1
|
Milyaeva PA, Kukushkina IV, Kim AI, Nefedova LN. Stress Induced Activation of LTR Retrotransposons in the Drosophila melanogaster Genome. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2272. [PMID: 38137873 PMCID: PMC10745035 DOI: 10.3390/life13122272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Retrotransposons with long terminal repeats (LTR retrotransposons) are widespread in all groups of eukaryotes and are often both the cause of new mutations and the source of new sequences. Apart from their high activity in generative and differentiation-stage tissues, LTR retrotransposons also become more active in response to different stressors. The precise causes of LTR retrotransposons' activation in response to stress, however, have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Methods: We used RT-PCR to investigate the transcriptional profile of LTR retrotransposons and piRNA clusters in response to oxidative and chronic heat stresses. We used Oxford Nanopore sequencing to investigate the genomic environment of new insertions of the retrotransposons. We used bioinformatics methods to find the stress-induced transcription factor binding sites in LTR retrotransposons. Results: We studied the transposition activity and transcription level of LTR retrotransposons in response to oxidative and chronic heat stress and assessed the contribution of various factors that can affect the increase in their expression under stress conditions: the state of the piRNA-interference system, the influence of the genomic environment on individual copies, and the presence of the stress-induced transcription factor binding sites in retrotransposon sequences. Conclusions: The main reason for the activation of LTR retrotransposons under stress conditions is the presence of transcription factor binding sites in their regulatory sequences, which are triggered in response to stress and are necessary for tissue regeneration processes. Stress-induced transposable element activation can function as a trigger mechanism, triggering multiple signal pathways and resulting in a polyvariant cell response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polina A. Milyaeva
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.M.); (I.V.K.); (A.I.K.)
- Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Longgang District, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Inna V. Kukushkina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.M.); (I.V.K.); (A.I.K.)
| | - Alexander I. Kim
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.M.); (I.V.K.); (A.I.K.)
- Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Longgang District, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Lidia N. Nefedova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.M.); (I.V.K.); (A.I.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barreda-Manso MA, Soto A, Muñoz-Galdeano T, Reigada D, Nieto-Díaz M, Maza RM. MiR-138-5p Upregulation during Neuronal Maturation Parallels with an Increase in Neuronal Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16509. [PMID: 38003699 PMCID: PMC10671628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal maturation is a process that plays a key role in the development and regeneration of the central nervous system. Although embryonic brain development and neurodegeneration have received considerable attention, the events that govern postnatal neuronal maturation are less understood. Among the mechanisms influencing such neuronal maturation processes, apoptosis plays a key role. Several regulators have been described to modulate apoptosis, including post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs. This study aimed to analyze endogenous expression changes of miR-138-5p, as well as its main validated pro-apoptotic target caspase3, during the maturation of neuronal cultures and their response under apoptotic challenge. Our results point out that the observed opposite expression of miR-138-5p and its target caspase3 might modulate apoptosis favoring neuronal survival at distinct maturation stages. The unchanged expression of miR-138-5p in mature neurons contrasts with the significant downregulation in immature neurons upon apoptotic stimulation. Similarly, immunoblot and individual cellular assays confirmed that during maturation, not only the expression but processing of CASP-3 and caspase activity is reduced after apoptotic stimulation which results in a reduction of neuronal death. Further studies would be needed to determine a more detailed role of miR-138-5p in apoptosis during neuronal maturation and the synergistic action of several microRNAs acting cooperatively on caspase3 or other apoptotic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Asunción Barreda-Manso
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
- Research Unit, Functional Exploration and Neuromodulation of the Central Nervous System (FENNSI) Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Altea Soto
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
| | - Teresa Muñoz-Galdeano
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
| | - David Reigada
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
| | - Manuel Nieto-Díaz
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
| | - Rodrigo M. Maza
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Potential Regulation of miRNA-29 and miRNA-9 by Estrogens in Neurodegenerative Disorders: An Insightful Perspective. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020243. [PMID: 36831786 PMCID: PMC9954655 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding a link between a hormone and microRNAs (miRNAs) is of great importance since it enables the adjustment of genetic composition or cellular functions without needing gene-level interventions. The dicer-mediated cleavage of precursor miRNAs is an interface link between miRNA and its regulators; any disruption in this process can affect neurogenesis. Besides, the hormonal regulation of miRNAs can occur at the molecular and cellular levels, both directly, through binding to the promoter elements of miRNAs, and indirectly, via regulation of the signaling effects of the post-transcriptional processing proteins. Estrogenic hormones have many roles in regulating miRNAs in the brain. This review discusses miRNAs, their detailed biogenesis, activities, and both the general and estrogen-dependent regulations. Additionally, we highlight the relationship between miR-29, miR-9, and estrogens in the nervous system. Such a relationship could be a possible etiological route for developing various neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mustafin RN, Kazantseva AV, Kovas YV, Khusnutdinova EK. Role Of Retroelements In The Development Of COVID-19 Neurological Consequences. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2022.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroelements play a key role in brain functioning in humans and other animals, since they represent dynamic regulatory elements controlling the expression of specific neuron types. The activity of retroelements in the brain is impaired under the influence of SARS-CoV-2, penetrating the blood-brain barrier. We propose a new concept, according to which the neurological complications of COVID-19 and their long-term effects are caused by modified expression of retroelements in neurons due to viral effect. This effect is implemented in several ways: a direct effect of the virus on the promoter regions of retroelement-encoding genes, virus interaction with miRNAs causing silencing of transposons, and an effect of the viral RNA on the products of retroelement transcription. Aging-related physiological activation of retroelements in the elderly is responsible for more severe course of COVID-19. The associations of multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with coronavirus lesions also indicate the role of retroelements in such complications, because retroelements are involved in the mechanisms of the development of these diseases. According to meta-analyses, COVID-19-caused neurological complications ranged 36.4-73%. The neuropsychiatric consequences of COVID-19 are observed in patients over a long period after recovery, and their prevalence may exceed those during the acute phase of the disease. Even 12 months after recovery, unmotivated fatigue, headache, mental disorders, and neurocognitive impairment were observed in 82%, 60%, 26.2-45%, and 16.2-46.8% of patients, correspondingly. These manifestations are explained by the role of retroelements in the integration of SARS-CoV-2 into the human genome using their reverse transcriptase and endonuclease, which results in a long-term viral persistence. The research on the role of specific retroelements in these changes can become the basis for developing targeted therapy for neurological consequences of COVID-19 using miRNAs, since epigenetic changes in the functioning of the genome in neurons, affected by transposons, are reversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasiya V. Kazantseva
- Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Kovas
- Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia;University of London, London, Great Britain
| | - Elza K. Khusnutdinova
- Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan; Russian Academy of Education; Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao Y, Qin F, Han S, Li S, Zhao Y, Wang H, Tian J, Cen X. MicroRNAs in drug addiction: Current status and future perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 236:108215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Xu C. Effects of exosomes on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6763-6777. [PMID: 35262819 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles originating from the endosomal system, which are involved in intercellular substance transfer and cell waste elimination. Recent studies implicate the roles of exosomes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a process through which new granule cells are generated in the dentate gyrus, and which is closely related to mood and cognition, as well as psychiatric disorders. As such, exosomes are recognized as potential biomarkers of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. This review briefly introduces the synthesis and secretion mechanism of exosomes, and discuss the relationship between exosomes and hippocampal neurogenesis, and their roles in regulating depression, epilepsy and schizophrenia. Finally, we discuss the prospects of their application in diagnosing disorders of the central nervous system (CNS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chi Xu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carini G, Musazzi L, Bolzetta F, Cester A, Fiorentini C, Ieraci A, Maggi S, Popoli M, Veronese N, Barbon A. The Potential Role of miRNAs in Cognitive Frailty. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:763110. [PMID: 34867290 PMCID: PMC8632944 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.763110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Frailty is an aging related condition, which has been defined as a state of enhanced vulnerability to stressors, leading to a limited capacity to meet homeostatic demands. Cognitive impairment is also frequent in older people, often accompanying frailty. Age is the main independent risk factor for both frailty and cognitive impairment, and compelling evidence suggests that similar age-associated mechanisms could underlie both clinical conditions. Accordingly, it has been suggested that frailty and cognitive impairment share common pathways, and some authors proposed "cognitive frailty" as a single complex phenotype. Nevertheless, so far, no clear common underlying pathways have been discovered for both conditions. microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key fine-tuning regulators in most physiological processes, as well as pathological conditions. Importantly, miRNAs have been proposed as both peripheral biomarkers and potential molecular factors involved in physiological and pathological aging. In this review, we discuss the evidence linking changes of selected miRNAs expression with frailty and cognitive impairment. Overall, miR-92a-5p and miR-532-5p, as well as other miRNAs implicated in pathological aging, should be investigated as potential biomarkers (and putative molecular effectors) of cognitive frailty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Carini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Musazzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bolzetta
- Medical Department, Geriatric Unit, Azienda ULSS (Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria) 3 "Serenissima," Venice, Italy
| | - Alberto Cester
- Medical Department, Geriatric Unit, Azienda ULSS (Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria) 3 "Serenissima," Venice, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorentini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ieraci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Maggi
- Aging Branch, Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Medical Department, Geriatric Unit, Azienda ULSS (Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria) 3 "Serenissima," Venice, Italy.,Geriatrics Section, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Barbon
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leal-Galicia P, Chávez-Hernández ME, Mata F, Mata-Luévanos J, Rodríguez-Serrano LM, Tapia-de-Jesús A, Buenrostro-Jáuregui MH. Adult Neurogenesis: A Story Ranging from Controversial New Neurogenic Areas and Human Adult Neurogenesis to Molecular Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11489. [PMID: 34768919 PMCID: PMC8584254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of new neurons in the adult brain is a currently accepted phenomenon. Over the past few decades, the subventricular zone and the hippocampal dentate gyrus have been described as the two main neurogenic niches. Neurogenic niches generate new neurons through an asymmetric division process involving several developmental steps. This process occurs throughout life in several species, including humans. These new neurons possess unique properties that contribute to the local circuitry. Despite several efforts, no other neurogenic zones have been observed in many years; the lack of observation is probably due to technical issues. However, in recent years, more brain niches have been described, once again breaking the current paradigms. Currently, a debate in the scientific community about new neurogenic areas of the brain, namely, human adult neurogenesis, is ongoing. Thus, several open questions regarding new neurogenic niches, as well as this phenomenon in adult humans, their functional relevance, and their mechanisms, remain to be answered. In this review, we discuss the literature and provide a compressive overview of the known neurogenic zones, traditional zones, and newly described zones. Additionally, we will review the regulatory roles of some molecular mechanisms, such as miRNAs, neurotrophic factors, and neurotrophins. We also join the debate on human adult neurogenesis, and we will identify similarities and differences in the literature and summarize the knowledge regarding these interesting topics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perla Leal-Galicia
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - María Elena Chávez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Florencia Mata
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Jesús Mata-Luévanos
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Serrano
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Alimentación, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Tapia-de-Jesús
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Mario Humberto Buenrostro-Jáuregui
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to be one of the most effective methods in alleviating the effects of ageing and age-related diseases. Although the protective effects of CR have been reported, the exact molecular mechanism still needs to be clarified. This study aims to determine differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and altered gene pathways due to long-term chronic (CCR) and intermittent (ICR) CR in the brain of mice to understand the preventive roles of miRNAs resulting from long-term CR. Ten weeks old mice were enrolled into three different dietary groups; ad libitum, CCR or ICR, and fed until 82 weeks of age. miRNAs were analysed using GeneChip 4.1 microarray and the target of DE miRNAs was determined using miRNA target databases. Out of a total 3,163 analysed miRNAs, 55 of them were differentially expressed either by different CR protocols or by ageing. Brain samples from the CCR group had increased expression levels of mmu-miR-713 while decreasing expression levels of mmu-miR-184-3p and mmu-miR-351-5p compared to the other dietary groups. Also, current results indicated that CCR showed better preventive effects than that of ICR. Thus, CCR may perform its protective effects by modulating these specific miRNAs since they are shown to play roles in neurogenesis, chromatin and histone regulation. In conclusion, these three miRNAs could be potential targets for neurodegenerative and ageing-related diseases and may play important roles in the protective effects of CR in the brain.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ding K, Lai Z, Yang G, Zeng L. MiR-140-5p targets Prox1 to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells through the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:671. [PMID: 33987369 PMCID: PMC8106095 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The expression of miR-140-5p increased in the brain tissue of a bilateral common carotid artery ligation model, while the overexpression of miR-140-5p significantly decreased the number of neurons. The luciferase report experiment in the previous study proved that miR-140-5p negatively regulated one of the potential targets of Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1). Therefore, we want to investigate the effect of miR-140-5p on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the underlying mechanism. Methods Primary NSCs were extracted from pregnant ICR mice aged 16–18 days and induced to differentiate. After transient transfection with miR-140-5p mimic and inhibitor into NSCs, the cells were divided into five groups: blank, mimic normal control, mimic, inhibitor normal control, and inhibitor. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-Bromo-2-deoxyUridine (BrDU), Ki-67 were used, and the diameter of neural spheres was measured to observe proliferation ability 48 h later. Doublecortin (DCX), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), microtubule-associated proteins 2 (MAP-2), synapsin I (SYN1), and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) were stained to identify the effect of miR-140-5p on the differentiation ability of NSCs into neural precursor cells, astrocytes, and neurons and the expression of synapse-associated proteins. The expression of miR-140-5p, Prox1, p-ERK1/2, and ERK1/2 was analyzed by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis. Results While the expression of miR-140-5p decreased after NSC differentiation (P<0.05), the results of CCK-8, BrDU, and Ki-67 staining showed no significant difference in cell viability and the percentage of NSCs with proliferation ability (P>0.05). However, the neural spheres were shorter in the miR-140-5p overexpression group (P<0.05) and the expression of DCX, MAP2, synapsin I, and PSD-95 decreased, while the expression of GFAP increased after differentiation in the mimic group (P<0.05). In addition, the expression of Prox1 decreased and the expression of p-ERK1/2 protein increased (P<0.05), but the expression of ERK1/2 showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in the miR-140-5p overexpression group. Conclusions MiR-140-5p reduced the proliferation rate of NSCs, inhibited their differentiation into neurons, produced synapse-associated proteins, and promoted their differentiation into astrocytes. MiR-140-5p negatively regulated downstream target Prox1 and activated the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Ding
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zehua Lai
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyuan Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
DICER1 is a highly conserved RNaseIII endoribonuclease that has a critical role in the biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small regulatory RNAs responsible for post-transcriptional gene silencing, controlling more than half of human protein-coding genes. This is achieved through the targeting and regulation of complementary RNA transcripts and has a well-documented role in post-transcriptional gene regulation and transposon repression. DICER1 deficiency results in dysregulation of miRNAs, changing the expression of many genes. DICER1 syndrome represents a collection of benign and malignant tumours arising from an autosomally inherited germline mutation leading to an inherited predisposition to cancer. The syndrome represents an unusual form of Knudson's two-hit hypothesis, where individuals with a pathogenic germline DICER1 variant acquire a second trans-somatic missense DICER1 mutation. This somatic mutation appears to have to occur in one of five hotspots codons and may contribute towards the incomplete penetrance observed within DICER1 syndrome families. In this case, DICER1 is haploinsuffcient with only one deletion required and partial loss of function being advantageous to tumours over complete loss of function. As increasing data emerge reaffirming the pivotal role of DICER1 in the maintenance of human physiology, DICER1 is likely to become an increasingly attractive target for novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Thunders
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Brett Delahunt
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Salmasi S, Sharifi M, Rashidi B. Evaluating the effect of ovarian stimulation and exogenous progesterone on CD31-positive cell density, VEGF protein, and miR-17-5p expression of endometrium immediately before implantation. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110922. [PMID: 33232927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) form a special class of RNAs regulating endometrial functions like cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and blastocyst implantation. In addition to providing suitable conditions for embryo development, angiogenesis is a prerequisite to natural pregnancy. The family of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are the main physiological and pathological angiogenesis regulators in the endometrium. In the past, research has demonstrated alteration of angiogenesis and subsequent endometrial receptivity in the stimulated and luteal phase support cycles, when compared with natural cycles. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ovarian stimulation and exogenous progesterone on the density of CD31-positive cell (Endothelial cell), VEGF protein, and miR-17-5p expression in the mouse endometrium immediately before implantation. METHODS We employed ovarian stimulated and luteal phase support mice models induced by HMG/HCG and progesterone. The endometrial CD31-positive cell density was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, the level of VEGF protein by IHC and western blot analysis, and finally the miR-17-5p expression was determined by the real-time PCR method. RESULTS The density of endothelial cell, VEGF protein, and miR-17-5p expression increased in all of the experimental mice when compared to the control group, with the maximum increase having been seen in the group that had received progesterone after ovarian stimulation. CONCLUSION This research indicates that ovarian stimulation and exogenous progesterone lead to an increase in the number of endothelial cells by upregulating the VEGF protein. Moreover, except for miR-17-5p, other microRNAs and molecules are presumably involved in angiogenic pathways, thereby requiring more studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Salmasi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Sharifi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
New insights into the regulatory roles of microRNAs in adult neurogenesis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 50:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
14
|
Bahmad HF, Darwish B, Dargham KB, Machmouchi R, Dargham BB, Osman M, Khechen ZA, El Housheimi N, Abou-Kheir W, Chamaa F. Role of MicroRNAs in Anesthesia-Induced Neurotoxicity in Animal Models and Neuronal Cultures: a Systematic Review. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:479-490. [PMID: 31707631 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to anesthetic agents in early childhood or late intrauterine life might be associated with neurotoxicity and long-term neurocognitive decline in adulthood. This could be attributed to induction of neuroapoptosis and inhibition of neurogenesis by several mechanisms, with a pivotal role of microRNAs in this milieu. MicroRNAs are critical regulators of gene expression that are differentially expressed in response to internal and external environmental stimuli, including general anesthetics. Through this systematic review, we aimed at summarizing the current knowledge apropos of the roles and implications of deregulated microRNAs pertaining to anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in animal models and derived neuronal cultures. OVID/Medline and PubMed databases were lastly searched on April 1st, 2019, using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) or Title/Abstract words ("microRNA" and "anesthesia"), to identify all published research studies on microRNAs and anesthesia. During the review process, data abstraction and methodological assessment was done by independent groups of reviewers. In total, 29 studies were recognized to be eligible and were thus involved in this systematic review. Anesthetic agents studied included sevoflurane, isoflurane, propofol, bupivacaine, and ketamine. More than 40 microRNAs were identified to have regulatory roles in anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity. This field of study still comprises several gaps that should be filled by conducting basic, clinical, and translational research in the future to decipher the exact role of microRNAs and their functions in the context of anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham F Bahmad
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Batoul Darwish
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Karem Bou Dargham
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anesthesiology, Hammoud Hospital University Medical Center, Sidon, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Machmouchi
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anesthesiology, Hammoud Hospital University Medical Center, Sidon, Lebanon
| | - Bahaa Bou Dargham
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anesthesiology, Hammoud Hospital University Medical Center, Sidon, Lebanon
| | - Maarouf Osman
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anesthesiology, Hammoud Hospital University Medical Center, Sidon, Lebanon
| | - Zonaida Al Khechen
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anesthesiology, Hammoud Hospital University Medical Center, Sidon, Lebanon
| | - Nour El Housheimi
- Department of Anesthesiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Farah Chamaa
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sarkar SN, Russell AE, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Porter KN, Simpkins JW. MicroRNAs and the Genetic Nexus of Brain Aging, Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Brain Trauma. Aging Dis 2019; 10:329-352. [PMID: 31011481 PMCID: PMC6457055 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex and integrated gradual deterioration of cellular activities in specific organs of the body, which is associated with increased mortality. This deterioration is the primary risk factor for major human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, neurovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. There are nine tentative hallmarks of aging. In addition, several of these hallmarks are increasingly being associated with acute brain injury conditions. In this review, we consider the genes and their functional pathways involved in brain aging as a means of developing new strategies for therapies targeted to the neuropathological processes themselves, but also as targets for many age-related brain diseases. A single microRNA (miR), which is a short, non-coding RNA species, has the potential for targeting many genes simultaneously and, like practically all other cellular processes, genes associated with many features of brain aging and injury are regulated by miRs. We highlight how certain miRs can mediate deregulation of genes involved in neuroinflammation, acute neuronal injury and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we review the recent progress in the development of effective strategies to block specific miR functions and discuss future approaches with the prediction that anti-miR drugs may soon be used in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saumyendra N Sarkar
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ashley E Russell
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Keyana N Porter
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - James W Simpkins
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nampoothiri SS, Rajanikant GK. miR-9 Upregulation Integrates Post-ischemic Neuronal Survival and Regeneration In Vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:223-240. [PMID: 30539420 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The irrefutable change in the expression of brain-enriched microRNAs (miRNAs) following ischemic stroke has promoted the development of radical miRNA-based therapeutics encompassing neuroprotection and neuronal restoration. Our previous report on the systems-level prediction of miR-9 in post-stroke-induced neurogenesis served as a premise to experimentally uncover the functional role of miR-9 in post-ischemic neuronal survival and regeneration. The oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in SH-SY5Y cells significantly reduced miR-9 expression, while miR-9 mimic transfection enhanced post-ischemic neuronal cell viability. The next major objective involved the execution of a drug repositioning strategy to augment miR-9 expression via structure-based screening of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs that bind to Histone Deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), a known miR-9 target. Glucosamine emerged as the top hit and its binding potential to HDAC4 was verified by Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation, Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS) assay, and MALDI-TOF MS. It was intriguing that the glucosamine treatment 1-h post-OGD was associated with the increased miR-9 level as well as enhanced neuronal viability. miR-9 mimic or post-OGD glucosamine treatment significantly increased the cellular proliferation (BrdU assay), while the neurite outgrowth assay displayed elongated neurites. The enhanced BCL2 and VEGF parallel with the reduced NFκB1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS mRNA levels in miR-9 mimic or glucosamine-treated cells further substantiated their post-ischemic neuroprotective and regenerative efficacy. Hence, this study unleashes a potential therapeutic approach that integrates neuronal survival and regeneration via small-molecule-based regulation of miR-9 favoring long-term recovery against ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreekala S Nampoothiri
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, 673601, India
| | - G K Rajanikant
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, 673601, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Luu L, Ciccotosto GD, Vella LJ, Cheng L, Roisman LC, Multhaup G, Hill AF, Munter LM, Cappai R. Amyloid Precursor Protein Dimerisation Reduces Neurite Outgrowth. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:13-28. [PMID: 29675574 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes extensive metabolism, and its transport and proteolytic processing can be modulated by its ability to form a homodimer. We have investigated the functional consequences of stabilised APP dimer expression in cells by studying the engineered dimerisation of the APPL17C (residue 17 in Aβ sequence) construct, which is associated with a 30% increase in APP dimer expression, on APP's neurite outgrowth promoting activity. Overexpression of APPL17C in SH-SY5Y cells decreased neurite outgrowth upon retinoic acid differentiation as compared to overexpressing APPWT cells. The APPL17C phenotype was rescued by replacing the APPL17C media with conditioned media from APPWT cells, indicating that the APPL17C mutant is impairing the secretion of a neuritogenic promoting factor. APPL17C had altered transport and was localised in the endoplasmic reticulum. Defining the molecular basis of the APPL17C phenotype showed that RhoA GTPase activity, a negative regulator of neurite outgrowth, was increased in APPL17C cells. RhoA activity was decreased after APPWT conditioned media rescue. Moreover, treatment with the RhoA inhibitor, Y27632, restored a wild-type morphology to the APPL17C cells. Small RNAseq analysis of APPL17C and APPWT cells identified several differentially expressed miRNAs relating to neurite outgrowth. Of these, miR-34a showed the greatest decrease in expression. Lentiviral-mediated overexpression of miR-34a rescued neurite outgrowth in APPL17C cells to APPWT levels and changed RhoA activation. This study has identified a novel link between APP dimerisation and its neuritogenic activity which is mediated by miR-34a expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Giuseppe D Ciccotosto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Laura J Vella
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Laila C Roisman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Gerhard Multhaup
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Lisa-Marie Munter
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cabana-Domínguez J, Roncero C, Pineda-Cirera L, Palma-Álvarez RF, Ros-Cucurull E, Grau-López L, Esojo A, Casas M, Arenas C, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Cormand B. Association of the PLCB1 gene with drug dependence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10110. [PMID: 28860459 PMCID: PMC5579249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors involved in the susceptibility to drug addiction still remain largely unknown. MiRNAs seem to play key roles in the drug-induced plasticity of the brain that likely drives the emergence of addiction. In this work we explored the role of miRNAs in drug addiction. With this aim, we selected 62 SNPs located in the 3'UTR of target genes that are predicted to alter the binding of miRNA molecules and performed a case-control association study in a Spanish sample of 735 cases (mainly cocaine-dependent subjects with multiple drug dependencies) and 739 controls. We found an association between rs1047383 in the PLCB1 gene and drug dependence that was replicated in an independent sample (663 cases and 667 controls). Then we selected 9 miRNAs predicted to bind the rs1047383 region, but none of them showed any effect on PLCB1 expression. We also assessed two miRNAs binding a region that contains a SNP in linkage disequilibrium with rs1047383, but although one of them, hsa-miR-582, was found to downregulate PLCB1, no differences were observed between alleles. Finally, we explored the possibility that PLCB1 expression is altered by cocaine and we observed a significant upregulation of the gene in the nucleus accumbens of cocaine abusers and in human dopaminergic-like neurons after cocaine treatment. Our results, together with previous studies, suggest that PLCB1 participates in the susceptibility to drug dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cabana-Domínguez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Roncero
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit Vall Hebron, Psychiatric Services, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-ASPB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Pineda-Cirera
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - R Felipe Palma-Álvarez
- Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit Vall Hebron, Psychiatric Services, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-ASPB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Ros-Cucurull
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit Vall Hebron, Psychiatric Services, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-ASPB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lara Grau-López
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit Vall Hebron, Psychiatric Services, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-ASPB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Abderaman Esojo
- Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit Vall Hebron, Psychiatric Services, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-ASPB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Casas
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Concepció Arenas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Bru Cormand
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|