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Kamiya S, Kobayashi T, Sawada K. Induction of cerebellar cortical neurogenesis immediately following valproic acid exposure in ferret kits. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1318688. [PMID: 38130693 PMCID: PMC10734798 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1318688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Valproic acid (VPA) is an anticonvulsant/antiepileptic drug that regulates neurogenesis. Its effects vary depending on the timing of exposure and the types of neural progenitors involved. Neonatal exposure to VPA causes autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors in some mammalian species, including ferrets. Ferrets experience the cerebellar cortical histogenesis during early postnatal period. However, no studies have evaluated the effect of VPA on cerebellar corticohistogenesis. The present study aimed to determine the effects of VPA exposure on the developing cerebellar cortex in ferret kits with a particular focus on the cortical neurogenesis. Methods The experimental kits each received an intraperitoneal injection of VPA, 200 μg/g body weight, on postnatal days 6 and 7. EdU and BrdU were administered on postnatal days 5 and 7, respectively, to label cells proliferating prior to and following exposure to VPA. Results We found that 2 h post BrdU injection, BrdU-labeled cells were abundantly distributed in the internal granular layer (IGL), whereas EdU-labeled cells were primarily relegated to the inner pre-migratory zone of the external granular layer (EGL). The density of BrdU-single-labeled cells was significantly lower in the EGL and significantly higher in the IGL of the VPA-exposed group, as compared to the control group. Immunostaining for doublecortin, a marker of immature neurons, was observed in BrdU-single-labeled cells in the IGL of the VPA-exposed group, which was significantly higher than that observed in the control group. EdU-single-labeled cells that had proliferated prior to VPA exposure were also detected in the IGL. While the cell density remained unchanged, significant changes were observed in the proportions of EdU-single-labeled cells immunostained with marker antigens; higher proportion of PCNA immunostaining, but lower proportion of S100 immunostaining in the VPA-exposed group compared to the control group. Discussion These findings suggest the presence of progenitors in the IGL of the developing cerebellar cortex in ferret kits. We called them "internal granular progenitors." The progenitors may proliferate in response to VPA, leading the differentiated lineage more toward neurons than to glial cells. Thus, VPA may facilitate the differentiative division of internal granular progenitors to produce cerebellar granular neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Kamiya
- Department of Regulation Biology, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Department of Regulation Biology, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sawada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Tsuchiura, Japan
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2
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Sawada K. Neurogenesis of Subventricular Zone Progenitors in the Premature Cortex of Ferrets Facilitated by Neonatal Valproic Acid Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094882. [PMID: 35563273 PMCID: PMC9099828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the neurogenesis of neonatal valproic acid (VPA) exposure on subventricular zone progenitors of the developing cerebral cortex in ferrets. VPA was injected at a dose of 200 µg/g of body weight into ferret infants on postnatal days 6 and 7. Two different thymidine analogues, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU), were injected with a 48 h interval to label proliferating cells before and after VPA exposure. Two hours after BrdU injection, BrdU single- and EdU/BrdU double-labeled cells, but not EdU single-labeled cells, were significantly denser in both the inner and outer subventricular zones of VPA-exposed infants than in control infants. Notably, more than 97% of BrdU single- and EdU/BrdU double-labeled cells were immunopositive for Pax6, a stable marker for basal radial glia (bRG), in both groups. In contrast, the percentage of cells positively immunostained for Cux1, a postmitotic marker for upper-layer cortical neurons, in both EdU single- and BrdU single-labeled cells, was significantly higher in VPA-exposed infants than in control infants. These findings suggest that neonatal VPA exposure facilitates bRG proliferation, including self-renewal, followed by their differentiation into upper layer cortical neurons in the premature cortex of ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Sawada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Tsuchiura 300-0051, Ibaraki, Japan
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3
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Shahrbabaki SV, Jonaidi H, Sheibani V, Bashiri H. Early postnatal handling alters social behavior, learning, and memory of pre- and post-natal VPA-induced rat models of autism in a context-based manner. Physiol Behav 2022; 249:113739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Sawada K, Kamiya S, Aoki I. The Proliferation of Dentate Gyrus Progenitors in the Ferret Hippocampus by Neonatal Exposure to Valproic Acid. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:736313. [PMID: 34650400 PMCID: PMC8505998 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.736313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal and neonatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) is associated with human autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and can alter the development of several brain regions, such as the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and amygdala. Neonatal VPA exposure induces ASD-like behavioral abnormalities in a gyrencephalic mammal, ferret, but it has not been evaluated in brain regions other than the cerebral cortex in this animal. This study aimed to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of brain abnormalities induced by developmental VPA exposure in ferrets. We examined gross structural changes in the hippocampus and tracked proliferative cells by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling following VPA administration to ferret infants on postnatal days (PDs) 6 and 7 at 200 μg/g of body weight. Ex vivo short repetition time/time to echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high spatial resolution at 7-T was obtained from the fixed brain of PD 20 ferrets. The hippocampal volume estimated using MRI-based volumetry was not significantly different between the two groups of ferrets, and optical comparisons on coronal magnetic resonance images revealed no differences in gross structures of the hippocampus between VPA-treated and control ferrets. BrdU-labeled cells were observed throughout the hippocampus of both two groups at PD 20. BrdU-labeled cells were immunopositive for Sox2 (>70%) and almost immunonegative for NeuN, S100 protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. BrdU-labeled Sox2-positive progenitors were abundant, particularly in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG), and were denser in VPA-treated ferrets. When BrdU-labeled Sox2-positive progenitors were examined at 2 h after the second VPA administration on PD 7, their density in the granular/subgranular layer and hilus of the DG was significantly greater in VPA-treated ferrets compared to controls. The findings suggest that VPA exposure to ferret infants facilitates the proliferation of DG progenitors, supplying excessive progenitors for hippocampal adult neurogenesis to the subgranular layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Sawada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Shiori Kamiya
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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5
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Hammond BP, Manek R, Kerr BJ, Macauley MS, Plemel JR. Regulation of microglia population dynamics throughout development, health, and disease. Glia 2021; 69:2771-2797. [PMID: 34115410 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic expansions and contractions of the microglia population in the central nervous system (CNS) to achieve homeostasis are likely vital for their function. Microglia respond to injury or disease but also help guide neurodevelopment, modulate neural circuitry throughout life, and direct regeneration. Throughout these processes, microglia density changes, as does the volume of area that each microglia surveys. Given that microglia are responsible for sensing subtle alterations to their environment, a change in their density could affect their capacity to mobilize rapidly. In this review, we attempt to synthesize the current literature on the ligands and conditions that promote microglial proliferation across development, adulthood, and neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia display an impressive proliferative capacity during development and in neurodegenerative diseases that is almost completely absent at homeostasis. However, the appropriate function of microglia in each state is critically dependent on density fluctuations that are primarily induced by proliferation. Proliferation is a natural microglial response to insult and often serves neuroprotective functions. In contrast, inappropriate microglial proliferation, whether too much or too little, often precipitates undesirable consequences for nervous system health. Thus, fluctuations in the microglia population are tightly regulated to ensure these immune cells can execute their diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady P Hammond
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupali Manek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Elnahas EM, Abuelezz SA, Mohamad MI, Nabil MM, Abdelraouf SM, Bahaa N, Hassan GA, Ibrahim EA, Ahmed AI, Aboul-Fotouh S. Validation of prenatal versus postnatal valproic acid rat models of autism: A behavioral and neurobiological study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110185. [PMID: 33238165 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there is still a deficiency in understanding its exact pathophysiology and treatment, therefore validation of translational ASD animal model is warranted. Although strong evidences support the valproic acid (VPA) model of autism, yet a controversy exists regarding the best timing of exposure whether prenatal or postnatal. Accordingly, this study was designed to compare the time dependent effects of VPA exposure as regard its ability to induce autistic like changes in male Wistar rats. In this study, two different protocols of VPA exposure (prenatal and postnatal) were compared at different levels (behavioral, neurochemical and histopathological). Results of this study revealed that both prenatal and postnatal VPA exposures induced autistic-like behaviors manifested by reduced social interaction, increased repetitive stereotyped behavior and anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, lowered sensitivity to pain, and neurodevelopmental delay. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative/nitrosative stress markers were elevated in prefrontal cortex and hippocampal homogenates. Likewise, histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment confirmed the neurodegenerative and the apoptotic changes in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum exhibited by decreased viable cells number and Nissl's granules optical density, and increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity respectively. Interestingly, ASD core symptoms and histopathological changes were significantly (P < 0.05) altered in prenatal VPA model compared to postnatal VPA model. Additionally, postnatal mortality in prenatal model (4.3%) was much lower compared to the postnatal model (22.7%). In conclusion, our study overweighs the ability of prenatal VPA model over postnatal VPA model to induce behavioral and neuropathological alterations that simulate those observed in autistic individuals with a lower postnatal animal mortality, highlighting the privilege of prenatal over postnatal VPA exposure as a translational model for understanding pathophysiology and developing novel targets for management of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa M Elnahas
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally A Abuelezz
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Magda I Mohamad
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai M Nabil
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Abdelraouf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevine Bahaa
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada Am Hassan
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Ibrahim
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa I Ahmed
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan Aboul-Fotouh
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Adjimann TS, Argañaraz CV, Soiza-Reilly M. Serotonin-related rodent models of early-life exposure relevant for neurodevelopmental vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:280. [PMID: 33976122 PMCID: PMC8113523 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders including depression and anxiety are continuously rising their prevalence across the globe. Early-life experience of individuals emerges as a main risk factor contributing to the developmental vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. That is, perturbing environmental conditions during neurodevelopmental stages can have detrimental effects on adult mood and emotional responses. However, the possible maladaptive neural mechanisms contributing to such psychopathological phenomenon still remain poorly understood. In this review, we explore preclinical rodent models of developmental vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, focusing on the impact of early-life environmental perturbations on behavioral aspects relevant to stress-related and psychiatric disorders. We limit our analysis to well-established models in which alterations in the serotonin (5-HT) system appear to have a crucial role in the pathophysiological mechanisms. We analyze long-term behavioral outcomes produced by early-life exposures to stress and psychotropic drugs such as the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants or the anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA). We perform a comparative analysis, identifying differences and commonalities in the behavioral effects produced in these models. Furthermore, this review discusses recent advances on neurodevelopmental substrates engaged in these behavioral effects, emphasizing the possible existence of maladaptive mechanisms that could be shared by the different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S. Adjimann
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla V. Argañaraz
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Soiza-Reilly
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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8
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Cattaneo A, Suderman M, Cattane N, Mazzelli M, Begni V, Maj C, D'Aprile I, Pariante CM, Luoni A, Berry A, Wurst K, Hommers L, Domschke K, Cirulli F, Szyf M, Menke A, Riva MA. Long-term effects of stress early in life on microRNA-30a and its network: Preventive effects of lurasidone and potential implications for depression vulnerability. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100271. [PMID: 33344724 PMCID: PMC7739180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress can interfere with neurodevelopmental trajectories to increase the vulnerability for psychiatric disorders later in life. With this respect, epigenetic mechanisms play a key role for the long-lasting changes in brain functions that may elicit and sustain psychopathologic outcomes. Here, we investigated DNA methylation changes as possible epigenetic mechanism mediating the effect of prenatal stress (PNS), an experimental paradigm associated with behavioral and molecular alterations relevant for psychiatric disorders. We identified 138 genes as being differentially methylated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and in the hippocampus (HIP) of male and female adult rats exposed to PNS. Among these genes, miR-30a and Neurod1 emerged as potential players for the negative outcomes associated with PNS exposure. Indeed, in addition to showing consistent methylation differences in both brain regions and in both sexes, and interacting with each other, they are both involved in Axon guidance and Neurotrophin signaling, which are important to neurodevelopmental disorders. We also found a significant reduction in the expression of a panel of genes (CAMK2A, c-JUN, LIMK1, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, PIK3CA and PLCG1) that belong to these two biological pathways and are also validated targets of miR-30a, pointing to a down-regulation of these pathways as a consequence of PNS exposure. Interestingly, we also found that miR-30a levels were significantly upregulated in depressed patients exposed to childhood trauma, as compared to control individuals. Importantly, we also found that a sub-chronic treatment with the atypical antipsychotic drug, lurasidone, during adolescence was able to prevent the up-regulation of miR-30a and normalized the expression of its target genes in response to PNS exposure. Our results demonstrate that miR-30a undergoes epigenetic changes following early life stress exposure and suggest that this miRNA could play a key role in producing broad and long-lasting alterations in neuroplasticity-related pathways, contributing to the etiology of psychiatric disorders. MiR-30a and Neurod1 undergo epigenetic changes following PNS exposure. MiR-30 and Neurod1 are involved in Axon guidance and Neurotrophin signaling, two important pathways for neurodevelopment. We found lower expression levels of a panel of genes targeted by miR-30a. MiR-30a was significantly up-regulated in depressed patients exposed to childhood trauma. A chronic treatment with lurasidone during adolescence prevented the up-regulation of miR-30a following PNS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Cattaneo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BSB 1TH, UK
| | - Nadia Cattane
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Monica Mazzelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Veronica Begni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Maj
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ilari D'Aprile
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Luoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Berry
- Section of Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Katharina Wurst
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leif Hommers
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Cirulli
- Section of Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Promenade #1311, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Andreas Menke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco A Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Rooney S, Sah A, Unger MS, Kharitonova M, Sartori SB, Schwarzer C, Aigner L, Kettenmann H, Wolf SA, Singewald N. Neuroinflammatory alterations in trait anxiety: modulatory effects of minocycline. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:256. [PMID: 32732969 PMCID: PMC7393101 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High trait anxiety is a substantial risk factor for developing anxiety disorders and depression. While neuroinflammation has been identified to contribute to stress-induced anxiety, little is known about potential dysregulation in the neuroinflammatory system of genetically determined pathological anxiety or high trait anxiety individuals. We report microglial alterations in various brain regions in a mouse model of high trait anxiety (HAB). In particular, the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus of HABs exhibited enhanced density and average cell area of Iba1+, and density of phagocytic (CD68+/Iba1+) microglia compared to normal anxiety (NAB) controls. Minocycline was used to assess the capacity of a putative microglia 'inhibitor' in modulating hyperanxiety behavior of HABs. Chronic oral minocycline indeed reduced HAB hyperanxiety, which was associated with significant decreases in Iba1+ and CD68+Iba1+ cell densities in the DG. Addressing causality, it was demonstrated that longer (10 days), but not shorter (5 days), periods of minocycline microinfusions locally into the DG of HAB reduced Iba-1+ cell density and attenuated hyperanxiety-related behavior, indicating that neuroinflammation in the DG is at least partially involved in the maintenance of pathological anxiety. The present data reveal evidence of disturbances in the microglial system of individuals with high trait anxiety. Minocycline attenuated HAB hyperanxiety, likely by modulation of microglial activity within the DG. Thus, the present data suggest that drugs with microglia-targeted anti-inflammatory properties could be promising as novel alternative or complimentary anxiolytic therapeutic approaches in specific subgroups of individuals genetically predisposed to hyperanxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Rooney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anupam Sah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael S Unger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Kharitonova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone B Sartori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Huang HT, Chen PS, Kuo YM, Tzeng SF. Intermittent peripheral exposure to lipopolysaccharide induces exploratory behavior in mice and regulates brain glial activity in obese mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:163. [PMID: 32450884 PMCID: PMC7249324 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consecutive peripheral immune challenges can modulate the responses of brain resident microglia to stimuli. High-fat diet (HFD) intake has been reported to stimulate the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus in obese rodents and humans. However, it is unknown whether intermittent exposure to additional peripheral immune challenge can modify HFD-induced hypothalamic glial activation in obese individuals. Methods In this study, we administered 1 mg/kg LPS (or saline) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to 8-week-old male mice after 1, 2, or 8 weeks of a regular diet (show) or HFD. The level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression in the plasma and hypothalamic tissue was analyzed 24 h after each LPS injection. The behaviors of the animals in the four groups (the chow-saline, chow-LPS, HFD-saline, and HFD-LPS groups) were examined 5 months after exposure to chow or a HFD. Morphological examination of microglia in related brain regions was also conducted. Results The plasma levels and hypothalamic mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly upregulated 24 h after the first injection of LPS but not after the second or third injection of LPS. Chow-LPS mice displayed increased exploratory behavior 5 months after feeding. However, this LPS-induced abnormal exploratory behavior was inhibited in HFD-fed mice. Chronic HFD feeding for 5 months induced apparent increases in the number and cell body size of microglia, mainly in the ARC, and also increased the size of microglia in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and insula. Moreover, microglial activation in the ARC, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, and basolateral amygdala (BLA) was observed in chow-LPS mice. However, microglial activation in the analyzed brain regions was suppressed in HFD-LPS mice. Conclusions Altogether, the results indicate that intermittent peripheral challenge with LPS might prime microglia in the ARC and NAc to modify their response to chronic HFD feeding. Alternatively, chronic HFD feeding might mediate microglia in LPS-affected brain regions and subsequently suppress LPS-induced atypical exploratory behavior. Our findings suggest that the interaction of intermittent acute peripheral immune challenges with chronic HFD intake can drive microglia to amend the microenvironment and further modify animal behaviors in the later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, #1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan.
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11
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Microglial Function in the Effects of Early-Life Stress on Brain and Behavioral Development. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020468. [PMID: 32046333 PMCID: PMC7074320 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The putative effects of early-life stress (ELS) on later behavior and neurobiology have been widely investigated. Recently, microglia have been implicated in mediating some of the effects of ELS on behavior. In this review, findings from preclinical and clinical literature with a specific focus on microglial alterations induced by the exposure to ELS (i.e., exposure to behavioral stressors or environmental agents and infection) are summarized. These studies were utilized to interpret changes in developmental trajectories based on the time at which the stress occurred, as well as the paradigm used. ELS and microglial alterations were found to be associated with a wide array of deficits including cognitive performance, memory, reward processing, and processing of social stimuli. Four general conclusions emerged: (1) ELS interferes with microglial developmental programs, including their proliferation and death and their phagocytic activity; (2) this can affect neuronal and non-neuronal developmental processes, which are dynamic during development and for which microglial activity is instrumental; (3) the effects are extremely dependent on the time point at which the investigation is carried out; and (4) both pre- and postnatal ELS can prime microglial reactivity, indicating a long-lasting alteration, which has been implicated in behavioral abnormalities later in life.
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12
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Ferle V, Repouskou A, Aspiotis G, Raftogianni A, Chrousos G, Stylianopoulou F, Stamatakis A. Synergistic effects of early life mild adversity and chronic social defeat on rat brain microglia and cytokines. Physiol Behav 2019; 215:112791. [PMID: 31870943 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress affects the development and function of the brain and when followed by adversities in adulthood, the negative effects of stress are enhanced. Microglia has been proposed as a potential mediator of this phenomenon. In the present study, we investigated the long-term effects of mild early life stress, the consequences of a stressor in adulthood as well as their interaction on microglial and cytokine (PPARγ, IL-1β and TNFα) levels in the brain of adult male rats. As an early life stress we used a model of maternal neglect, in which the dam is present but non-accessible to the pup for 15 min during postnatal days 10-13; as a stressor in adulthood we exposed animals to chronic social defeat (CSD) for 3 weeks. We determined in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala, the number of Iba-1+ microglial cells, the number of PPARγ+ cells as well as the relative expression of PPARγ, IL-1β and TNFα mRNA by qPCR. Following exposure to CSD, the number of Iba-1+ cells was increased in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex of adult animals exposed to mild early life stress, while in the absence of CSD no such difference was observed. Moreover, following CSD PPARγ levels were increased in the hippocampus of adult males exposed as neonates to "maternal neglect". Our findings support the notion that early life stress, even a mild one, primes microglia and enhances its reactivity to a second stressful event, later in life, in accord with the "two-hit" hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Ferle
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Repouskou
- Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - George Aspiotis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Raftogianni
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Aghia Sofia Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Fotini Stylianopoulou
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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13
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Dobrovolsky AP, Gedzun VR, Bogin VI, Ma D, Ichim TE, Sukhanova IA, Malyshev AV, Dubynin VA. Beneficial effects of xenon inhalation on behavioral changes in a valproic acid-induced model of autism in rats. J Transl Med 2019; 17:400. [PMID: 31796043 PMCID: PMC6891980 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenon (Xe) is a noble gas that has been used for the last several decades as an anesthetic during surgery. Its antagonistic effect on glutamate subtype of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors resulted in evaluation of this gas for treatment of CNS pathologies, including psychoemotional disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the behavioral effects of acute inhalation of subanesthetic concentrations of Xe and to study the outcomes of Xe exposure in valproic acid (VPA)-induced rodent model of autism. METHODS We have conducted two series of experiments with a battery of behavioral tests aimed to evaluate locomotion, anxiety- and depression-like behavior, and social behavior in healthy, VPA-treated and Xe-exposed young rats. RESULTS We have shown that in healthy animals Xe exposure resulted in acute and delayed decrease of exploratory motivation, partial decrease in risk-taking and depressive-like behavior as well as improved sensorimotor integration during the negative geotaxis test. Acute inhalations of Xe in VPA-exposed animals led to improvement in social behavior, decrease in exploratory motivation, and normalization of behavior in forced-swim test. CONCLUSION Behavioral modulatory effects of Xe are probably related to its generalized action on excitatory/inhibitory balance within the CNS. Our data suggest that subanesthetic short-term exposures to Xe have beneficial effect on several behavioral modalities and deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Dobrovolsky
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - V R Gedzun
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Bogin
- Nobilis Therapeutics Inc, Portland, OR, USA
| | - D Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine & Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - T E Ichim
- Nobilis Therapeutics Inc, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Iu A Sukhanova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Malyshev
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Dubynin
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Hsueh YS, Chang HH, Shan YS, Sun HS, Fletcher JA, Li CF, Chen LT. Nuclear KIT induces a NFKBIB-RELA-KIT autoregulatory loop in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncogene 2019; 38:6550-6565. [PMID: 31363162 PMCID: PMC6756115 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are frequently driven by auto-activated, mutant KIT and have durable response to KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitor. However, acquired resistance is an increasing clinical issue in GIST patients receiving front-line imatinib therapy. Our previous studies showed the colocalization of KIT with DAPI-stained nuclei in GIST cells without knowing the role of nuclear KIT in GIST tumorigenesis. In this article, we first identified the binding of nuclear KIT to the promoter of NFKB inhibitor beta (NFKBIB) by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing and ChIP assays, which was accompanied with enhanced NFKBIB protein expression in GIST cells. Clinically, high NCCN risk GISTs had significantly higher mean expression levels of nuclear phospho-KIT and NFKBIB as compared with those of intermediate or low/very low-risk GISTs. Conversely, downregulation of NFKBIB by siRNA led to RELA nuclear translocation that could bind to the KIT promoter region and subsequently reduced KIT transcription/expression and the viability of GIST cells. These findings were further confirmed by either RELA overexpression or NFKB/RELA inducer, valproic acid, treatment to result in reduced KIT expression and relative cell viability of imatinib-resistant GIST cells. Combining valproic acid with imatinib showed significantly better growth inhibitory effects on imatinib-resistant GIST48 and GIST430 cells in vitro, and in the GIST430 animal xenograft model. Taken together, these results demonstrate the existence of a nuclear KIT-driven NFKBIB-RELA-KIT autoregulatory loop in GIST tumorigenesis, which are potential targets for developing combination therapy to overcome imatinib-resistant of KIT-expressing GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shuo Hsueh
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui Hua Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - H Sunny Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Alfred Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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15
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Ma W, Tang C, Hu H, Zhang F, Wang X, Wu X, Zhang W, Wang X, Ma H, Li Z, Dong Y, Yang Z, Feng S, Tian L, Gao Y. Advance in Tissue Differentiation and its Regulatory Mechanisms by Master Proteins of Nervous System during Weaning. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:683-689. [PMID: 30678621 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190125101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Weaning is a critical period for the growth and development of mammals, in which various physiological and biochemical indicators of the body have undergone great changes. The development, differentiation, and maturation of the nervous system are regulated by many proteins. Changes in related proteins affect the physiological functions of the nervous system. However, the regulation of selfrenewal and differentiation of the nervous system at this stage is still poorly understood. The mechanism of differentiation and regulation of the major proteins in the nervous system during this special period of weaning remains to be investigated. Therefore, this paper aims to summarize the alteration of the nervous system during weaning and provide the basis for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Ma
- College of PIWEI institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832001, China
| | - Chengfang Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832001, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- College of PIWEI institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fenglian Zhang
- Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, 256610, China
| | - Xuanying Wang
- Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, 256610, China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, 256610, China
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, 256610, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, 256610, China
| | - Huazhi Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, 256610, China
| | - Zhihao Li
- College of PIWEI institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanbin Dong
- College of PIWEI institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zehong Yang
- College of PIWEI institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shixiu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Shenzhen Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518004, China
| | - Liping Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832001, China
| | - Yong Gao
- College of PIWEI institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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16
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Zucker I. Psychoactive drug exposure during breastfeeding: a critical need for preclinical behavioral testing. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1335-1346. [PMID: 29549392 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding women are excluded from clinical trials of psychoactive drugs because of ethical concerns. Animal testing, which often is predictive of adverse effects in humans, represents the only avenue available for assessing drug safety for human offspring exposed to drugs during lactation. I determined whether behavioral outcomes for children exposed during breastfeeding to antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, anti-seizure medications, analgesics, sedatives, and marijuana can be predicted by rodent studies of offspring exposed to drugs during lactation. Animal data were available for only 10 of 80 CNS-active drugs canvassed. Behavioral deficits in adolescence or adulthood in rats and mice after various drug exposures during lactation included reductions in sexual behavior, increased anxiety, hyperactivity, and impaired learning and memory. Whether similar adverse effects will emerge in adulthood in children exposed to drugs during breastfeeding is unknown. Rodent research has the potential to forecast impairments in breastfed children long before information emerges from post-marketing reports and should be prioritized during preclinical drug evaluation by the FDA for new drugs and for drugs currently prescribed off-label for lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Zucker
- Departments of Psychology and Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Psychology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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17
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Lannes N, Eppler E, Etemad S, Yotovski P, Filgueira L. Microglia at center stage: a comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114393-114413. [PMID: 29371994 PMCID: PMC5768411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have a special origin, as they derive from the embryonic yolk sac and enter the developing CNS at a very early stage. They play an important role during CNS development and adult homeostasis. They have a major contribution to adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Thus, they participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to aging. They play an important role in sustaining and breaking the blood-brain barrier. As innate immune cells, they contribute substantially to the immune response against infectious agents affecting the CNS. They play also a major role in the growth of tumours of the CNS. Microglia are consequently the key cell population linking the nervous and the immune system. This review covers all different aspects of microglia biology and pathology in a comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lannes
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Eppler
- Pestalozzistrasse Zo, Department of BioMedicine, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samar Etemad
- Building 71/218 RBWH Herston, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, QLD 4029 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Yotovski
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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