Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Foojan Zeine
- Department of Health Science, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Awareness Integration Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Milan T. Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miles Makale
- Department of Psychology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keerthy Sunder
- The Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kevin T. Murphy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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White O, Roeder N, Blum K, Eiden RD, Thanos PK. Prenatal Effects of Nicotine on Obesity Risks: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159477. [PMID: 35954830 PMCID: PMC9368674 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine usage by mothers throughout pregnancy has been observed to relate to numerous deleterious effects in children, especially relating to obesity. Children who have prenatally been exposed to nicotine tend to have lower birth weights, with an elevated risk of becoming overweight throughout development and into their adolescent and adult life. There are numerous theories as to how this occurs: catch-up growth theory, thrifty phenotype theory, neurotransmitter or endocrine imbalances theory, and a more recent examination on the genetic factors relating to obesity risk. In addition to the negative effect on bodyweight and BMI, individuals with obesity may also suffer from numerous comorbidities involving metabolic disease. These may include type 1 and 2 diabetes, high cholesterol levels, and liver disease. Predisposition for obesity with nicotine usage may also be associated with genetic risk alleles for obesity, such as the DRD2 A1 variant. This is important for prenatally nicotine-exposed individuals as an opportunity to provide early prevention and intervention of obesity-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia White
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (O.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Nicole Roeder
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (O.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Department of Psychology, Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA;
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (O.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(716)-881-7520
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Madigan MA, Gupta A, Bowirrat A, Baron D, Badgaiyan RD, Elman I, Dennen CA, Braverman ER, Gold MS, Blum K. Precision Behavioral Management (PBM) and Cognitive Control as a Potential Therapeutic and Prophylactic Modality for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Is There Enough Evidence? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116395. [PMID: 35681980 PMCID: PMC9180535 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This brief commentary aims to provide an overview of the available and relatively new precision management of reward deficiencies manifested as substance and behavioral disorders. Current and future advances, concepts, and the substantial evidential basis of this potential therapeutic and prophylactic treatment modality are presented. Precision Behavioral Management (PBM), conceptualized initially as Precision Addiction Management (PAM), certainly deserves consideration as an important modality for the treatment of impaired cognitive control in reward processing as manifested in people with neurobiologically expressed Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Madigan
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA; (M.A.M.); (C.A.D.); (E.R.B.)
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA;
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - David Baron
- Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of Provost), Division of Addiction Research & Education, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (P.A.I.N Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA; (M.A.M.); (C.A.D.); (E.R.B.)
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA; (M.A.M.); (C.A.D.); (E.R.B.)
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA; (M.A.M.); (C.A.D.); (E.R.B.)
- Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of Provost), Division of Addiction Research & Education, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Centre, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
- Correspondence:
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Overcoming reward deficiency syndrome by the induction of “dopamine homeostasis” instead of opioids for addiction: illusion or reality? J Osteopath Med 2022; 122:333-337. [DOI: 10.1515/jom-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many individuals in the United States are plagued by addiction, and the rate at which it is affecting people in the United States only seems to be increasing. Research shows that addiction is a preventable disorder rather than a flaw in one’s moral fiber. It is driven by the imbalance of dopamine and the brain’s reward system. Although medication-assisted treatment (MAT), the most common treatment for addiction, are effective in reducing harm, they provide minimal aid in addressing the root cause of this preventable disorder. The authors aim to convey that the proper treatment should help restore dopamine balance so the quality of life can be improved in the recovering community. Osteopathic principles emphasize the importance of homeostasis and allostasis in allowing the body to heal itself. Viewing reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) through this osteopathic lens can bring about treatments that aim to restore the dopamine homeostasis. The article discusses various potential therapeutic modalities that can provide dopamine homeostasis via activation of dopaminergic pathways.
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Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): A Cytoarchitectural Common Neurobiological Trait of All Addictions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111529. [PMID: 34770047 PMCID: PMC8582845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol and other substance use disorders share comorbidity with other RDS disorders, i.e., a reduction in dopamine signaling within the reward pathway. RDS is a term that connects addictive, obsessive, compulsive, and impulsive behavioral disorders. An estimated 2 million individuals in the United States have opioid use disorder related to prescription opioids. It is estimated that the overall cost of the illegal and legally prescribed opioid crisis exceeds one trillion dollars. Opioid Replacement Therapy is the most common treatment for addictions and other RDS disorders. Even after repeated relapses, patients are repeatedly prescribed the same opioid replacement treatments. A recent JAMA report indicates that non-opioid treatments fare better than chronic opioid treatments. Research demonstrates that over 50 percent of all suicides are related to alcohol or other drug use. In addition to effective fellowship programs and spirituality acceptance, nutrigenomic therapies (e.g., KB220Z) optimize gene expression, rebalance neurotransmitters, and restore neurotransmitter functional connectivity. KB220Z was shown to increase functional connectivity across specific brain regions involved in dopaminergic function. KB220/Z significantly reduces RDS behavioral disorders and relapse in human DUI offenders. Taking a Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test combined with a the KB220Z semi-customized nutrigenomic supplement effectively restores dopamine homeostasis (WC 199).
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Hirsch J, Schwartz R. Structural Conditions as Cause: Explaining the Rapid Rise in Youth E-Cigarette Use by Re-thinking Models of Addiction. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1892-1899. [PMID: 34376102 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1954022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: E-cigarette use has spread rapidly and widely among youth, to an extent that has surprised some researchers.Objectives: We suggest that this surprise is owing to a particular limitation in the dominant models of addiction - namely, a strong focus upon addictive substances as cause. We argue that the phenomenon at hand is easier to comprehend when less attention is placed upon preventing the use of specific substances and more upon what we identify as structural susceptibility to addiction instead.Results: Drawing upon neurobiology, history, public health theory, and social theory, we re-conceive addictive substances as mechanisms of escape from social structures that predispose whole societies to addiction.Conclusions/Importance: We argue that the surge in youth e-cigarette use in particular, as well as the phenomenon of addiction in general, are easier to comprehend if models of addiction are expanded to conceptualize the problem in its wider dimensions. We invite addictions researchers to join us in expanding the field's analytical view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hirsch
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Schwartz
- Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto Collaborative Specialization in Public Health Policy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Institute of Health Policy, Management and, Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Blum K, Bowirrat A, Baron D, Lott L, Ponce JV, Brewer R, Siwicki D, Boyett B, Gondre-Lewis MC, Smith DE, Panayotis K T, Badgaiyan S, Hauser M, Fried L, A R, Downs BW, Badgaiyan RD. Biotechnical development of genetic addiction risk score (GARS) and selective evidence for inclusion of polymorphic allelic risk in substance use disorder (SUD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 6. [PMID: 33614164 PMCID: PMC7891477 DOI: 10.15761/jsin.1000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Research into the neurogenetic basis of addiction identified and characterized by Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) includes all drug and non-drug addictive, obsessive and compulsive behaviors. We are proposing herein that a new model for the prevention and treatment of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) a subset of RDS behaviors, based on objective biologic evidence, should be given serious consideration in the face of a drug epidemic. The development of the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) followed seminal research in 1990, whereby, Blum’s group identified the first genetic association with severe alcoholism published in JAMA. While it is true that no one to date has provided adequate RDS free controls there have been many studies using case –controls whereby SUD has been eliminated. We argue that this deficiency needs to be addressed in the field and if adopted appropriately many spurious results would be eliminated reducing confusion regarding the role of genetics in addiction. However, an estimation, based on these previous literature results provided herein, while not representative of all association studies known to date, this sampling of case- control studies displays significant associations between alcohol and drug risk. In fact, we present a total of 110,241 cases and 122,525 controls derived from the current literature. We strongly suggest that while we may take argument concerning many of these so-called controls (e.g. blood donors) it is quite remarkable that there are a plethora of case –control studies indicating selective association of these risk alleles ( measured in GARS) for the most part indicating a hypodopaminergia. The paper presents the detailed methodology of the GARS. Data collection procedures, instrumentation, and the analytical approach used to obtain GARS and subsequent research objectives are described. Can we combat SUD through early genetic risk screening in the addiction field enabling early intervention by the induction of dopamine homeostasis? It is envisaged that GARS type of screening will provide a novel opportunity to help identify causal pathways and associated mechanisms of genetic factors, psychological characteristics, and addictions awaiting additional scientific evidence including a future meta- analysis of all available data –a work in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blum
- Western University Health Sciences Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.,Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Division Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingston, RI, USA.,Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International. Inc. Lederach, PA, USA.,Divion of Neuroscience & Addiction Research, Pathway HealthCare, LLC, Birmingham, AL.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VM. USA.,Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India.,Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Centre, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - A Bowirrat
- Departments of Clinical Neuroscience and Population Genetics, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Department of Neuroscience, Israel
| | - D Baron
- Western University Health Sciences Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - L Lott
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J V Ponce
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - R Brewer
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - D Siwicki
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - B Boyett
- Divion of Neuroscience & Addiction Research, Pathway HealthCare, LLC, Birmingham, AL
| | - M C Gondre-Lewis
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington DC, USA.,Departments of Anatomy, and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - D E Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA
| | - Thanos Panayotis K
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S Badgaiyan
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M Hauser
- Division Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingston, RI, USA
| | - L Fried
- Transformations Treatment Center, Del-Ray Beach, FL, USA
| | - Roy A
- Department of Psychiatry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - B W Downs
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International. Inc. Lederach, PA, USA
| | - R D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY., USA.,Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, USAInstituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía
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Dopamine D4 receptor gene expression plays important role in extinction and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 365:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Robison LS, Alessi L, Thanos PK. Chronic forced exercise inhibits stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine conditioned place preference. Behav Brain Res 2018; 353:176-184. [PMID: 30036547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress increases the likelihood of cocaine relapse in humans and animals, even following a prolonged extinction/abstinence period. Exercise has previously been shown to reduce stress and decrease the likelihood of drug dependence, while also reducing cravings in humans and inhibiting relapse behaviors due to other risk factors in rodents. The present study evaluated the efficacy of exercise to reduce stress-induced relapse to cocaine in a rodent model. Young adult female Sprague Dawley rats were tested for cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP), then split into sedentary or exercise (six weeks of one-hour daily treadmill running, five days per week) groups. Following cocaine CPP, rats were tested for extinction behavior, and then tested for stress-primed reinstatement (15 min immobilization) following the six-week intervention period. Exercise inhibited stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP despite increasing serum corticosterone levels following 15 min of immobilization, suggesting that chronic aerobic exercise intervention may result in adaptations of stress pathways. These findings suggest that exercise may help prevent stress-induced drug relapse, adding to a growing body of evidence supporting the utility of exercise to combat substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Robison
- Albany Medical College, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, 47 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Luke Alessi
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, 101 Northern Blvd, Glen Head, NY, 11545, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- University at Buffalo, Research Institute on Addictions, Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203-1016, USA.
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McLaughlin T, Blum K, Steinberg B, Modestino EJ, Fried L, Baron D, Siwicki D, Braverman ER, Badgaiyan RD. Pro-dopamine regulator, KB220Z, attenuates hoarding and shopping behavior in a female, diagnosed with SUD and ADHD. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:192-203. [PMID: 29316800 PMCID: PMC6035027 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Addictive-like behaviors (e.g., hoarding and shopping) may be the result of the cumulative effects of dopaminergic and other neurotransmitter genetic variants as well as elevated stress levels. We, therefore, propose that dopamine homeostasis may be the preferred goal in combating such challenging and unwanted behaviors, when simple dopaminergic activation through potent agonists may not provide any resolution. Case presentation C.J. is a 38-year-old, single, female, living with her mother. She has a history of substance use disorder as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type. She had been stable on buprenorphine/naloxone combination and amphetamine, dextroamphetamine mixed salts for many years when unexpectedly she lost her job for oversleeping and not calling into work. KB200z (a pro-dopamine compound) was added to her regimen for complaints of low drive and motivation. After taking this nutraceutical for 4 weeks, she noticed a marked improvement in her mental status and many behaviors. She noted that her shopping and hoarding addictions had appreciably decreased. Furthermore, her lifelong history of terrifying lucid dreams was eliminated. Finally, she felt more in control; her locus of control shifted from external to more internal. Discussion The hypothesis is that C.J.'s reported, behavioral, and psychological benefits resulted from the pro-dopamine-regulating effect of KB220Z across the brain reward system. Conclusions This effect, we surmise, could be the result of a new dopamine balance, across C.J.'s brain reward system. Dopamine homeostasis is an effect of KB220Z seen in both animal and human placebo-controlled fMRI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas McLaughlin
- 1 Department of Psychopharmacology, Center for Psychiatric Medicine , Lawrence, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University , Dayton, OH, USA
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL, USA
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
- 5 Division of Applied Clinical Research & Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC , North Kingstown, RI, USA
- 6 Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC , San Antonio, TX, USA
- 7 Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Nupathways Inc. , Innsbrook, MO, USA
- 8 Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation , New York, NY, USA
- 9 Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center , Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- 10 Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bruce Steinberg
- 11 Department of Psychology, Curry College , Milton, MA, USA
| | | | - Lyle Fried
- 9 Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center , Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - David Baron
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Siwicki
- 6 Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Eric R Braverman
- 8 Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation , New York, NY, USA
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Clerici M, de Bartolomeis A, De Filippis S, Ducci G, Maremmani I, Martinotti G, Schifano F. Patterns of Management of Patients With Dual Disorder (Psychosis) in Italy: A Survey of Psychiatrists and Other Physicians Focusing on Clinical Practice. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:575. [PMID: 30483161 PMCID: PMC6243108 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorders frequently suffer from concomitant substance use disorders (SUDs)-Dual Disorder (DD) patients. In order to better understand current practices for management of patients with psychotic episodes and concomitant SUD in Italy, we carried out a survey of psychiatrists on current routine practice among prescribers. These aspects can help to identify at-risk patients, improve current prescribing practices, and favor early intervention. An ad hoc survey of 17 questions was administered to psychiatrists via electronic polling and on-line distribution; 448 completed questionnaires were collected. Comorbid substance abuse was most frequently diagnosed within the context of anxiety disorder (46%), followed by bipolar disorder (25%), and schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (12%). The vast majority of respondents felt that patient management was becoming more complex due to substance abuse. The areas reported to be most affected in patients with SUD were functioning, interpersonal relations, and impulsivity, while sensory perception disorders, ideation, agitation, and impulsivity were the most frequently reported symptoms. In the acute setting, haloperidol was used as the first-line agent of choice followed by aripiprazole and olanzapine. In the maintenance phase, aripiprazole was the dominantly used first-line agent, followed by olanzapine. Almost half of respondents used long-acting agents, while about one-third did not. Among those prescribing long-acting agents, efficacy, control of impulsivity, and control of specific symptoms were cited as motivators, while in the maintenance phase, better adherence, and tolerability were mainly cited. From the responses to the present survey, it is clear that the respondents are aware of the problem of SUD in psychotic patients. While treatment be optimized in terms of the choice and formulation of antipsychotics, greater emphasis should be placed on efficacy, tolerability, and the negative metabolic consequences of some antipsychotics. When considering the ideal antipsychotic, long-acting agents were considered to be superior in reducing relapse, even if current treatment guidelines often give preference to oral formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Clerici
- School of Medicine and Surgery-University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Psychiatric Department, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) di Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio De Filippis
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Villa von Siebenthal Neuropsychiatric Hospital and Clinic, Genzano di Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ducci
- Mental Health Department, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Icro Maremmani
- Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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12
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Thanos PK, Hamilton J, O'Rourke JR, Napoli A, Febo M, Volkow ND, Blum K, Gold M. Dopamine D2 gene expression interacts with environmental enrichment to impact lifespan and behavior. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19111-23. [PMID: 26992232 PMCID: PMC4991369 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging produces cellular, molecular, and behavioral changes affecting many areas of the brain. The dopamine (DA) system is known to be vulnerable to the effects of aging, which regulate behavioral functions such as locomotor activity, body weight, and reward and cognition. In particular, age-related DA D2 receptor (D2R) changes have been of particular interest given its relationship with addiction and other rewarding behavioral properties. Male and female wild-type (Drd2 +/+), heterozygous (Drd2 +/−) and knockout (Drd2 −/−) mice were reared post-weaning in either an enriched environment (EE) or a deprived environment (DE). Over the course of their lifespan, body weight and locomotor activity was assessed. While an EE was generally found to be correlated with longer lifespan, these increases were only found in mice with normal or decreased expression of the D2 gene. Drd2 +/+ EE mice lived nearly 16% longer than their DE counterparts. Drd2 +/+ and Drd2 +/− EE mice lived 22% and 21% longer than Drd2 −/− EE mice, respectively. Moreover, both body weight and locomotor activity were moderated by environmental factors. In addition, EE mice show greater behavioral variability between genotypes compared to DE mice with respect to body weight and locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joseph R O'Rourke
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Napoli
- Department of Psychology, Suffolk Community College, Riverhead, NY, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Blum K, Madigan MA, Fried L, Braverman ER, Giordano J, Badgaiyan RD. Coupling Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) and Pro Dopamine Regulation (KB220) to Combat Substance Use Disorder (SUD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1. [PMID: 29399668 DOI: 10.19080/gjarm.2017.01.555556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, USA.,Division of Applied Clinical Research & Education, Dominion Diagnostics, USA.,Department of Neurogenetics, Igene, USA.,National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, USA.,Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation NY, USA.,Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, USA.,Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Europe.,Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, US.,Division of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, Nupathways, Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA
| | | | - Lyle Fried
- Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, USA
| | | | - John Giordano
- National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, US
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14
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Blum K, Febo M, Badgaiyan RD, Demetrovics Z, Simpatico T, Fahlke C, Li M, Dushaj K, Gold MS. Common Neurogenetic Diagnosis and Meso-Limbic Manipulation of Hypodopaminergic Function in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Changing the Recovery Landscape. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:184-194. [PMID: 27174576 PMCID: PMC5327445 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666160512150918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1990, Blum and associates provided the first confirmed genetic link between the DRD2 polymorphisms and alcoholism. This finding was based on an earlier conceptual framework, which served as a blueprint for their seminal genetic association discovery they termed "Brain Reward Cascade." These findings were followed by a new way of understanding all addictive behaviors (substance and non-substance) termed "Reward Deficiency Syndrome" (RDS). RDS incorporates a complex multifaceted array of inheritable behaviors that are polygenic. OBJECTIVE In this review article, we attempt to clarify these terms and provide a working model to accurately diagnose and treat these unwanted behaviors. METHOD We are hereby proposing the development of a translational model we term "Reward Deficiency Solution System™" that incorporates neurogenetic testing and meso-limbic manipulation of a "hypodopaminergic" trait/state, which provides dopamine agonistic therapy (DAT) as well as reduced "dopamine resistance," while embracing "dopamine homeostasis." RESULT The result is better recovery and relapse prevention, despite DNA antecedents, which could impact the recovery process and relapse. Understanding the commonality of mental illness will transform erroneous labeling based on symptomatology, into a genetic and anatomical etiology. WC: 184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Nutrigenomics, RDSolutions, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
- PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Neuroscience Research and Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Division of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota College of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA;
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Department of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Simpatico
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Claudia Fahlke
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Oscar-Berman M
- Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mona Li
- PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Fritz BM, Boehm SL. Rodent models and mechanisms of voluntary binge-like ethanol consumption: Examples, opportunities, and strategies for preclinical research. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:297-308. [PMID: 26021391 PMCID: PMC4668238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Binge ethanol consumption has widespread negative consequences for global public health. Rodent models offer exceptional power to explore the neurobiology underlying and affected by binge-like drinking as well as target potential prevention, intervention, and treatment strategies. An important characteristic of these models is their ability to consistently produce pharmacologically-relevant blood ethanol concentration. This review examines the current available rodent models of voluntary, pre-dependent binge-like ethanol consumption and their utility in various research strategies. Studies have demonstrated that a diverse array of neurotransmitters regulate binge-like drinking, resembling some findings from other drinking models. Furthermore, repeated binge-like drinking recruits neuroadaptive mechanisms in mesolimbocortical reward circuitry. New opportunities that these models offer in the current context of mechanistic research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen L Boehm
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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17
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Blum K, Thanos PK, Oscar-Berman M, Febo M, Baron D, Badgaiyan RD, Gardner E, Demetrovics Z, Fahlke C, Haberstick BC, Dushaj K, Gold MS. Dopamine in the Brain: Hypothesizing Surfeit or Deficit Links to Reward and Addiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:95-104. [PMID: 27398406 PMCID: PMC4936401 DOI: 10.17756/jrds.2015-016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently there has been debate concerning the role of brain dopamine in reward and addiction. David Nutt and associates eloquently proposed that dopamine (DA) may be central to psycho stimulant dependence and some what important for alcohol, but not important for opiates, nicotine or even cannabis. Others have also argued that surfeit theories can explain for example cocaine seeking behavior as well as non-substance-related addictive behaviors. It seems prudent to distinguish between what constitutes “surfeit” compared to” deficit” in terms of short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) brain reward circuitry responsivity. In an attempt to resolve controversy regarding the contributions of mesolimbic DA systems to reward, we review the three main competing explanatory categories: “liking”, “learning”, and “wanting”. They are (a) the hedonic impact -liking reward, (b) the ability to predict rewarding effects-learning and (c) the incentive salience of reward-related stimuli -wanting. In terms of acute effects, most of the evidence seems to favor the “surfeit theory”. Due to preferential dopamine release at mesolimbic-VTA-caudate-accumbens loci most drugs of abuse and Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) behaviors have been linked to heightened feelings of well-being and hyperdopaminergic states.The “dopamine hypotheses” originally thought to be simple, is now believed to be quite complex and involves encoding the set point of hedonic tone, encoding attention, reward expectancy, and incentive motivation. Importantly, Willuhn et al. shows that in a self-administration paradigm, (chronic) excessive use of cocaine is caused by decreased phasic dopamine signaling in the striatum. In terms of chronic addictions, others have shown a blunted responsivity at brain reward sites with food, nicotine, and even gambling behavior. Finally, we are cognizant of the differences in dopaminergic function as addiction progresses and argue that relapse may be tied to dopamine deficiency. Vulnerability to addiction and relapse may be the result of the cumulative effects of dopaminergic and other neurotransmitter genetic variants and elevated stress levels. We therefore propose that dopamine homeostasis may be a preferred goal to combat relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Division of Nutrigenomics, La Vita RDS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter K Thanos
- Research Institute on Addictions, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David Baron
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eliot Gardner
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Eotvos Lorand University, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Izabella utca 46., H-1064, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Claudia Fahlke
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brett C Haberstick
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kristina Dushaj
- Department of Neurological Research, Path Foundation NY, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, MO, USA
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Gold MS, Badgaiyan RD, Blum K. A Shared Molecular and Genetic Basis for Food and Drug Addiction: Overcoming Hypodopaminergic Trait/State by Incorporating Dopamine Agonistic Therapy in Psychiatry. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2015; 38:419-62. [PMID: 26300032 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the shared molecular and neurogenetics of food and drug addiction tied to the understanding of reward deficiency syndrome. Reward deficiency syndrome describes a hypodopaminergic trait/state that provides a rationale for commonality in approaches for treating long-term reduced dopamine function across the reward brain regions. The identification of the role of DNA polymorphic associations with reward circuitry has resulted in new understanding of all addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gold
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Rivermend Health Scientific Advisory Board, 2300 Windy Ridge Parkway South East, Suite 210S, Atlanta, GA 30339, USA; Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Educational Foundation, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Laboratory of Advanced Radiochemistry and Molecular and Functioning Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Community Mental Health Institute, University of Vermont College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Division of Applied Clinical Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, 211 Circuit Drive, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA; Rivermend Health Scientific Advisory Board, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Blum K, Simpatico T, Badgaiyan RD, Demetrovics Z, Fratantonio J, Agan G, Febo M, Gold MS. Coupling Neurogenetics (GARS™) and a Nutrigenomic Based Dopaminergic Agonist to Treat Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Targeting Polymorphic Reward Genes for Carbohydrate Addiction Algorithms. JOURNAL OF REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME 2015; 1:75-80. [PMID: 27617300 PMCID: PMC5013730 DOI: 10.17756/jrds.2015-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earlier work from our laboratory, showing anti-addiction activity of a nutraceutical consisting of amino-acid precursors and enkephalinase inhibition properties and our discovery of the first polymorphic gene (Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene [DRD2]) to associate with severe alcoholism serves as a blue-print for the development of "Personalized Medicine" in addiction. Prior to the later genetic finding, we developed the concept of Brain Reward Cascade, which continues to act as an important component for stratification of addiction risk through neurogenetics. In 1996 our laboratory also coined the term "Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)" to define a common genetic rubric for both substance and non-substance related addictive behaviors. Following many reiterations we utilized polymorphic targets of a number of reward genes (serotonergic, Opioidergic, GABAergic and Dopaminergic) to customize KB220 [Neuroadaptogen- amino-acid therapy (NAAT)] by specific algorithms. Identifying 1,000 obese subjects in the Netherlands a subsequent small subset was administered various KB220Z formulae customized according to respective DNA polymorphisms individualized that translated to significant decreases in both Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight in pounds. Following these experiments, we have been successfully developing a panel of genes known as "Genetic Addiction Risk Score" (GARSpDX)™. Selection of 10 genes with appropriate variants, a statistically significant association between the ASI-Media Version-alcohol and drug severity scores and GARSpDx was found A variant of KB220Z in abstinent heroin addicts increased resting state functional connectivity in a putative network including: dorsal anterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, nucleus accumbens, posterior cingulate, occipital cortical areas, and cerebellum. In addition, we show that KB220Z significantly activates, above placebo, seed regions of interest including the left nucleus accumbens, cingulate gyrus, anterior thalamic nuclei, hippocampus, pre-limbic and infra-limbic loci. KB220Z demonstrates significant functional connectivity, increased brain volume recruitment and enhanced dopaminergic functionality across the brain reward circuitry. We propose a Reward Deficiency System Solution that promotes early identification and stratification of risk alleles by utilizing GARSDx, allowing for customized nutrigenomic targeting of these risk alleles by altering KB220Z ingredients as an algorithmic function of carrying these polymorphic DNA-SNPS, potentially yielding the first ever nutrigenomic solution for addiction and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Nutrigenomics, RD Solutions Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Human Integrated Services Unit, University of Vermont Center for Clinical & Translational Science, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Personalized Addiction Medicine IGENE, LLC, Austin, TX, USA
- Division of Applied Research & Education and Addition Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC., North Kingstown RI, USA
- Department of Nutrigenetic & Nutrigenomic Research, Victory Nutrition International, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Personalized Medicine, Path Foundation, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Simpatico
- Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA
- Division of Applied Research & Education and Addition Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC., North Kingstown RI, USA
| | | | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Eotvos Lorand University, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Izabella utca, Budapest, Hungary
| | - James Fratantonio
- Division of Applied Research & Education and Addition Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC., North Kingstown RI, USA
| | - Gozde Agan
- Division of Applied Research & Education and Addition Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC., North Kingstown RI, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, MO, USA
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