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Dopamine signaling impairs ROS modulation by mitochondrial hexokinase in human neural progenitor cells. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:230295. [PMID: 34821365 PMCID: PMC8661505 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine signaling has numerous roles during brain development. In addition, alterations in dopamine signaling may be also involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Neurodevelopment is modulated in multiple steps by reactive oxygen species (ROS), byproducts of oxidative metabolism that are signaling factors involved in proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Hexokinase (HK), when associated with the mitochondria (mt-HK), is a potent modulator of the generation of mitochondrial ROS in the brain. In the present study, we investigated whether dopamine could affect both the activity and redox function of mt-HK in human neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We found that dopamine signaling via D1R decreases mt-HK activity and impairs ROS modulation, which is followed by an expressive release of H2O2 and impairment in calcium handling by the mitochondria. Nevertheless, mitochondrial respiration is not affected, suggesting specificity for dopamine on mt-HK function. In neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of schizophrenia patients, mt-HK is unable to decrease mitochondrial ROS, in contrast with NSCs derived from healthy individuals. Our data point to mitochondrial hexokinase as a novel target of dopaminergic signaling, as well as a redox modulator in human neural progenitor cells, which may be relevant to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Coupling of GABA Metabolism to Mitochondrial Glucose Phosphorylation. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:470-480. [PMID: 34623563 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucose and oxygen (O2) are vital to the brain. Glucose metabolism and mitochondria play a pivotal role in this process, culminating in the increase of reactive O2 species. Hexokinase (HK) is a key enzyme on glucose metabolism and is coupled to the brain mitochondrial redox modulation by recycling ADP for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). GABA shunt is an alternative pathway to GABA metabolism that increases succinate levels, a Krebs cycle intermediate. Although glucose and GABA metabolisms are intrinsically connected, their interplay coordinating mitochondrial function is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesize that the HK and the GABA shunt interact to control mitochondrial metabolism differently in the cortex and the hypothalamus. The GABA shunt stimulated mitochondrial O2 consumption and H2O2 production higher in hypothalamic synaptosomes (HSy) than cortical synaptosomes (CSy). The GABA shunt increased the HK coupled to OXPHOS activity in both population of synaptosomes, but the rate of activation was higher in HSy than CSy. Significantly, malonate and vigabatrin blocked the effects of the GABA shunt in the HK activity coupled to OXPHOS. It indicates that the glucose phosphorylation is linked to GABA and Krebs cycle reactions. Together, these data shed light on the HK and SDH role on the metabolism of each region fed by GABA turnover, which depends on the neurons' metabolic route.
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Silva-Rodrigues T, de-Souza-Ferreira E, Machado CM, Cabral-Braga B, Rodrigues-Ferreira C, Galina A. Hyperglycemia in a type 1 Diabetes Mellitus model causes a shift in mitochondria coupled-glucose phosphorylation and redox metabolism in rat brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:796-806. [PMID: 32949665 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia associated with Diabetes Mellitus type 1 (DM1) comorbidity may cause severe complications in several tissues that lead to premature death. These dysfunctions are related, among others, to redox imbalances caused by the uncontrolled cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Brain is potentially prone to develop diabetes complications because of its great susceptibility to oxidative stress. In addition to antioxidant enzymes, mitochondria-coupled hexokinase (mt-HK) plays an essential role in maintaining high flux of oxygen and glucose to control the mitochondrial membrane and redox potential in brain. This redox control is critical for healthy conditions in brain and in the pathophysiological progression of DM1. The mitochondrial and mt-HK contribution in this process is essential to understand the relationship between DM1 complications and the management of the cellular redox balance. Using a rat model of one month of hyperglycemia induced by a single administration intraperitoneally of streptozotocin, we showed in the present work that, in rat brain mitochondria, there is a specifically reduction of the mitochondrial complex I (CI) activity and an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme thioredoxin reductase, which are related to decreased hydrogen peroxide generation, oxygen consumption and mt-HK coupled-to-OxPhos activity via mitochondrial CI. Surprisingly, DM1 increases respiratory parameters and mt-HK activity via mitochondrial complex II (CII). This way, for the first time, we provide evidence that early progression of hyperglycemia, in brain tissue, changes the coupling of glucose phosphorylation at the level of mitochondria by rearranging the oxidative machinery of brain mitochondria towards CII dependent electron harvest. In addition, DM1 increased the production of H2O2 by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase without causing oxidative stress. Finally, DM1 increased the oxidation status of PTEN and decreased the activation of NF-kB in DM1. These results indicate that this reorganization of glucose-oxygen-ROS axis in mitochondria may impact turnover of glucose, brain amino acids, redox and inflammatory signaling. In addition, this reorganization may be involved in early protection mechanisms against the development of cognitive degeneration and neurodegenerative disease, widely associated to mitochondrial CI deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaia Silva-Rodrigues
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Phisiology, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo de-Souza-Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Phisiology, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil
| | - Caio Mota Machado
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Phisiology, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cabral-Braga
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)- Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil
| | - Clara Rodrigues-Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)- Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Phisiology, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil.
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Kuzniewska B, Cysewski D, Wasilewski M, Sakowska P, Milek J, Kulinski TM, Winiarski M, Kozielewicz P, Knapska E, Dadlez M, Chacinska A, Dziembowski A, Dziembowska M. Mitochondrial protein biogenesis in the synapse is supported by local translation. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48882. [PMID: 32558077 PMCID: PMC7403725 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses are the regions of the neuron that enable the transmission and propagation of action potentials on the cost of high energy consumption and elevated demand for mitochondrial ATP production. The rapid changes in local energetic requirements at dendritic spines imply the role of mitochondria in the maintenance of their homeostasis. Using global proteomic analysis supported with complementary experimental approaches, we show that an essential pool of mitochondrial proteins is locally produced at the synapse indicating that mitochondrial protein biogenesis takes place locally to maintain functional mitochondria in axons and dendrites. Furthermore, we show that stimulation of synaptoneurosomes induces the local synthesis of mitochondrial proteins that are transported to the mitochondria and incorporated into the protein supercomplexes of the respiratory chain. Importantly, in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome, Fmr1 KO mice, a common disease associated with dysregulation of synaptic protein synthesis, we observed altered morphology and respiration rates of synaptic mitochondria. That indicates that the local production of mitochondrial proteins plays an essential role in synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Kuzniewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Synaptic PlasticityCentre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | | | - Michal Wasilewski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial BiogenesisCentre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
- ReMedy International Research Agenda UnitUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Paulina Sakowska
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial BiogenesisInternational Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsawPoland
| | - Jacek Milek
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Synaptic PlasticityCentre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Tomasz M Kulinski
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPASWarsawPoland
- Laboratory of RNA BiologyInternational Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in WarsawWarsawPoland
| | | | - Pawel Kozielewicz
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial BiogenesisCentre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial BiogenesisInternational Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsawPoland
| | | | - Michal Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPASWarsawPoland
| | - Agnieszka Chacinska
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial BiogenesisCentre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
- ReMedy International Research Agenda UnitUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial BiogenesisInternational Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsawPoland
| | - Andrzej Dziembowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPASWarsawPoland
- Laboratory of RNA BiologyInternational Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Magdalena Dziembowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Synaptic PlasticityCentre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
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Thomaz DT, Andreguetti RR, Binder LB, Scheffer DDL, Corrêa AW, Silva FRMB, Tasca CI. Guanosine Neuroprotective Action in Hippocampal Slices Subjected to Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation Restores ATP Levels, Lactate Release and Glutamate Uptake Impairment: Involvement of Nitric Oxide. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2217-2229. [PMID: 32666283 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in brain tissue preparations can reproduce several pathological features induced by stroke providing a valuable ex vivo protocol for studying the mechanism of action of neuroprotective agents. Guanosine, an endogenous guanine nucleoside, promotes neuroprotection in vivo and in vitro models of neurotoxicity. We previously showed that guanosine protective effect was mimicked by inhibition of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) activity. This study was designed to investigate the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the mechanisms related to the protective role of guanosine in rat hippocampal slices subjected to OGD followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). Guanosine (100 μM) and the pan-NOS inhibitor, L-NAME (1 mM) afforded protection to hippocampal slices subjected to OGD/R. The presence of NO donors, DETA-NO (800 μM) or SNP (5 μM) increased reactive species production, and abolished the protective effect of guanosine or L-NAME against OGD/R. Guanosine or L-NAME treatment prevented the impaired ATP production, lactate release, and glutamate uptake following OGD/R. The presence of a NO donor also abolished the beneficial effects of guanosine or L-NAME on bioenergetics and glutamate uptake. These results showed, for the first time, that guanosine may regulate cellular bioenergetics in hippocampal slices subjected to OGD/R injury by a mechanism that involves the modulation of NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tonial Thomaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Rafognatto Andreguetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Luisa Bandeira Binder
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora da Luz Scheffer
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alisson Willms Corrêa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla Inês Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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de-Souza-Ferreira E, Rios-Neto IM, Martins EL, Galina A. Mitochondria-coupled glucose phosphorylation develops after birth to modulate H 2 O 2 release and calcium handling in rat brain. J Neurochem 2019; 149:624-640. [PMID: 31001830 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adult brain is a high-glucose and oxygen-dependent organ, with an extremely organized network of cells and large energy-consuming synapses. To reach this level of organization, early stages in development must include an efficient control of cellular events and regulation of intracellular signaling molecules and ions such as hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and calcium (Ca2+ ), but in cerebral tissue, these mechanisms of regulation are still poorly understood. Hexokinase (HK) is the first enzyme in the metabolism of glucose and, when bound to mitochondria (mtHK), it has been proposed to have a role in modulation of mitochondrial H2 O2 generation and Ca2+ handling. Here, we have investigated how mtHK modulates these signals in the mitochondrial context during postnatal development of the mouse brain. Using high-resolution respirometry, western blot analysis, spectrometry and resorufin, and Calcium Green fluorescence assays with brain mitochondria purified postnatally from day 1 to day 60, we demonstrate that brain HK increases its coupling to mitochondria and to oxidative phosphorylation to induce a cycle of ADP entry/ATP exit of the mitochondrial matrix that leads to efficient control over H2 O2 generation and Ca2+ uptake during development until reaching plateau at day 21. This contrasts sharply with the antioxidant enzymes, which do not increase as mitochondrial H2 O2 generation escalates. These results suggest that, as its use of glucose increases, the brain couples HK to mitochondria to improve glucose metabolism, redox balance and Ca2+ signaling during development, positioning mitochondria-bound hexokinase as a hub for intracellular signaling control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de-Souza-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Izac Miranda Rios-Neto
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Lopes Martins
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Braz V, Gomes H, Galina A, Saramago L, Braz G, da Silva Vaz I, Logullo C, da Fonseca RN, Campos E, Moraes J. Inhibition of energy metabolism by 3-bromopyruvate in the hard tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 218:55-61. [PMID: 30580107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cattle tick R. microplus is the biggest obstacle to livestock rearing in tropical countries. It is responsible for billions of dollars in losses every year, affecting meat and milk production, beef and dairy cattle, and the leather industry. The lack of knowledge and strategies to combat the tick only increases the losses, it leads to successive and uncontrolled applications of acaricides, favouring the selection of strains resistant to commercially available chemical treatments. In this paper, we tested 3‑bromopyruvate (3‑BrPA), an alkylating agent with a high affinity for cysteine residues, on the R. microplus metabolism. We found that 3-BrPA was able to induce cell death in an assay using BME26 strain cell cultures derived from embryos, it was also able to reduce cellular respiration in developing embryos. 3-BrPA is a nonspecific inhibitor, affecting enzymes of different metabolic pathways in R. microplus. In our experiments, we demonstrated that 3-BrPA was able to affect the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase, reducing its activity by approximately 50%; and it strongly inhibited triose phosphate isomerase, which is an enzyme involved in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Also, the mitochondrial respiratory chain was affected, NADH cytochrome c reductase (complex I-III) and succinate cytochrome c reductase (complex II-III) were strongly inhibited by 3-BrPA. Glutamate dehydrogenase was also affected by 3-BrPA, showing a gradual inhibition of activity in all the 3-BrPA concentrations tested. Altogether, these results show that 3-BrPA is a harmful compound to the tick organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdir Braz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Hatisaburo Masuda, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, NUPEM - UFRJ/Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ CEP 27971-550, Brazil
| | - Helga Gomes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Hatisaburo Masuda, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, NUPEM - UFRJ/Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ CEP 27971-550, Brazil
| | - Antônio Galina
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Saramago
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Hatisaburo Masuda, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, NUPEM - UFRJ/Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ CEP 27971-550, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glória Braz
- Chemical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91501-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology -Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Hatisaburo Masuda, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, NUPEM - UFRJ/Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ CEP 27971-550, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology -Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Hatisaburo Masuda, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, NUPEM - UFRJ/Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ CEP 27971-550, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology -Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eldo Campos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Hatisaburo Masuda, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, NUPEM - UFRJ/Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ CEP 27971-550, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology -Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moraes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Hatisaburo Masuda, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, NUPEM - UFRJ/Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ CEP 27971-550, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology -Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hexokinases are key enzymes that are responsible for the first reaction of glycolysis, but they also moonlight other cellular processes, including mitochondrial redox signaling regulation. Modulation of hexokinase activity and spatiotemporal location by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as other gasotransmitters serves as the basis for a unique, underexplored method of tight and flexible regulation of these fundamental enzymes. Recent Advances: Redox modifications of thiols serve as a molecular code that enables the precise and complex regulation of hexokinases. Redox regulation of hexokinases is also used by multiple parasites to cause widespread and severe diseases, including malaria, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness. Redox-active molecules affect each other, and the moonlighting activity of hexokinases provides another feedback loop that affects the cellular redox status and is hijacked in malignantly transformed cells. CRITICAL ISSUES Several compounds affect the redox status of hexokinases in vivo. These include the dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized form of vitamin C), pyrrolidinium porrolidine-1-carbodithioate (contraceptive), peroxynitrite (product of ethanol metabolism), alloxan (a glucose analog), and isobenzothiazolinone ebselen. However, very limited information is available regarding which amino acid residues in hexokinases are affected by redox signaling. Except in cases of monogenic diabetes, direct evidence is absent for disease phenotypes that are associated with variations within motifs that are susceptible to redox signaling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further studies should address the propensity of hexokinases and their disease-associated variants to participate in redox regulation. Robust and straightforward proteomic methods are needed to understand the context and consequences of hexokinase-mediated redox regulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Heneberg
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
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