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Granato V, Congiu L, Jakovcevski I, Kleene R, Schwindenhammer B, Fernandes L, Freitag S, Schachner M, Loers G. Mice Mutated in the First Fibronectin Domain of Adhesion Molecule L1 Show Brain Malformations and Behavioral Abnormalities. Biomolecules 2024; 14:468. [PMID: 38672483 PMCID: PMC11048097 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The X-chromosome-linked cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM), a glycoprotein mainly expressed by neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems, has been implicated in many neural processes, including neuronal migration and survival, neuritogenesis, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity and regeneration. L1 consists of extracellular, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Proteolytic cleavage of L1's extracellular and transmembrane domains by different proteases generates several L1 fragments with different functions. We found that myelin basic protein (MBP) cleaves L1's extracellular domain, leading to enhanced neuritogenesis and neuronal survival in vitro. To investigate in vivo the importance of the MBP-generated 70 kDa fragment (L1-70), we generated mice with an arginine to alanine substitution at position 687 (L1/687), thereby disrupting L1's MBP cleavage site and obliterating L1-70. Young adult L1/687 males showed normal anxiety and circadian rhythm activities but enhanced locomotion, while females showed altered social interactions. Older L1/687 males were impaired in motor coordination. Furthermore, L1/687 male and female mice had a larger hippocampus, with more neurons in the dentate gyrus and more proliferating cells in the subgranular layer, while the thickness of the corpus callosum and the size of lateral ventricles were normal. In summary, subtle mutant morphological changes result in subtle behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Granato
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Ludovica Congiu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany; (I.J.); (B.S.)
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Benjamin Schwindenhammer
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany; (I.J.); (B.S.)
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Luciana Fernandes
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Sandra Freitag
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
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Loers G, Kleene R, Granato V, Bork U, Schachner M. Interaction of L1CAM with LC3 Is Required for L1-Dependent Neurite Outgrowth and Neuronal Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12531. [PMID: 37569906 PMCID: PMC10419456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (also called L1CAM or CD171) functions not only in cell migration, but also in cell survival, differentiation, myelination, neurite outgrowth, and signaling during nervous system development and in adults. The proteolytic cleavage of L1 in its extracellular domain generates soluble fragments which are shed into the extracellular space and transmembrane fragments that are internalized into the cell and transported to various organelles to regulate cellular functions. To identify novel intracellular interaction partners of L1, we searched for protein-protein interaction motifs and found two potential microtubule-associated protein 1 light-chain 3 (LC3)-interacting region (LIR) motifs within L1, one in its extracellular domain and one in its intracellular domain. By ELISA, immunoprecipitation, and proximity ligation assay using L1 mutant mice lacking the 70 kDa L1 fragment (L1-70), we showed that L1-70 interacts with LC3 via the extracellular LIR motif in the fourth fibronectin type III domain, but not by the motif in the intracellular domain. The disruption of the L1-LC3 interaction reduces L1-mediated neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viviana Granato
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ute Bork
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Congiu L, Granato V, Jakovcevski I, Kleene R, Fernandes L, Freitag S, Kneussel M, Schachner M, Loers G. Mice Mutated in the Third Fibronectin Domain of L1 Show Enhanced Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Death, Astrogliosis and Alterations in Behavior. Biomolecules 2023; 13:776. [PMID: 37238646 PMCID: PMC10216033 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules play major roles in cell proliferation, migration, survival, neurite outgrowth and synapse formation during nervous system development and in adulthood. The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 contributes to these functions during development and in synapse formation and synaptic plasticity after trauma in adulthood. Mutations of L1 in humans result in L1 syndrome, which is associated with mild-to-severe brain malformations and mental disabilities. Furthermore, mutations in the extracellular domain were shown to cause a severe phenotype more often than mutations in the intracellular domain. To explore the outcome of a mutation in the extracellular domain, we generated mice with disruption of the dibasic sequences RK and KR that localize to position 858RKHSKR863 in the third fibronectin type III domain of murine L1. These mice exhibit alterations in exploratory behavior and enhanced marble burying activity. Mutant mice display higher numbers of caspase 3-positive neurons, a reduced number of principle neurons in the hippocampus, and an enhanced number of glial cells. Experiments suggest that disruption of the dibasic sequence in L1 results in subtle impairments in brain structure and functions leading to obsessive-like behavior in males and reduced anxiety in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Congiu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany (R.K.); (S.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Viviana Granato
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany (R.K.); (S.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany;
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany (R.K.); (S.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Luciana Fernandes
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany (R.K.); (S.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Sandra Freitag
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany (R.K.); (S.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany (R.K.); (S.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany (R.K.); (S.F.); (M.K.)
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Murphy KE, Wade SD, Sperringer JE, Mohan V, Duncan BW, Zhang EY, Pak Y, Lutz D, Schachner M, Maness PF. The L1 cell adhesion molecule constrains dendritic spine density in pyramidal neurons of the mouse cerebral cortex. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1111525. [PMID: 37007644 PMCID: PMC10062527 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel function for the L1 cell adhesion molecule, which binds the actin adaptor protein Ankyrin was identified in constraining dendritic spine density on pyramidal neurons in the mouse neocortex. In an L1-null mouse mutant increased spine density was observed on apical but not basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons in diverse cortical areas (prefrontal cortex layer 2/3, motor cortex layer 5, visual cortex layer 4. The Ankyrin binding motif (FIGQY) in the L1 cytoplasmic domain was critical for spine regulation, as demonstrated by increased spine density and altered spine morphology in the prefrontal cortex of a mouse knock-in mutant (L1YH) harboring a tyrosine (Y) to histidine (H) mutation in the FIGQY motif, which disrupted L1-Ankyrin association. This mutation is a known variant in the human L1 syndrome of intellectual disability. L1 was localized by immunofluorescence staining to spine heads and dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons. L1 coimmunoprecipitated with Ankyrin B (220 kDa isoform) from lysates of wild type but not L1YH forebrain. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of spine regulation and underscores the potential for this adhesion molecule to regulate cognitive and other L1-related functions that are abnormal in the L1 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sarah D. Wade
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Justin E. Sperringer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Vishwa Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Bryce W. Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Erin Y. Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yubin Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David Lutz
- Division of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University-Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscatawy, NJ, United States
| | - Patricia F. Maness
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Patricia F. Maness
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The Interactions of the 70 kDa Fragment of Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 with Topoisomerase 1, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ and NADH Dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) Flavoprotein 2 Are Involved in Gene Expression and Neuronal L1-Dependent Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032097. [PMID: 36768419 PMCID: PMC9916828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule L1 is essential not only for neural development, but also for synaptic functions and regeneration after trauma in adulthood. Abnormalities in L1 functions cause developmental and degenerative disorders. L1's functions critically depend on proteolysis which underlies dynamic cell interactions and signal transduction. We showed that a 70 kDa fragment (L1-70) supports mitochondrial functions and gene transcription. To gain further insights into L1-70's functions, we investigated several binding partners. Here we show that L1-70 interacts with topoisomerase 1 (TOP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2 (NDUFV2). TOP1, PPARγ and NDUFV2 siRNAs reduced L1-dependent neurite outgrowth, and the topoisomerase inhibitors topotecan and irinotecan inhibited L1-dependent neurite outgrowth, neuronal survival and migration. In cultured neurons, L1 siRNA reduces the expression levels of the long autism genes neurexin-1 (Nrxn1) and neuroligin-1 (Nlgn1) and of the mitochondrially encoded gene NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 2 (ND2). In mutant mice lacking L1-70, Nrxn1 and Nlgn1, but not ND2, mRNA levels are reduced. Since L1-70's interactions with TOP1, PPARγ and NDUFV2 contribute to the expression of two essential long autism genes and regulate important neuronal functions, we propose that L1 may not only ameliorate neurological problems, but also psychiatric dysfunctions.
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Kleene R, Loers G, Schachner M. The KDET Motif in the Intracellular Domain of the Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Interacts with Several Nuclear, Cytoplasmic, and Mitochondrial Proteins Essential for Neuronal Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:932. [PMID: 36674445 PMCID: PMC9866381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal functions of the cell adhesion molecule L1 are linked to several neural diseases. Proteolytic L1 fragments were reported to interact with nuclear and mitochondrial proteins to regulate events in the developing and the adult nervous system. Recently, we identified a 55 kDa L1 fragment (L1-55) that interacts with methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) via the KDET motif. We now show that L1-55 also interacts with histone H1.4 (HistH1e) via this motif. Moreover, we show that this motif binds to NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone flavoprotein 2 (NDUFV2), splicing factor proline/glutamine-rich (SFPQ), the non-POU domain containing octamer-binding protein (NonO), paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1), WD-repeat protein 5 (WDR5), heat shock cognate protein 71 kDa (Hsc70), and synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1). Furthermore, applications of HistH1e, NDUFV2, SFPQ, NonO, PSPC1, WDR5, Hsc70, or SYT1 siRNAs or a cell-penetrating KDET-carrying peptide decrease L1-dependent neurite outgrowth and the survival of cultured neurons. These findings indicate that L1's KDET motif binds to an unexpectedly large number of molecules that are essential for nervous system-related functions, such as neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. In summary, L1 interacts with cytoplasmic, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins to regulate development and, in adults, the formation, maintenance, and flexibility of neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Stoyanova II, Lutz D. Functional Diversity of Neuronal Cell Adhesion and Recognition Molecule L1CAM through Proteolytic Cleavage. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193085. [PMID: 36231047 PMCID: PMC9562852 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal cell adhesion and recognition molecule L1 does not only 'keep cells together' by way of homophilic and heterophilic interactions, but can also promote cell motility when cleaved into fragments by several proteases. It has largely been thought that such fragments are signs of degradation. Now, it is clear that proteolysis contributes to the pronounced functional diversity of L1, which we have reviewed in this work. L1 fragments generated at the plasma membrane are released into the extracellular space, whereas other membrane-bound fragments are internalised and enter the nucleus, thus conveying extracellular signals to the cell interior. Post-translational modifications on L1 determine the sequence of cleavage by proteases and the subcellular localisation of the generated fragments. Inside the neuronal cells, L1 fragments interact with various binding partners to facilitate morphogenic events, as well as regenerative processes. The stimulation of L1 proteolysis via injection of L1 peptides or proteases active on L1 or L1 mimetics is a promising tool for therapy of injured nervous systems. The collective findings gathered over the years not only shed light on the great functional diversity of L1 and its fragments, but also provide novel mechanistic insights into the adhesion molecule proteolysis that is active in the developing and diseased nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I. Stoyanova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Brain Ischemia Mechanisms, Research Institute, Medical University, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (I.I.S.); (D.L.)
| | - David Lutz
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum,
44801 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence: (I.I.S.); (D.L.)
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Congiu L, Granato V, Loers G, Kleene R, Schachner M. Mitochondrial and Neuronal Dysfunctions in L1 Mutant Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084337. [PMID: 35457156 PMCID: PMC9026747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules regulate cell proliferation, migration, survival, neuritogenesis, synapse formation and synaptic plasticity during the nervous system’s development and in the adult. Among such molecules, the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 contributes to these functions during development, and in synapse formation, synaptic plasticity and regeneration after trauma. Proteolytic cleavage of L1 by different proteases is essential for these functions. A proteolytic fragment of 70 kDa (abbreviated L1-70) comprising part of the extracellular domain and the transmembrane and intracellular domains was shown to interact with mitochondrial proteins and is suggested to be involved in mitochondrial functions. To further determine the role of L1-70 in mitochondria, we generated two lines of gene-edited mice expressing full-length L1, but no or only low levels of L1-70. We showed that in the absence of L1-70, mitochondria in cultured cerebellar neurons move more retrogradely and exhibit reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired Complex I activity and lower ATP levels compared to wild-type littermates. Neither neuronal migration, neuronal survival nor neuritogenesis in these mutants were stimulated with a function-triggering L1 antibody or with small agonistic L1 mimetics. These results suggest that L1-70 is important for mitochondrial homeostasis and that its absence contributes to the L1 syndrome phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Congiu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (V.G.); (G.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Viviana Granato
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (V.G.); (G.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (V.G.); (G.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (V.G.); (G.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-1780
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Hu J, Lin SL, Schachner M. A fragment of cell adhesion molecule L1 reduces amyloid-β plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:48. [PMID: 35013124 PMCID: PMC8748658 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain is one of the important histopathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, we reported a correlation between cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1) expression and the occurrence of AD, but its relationship was unclear. Here, we report that the expression of L1 and a 70 kDa cleavage product of L1 (L1-70) was reduced in the hippocampus of AD (APPswe) mice. Interestingly, upregulation of L1-70 expression in the hippocampus of 18-month-old APPswe mice, by parabiosis involving the joining of the circulatory system of an 18-month-old APPswe mouse with a 2-month-old wild-type C57BL/6 mouse, reduced amyloid plaque deposition. Furthermore, the reduction was accompanied by the appearance of a high number of activated microglia. Mechanistically, we observed that L1-70 could combine with topoisomerase 1 (Top1) to form a complex, L1-70/Top1, that was able to regulate expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), resulting in the activation of microglia and reduction of Aβ plaques. Also, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ-1) transferred from the blood of young wild-type C57BL/6 mice to the aged AD mice, was identified as a circulating factor that induces full-length L1 and L1-70 expression. All together, these findings suggest that L1-70 contributes to the clearance of Aβ in AD, thereby adding a novel perspective in understanding AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Hu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Stanley Li Lin
- Deaprtment of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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Kleene R, Loers G, Castillo G, Schachner M. Cell adhesion molecule L1 interacts with the chromo shadow domain of heterochromatin protein 1 isoforms α, β, and ɣ via its intracellular domain. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22074. [PMID: 34859928 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100816r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecule L1 regulates multiple cell functions and L1 deficiency is linked to several neural diseases. Proteolytic processing generates functionally decisive L1 fragments, which are imported into the nucleus. By computational analysis, we found at L1's C-terminal end the chromo shadow domain-binding motif PxVxL, which directs the binding of nuclear proteins to the heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) isoforms α, β, and ɣ. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we show that the intracellular L1 domain binds to all HP1 isoforms. These interactions involve the HP1 chromo shadow domain and are mediated via the sequence 1158 KDET1161 in the intracellular domain of murine L1, but not by L1's C-terminal PxVxL motif. Immunoprecipitation using nuclear extracts from the brain and from cultured cerebellar and cortical neurons indicates that HP1 isoforms interact with a yet unknown nuclear L1 fragment of approximately 55 kDa (L1-55), which carries ubiquitin residues. Proximity ligation indicates a close association between L1-55 and the HP1 isoforms in neuronal nuclei. This association is reduced after the treatment of neurons with inhibitors of metalloproteases, β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1), or ɣ-secretase, suggesting that cleavage of full-length L1 by these proteases generates L1-55. Reduction of HP1α, -β, or -ɣ expression by siRNA decreases L1-dependent neurite outgrowth from cultured cortical neurons and decreases the L1-dependent migration of L1-transfected HEK293 cells in a scratch assay. These findings indicate that the interaction of the novel fragment L1-55 with HP1 isoforms in nuclei affects L1-dependent functions, such as neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kleene
- Research Group Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Research Group Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gaston Castillo
- Research Group Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Giordano M, Decio A, Battistini C, Baronio M, Bianchi F, Villa A, Bertalot G, Freddi S, Lupia M, Jodice MG, Ubezio P, Colombo N, Giavazzi R, Cavallaro U. L1CAM promotes ovarian cancer stemness and tumor initiation via FGFR1/SRC/STAT3 signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:319. [PMID: 34645505 PMCID: PMC8513260 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSC) have been implicated in tumor progression. In ovarian carcinoma (OC), CSC drive tumor formation, dissemination and recurrence, as well as drug resistance, thus contributing to the high death-to-incidence ratio of this disease. However, the molecular basis of such a pathogenic role of ovarian CSC (OCSC) has been elucidated only to a limited extent. In this context, the functional contribution of the L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) to OC stemness remains elusive. METHODS The expression of L1CAM was investigated in patient-derived OCSC. The genetic manipulation of L1CAM in OC cells provided gain and loss-of-function models that were then employed in cell biological assays as well as in vivo tumorigenesis experiments to assess the role of L1CAM in OC cell stemness and in OCSC-driven tumor initiation. We applied antibody-mediated neutralization to investigate L1CAM druggability. Biochemical approaches were then combined with functional in vitro assays to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the functional role of L1CAM in OCSC. RESULTS We report that L1CAM is upregulated in patient-derived OCSC. Functional studies showed that L1CAM promotes several stemness-related properties in OC cells, including sphere formation, tumor initiation and chemoresistance. These activities were repressed by an L1CAM-neutralizing antibody, pointing to L1CAM as a druggable target. Mechanistically, L1CAM interacted with and activated fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1), which in turn induced the SRC-mediated activation of STAT3. The inhibition of STAT3 prevented L1CAM-dependent OC stemness and tumor initiation. CONCLUSIONS Our study implicate L1CAM in the tumorigenic function of OCSC and point to the L1CAM/FGFR1/SRC/STAT3 signaling pathway as a novel driver of OC stemness. We also provide evidence that targeting this pathway can contribute to OC eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giordano
- Unit of Gynaecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Decio
- Laboratory of Tumor Metastasis Therapeutics, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Battistini
- Unit of Gynaecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | - Micol Baronio
- Unit of Gynaecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bianchi
- Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Alessandra Villa
- Unit of Gynaecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, Milan, Italy.,Philochem AG, Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, Milan, Italy.,Division of Anatomical Pathology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Stefano Freddi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Lupia
- Unit of Gynaecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Jodice
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ubezio
- Laboratory of Tumor Metastasis Therapeutics, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Giavazzi
- Laboratory of Tumor Metastasis Therapeutics, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ugo Cavallaro
- Unit of Gynaecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, Milan, Italy.
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12
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Yan Z, Chu L, Jia X, Lin L, Cheng S. Myelin basic protein enhances axonal regeneration from neural progenitor cells. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:80. [PMID: 33926552 PMCID: PMC8082623 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stem cell therapy using neural progenitor cells (NPCs) shows promise in mitigating the debilitating effects of spinal cord injury (SCI). Notably, myelin stimulates axonal regeneration from mammalian NPCs. This led us to hypothesize that myelin-associated proteins may contribute to axonal regeneration from NPCs. Methods We conducted an R-based bioinformatics analysis to identify key gene(s) that may participate in myelin-associated axonal regeneration from murine NPCs, which identified the serine protease myelin basic protein (Mbp). We employed E12 murine NPCs, E14 rat NPCs, and human iPSC-derived Day 1 NPCs (D1 hNPCs) with or without CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Mbp knockout in combination with rescue L1-70 overexpression, constitutively-active VP16-PPARγ2, or the PPARγ agonist ciglitazone. A murine dorsal column crush model of SCI utilizing porous collagen-based scaffolding (PCS)-seeded murine NPCs with or without stable Mbp overexpression was used to assess locomotive recovery and axonal regeneration in vivo. Results Myelin promotes axonal outgrowth from NPCs in an Mbp-dependent manner and that Mbp’s stimulatory effects on NPC neurite outgrowth are mediated by Mbp’s production of L1-70. Furthermore, we determined that Mbp/L1-70’s stimulatory effects on NPC neurite outgrowth are mediated by PPARγ-based repression of neuron differentiation-associated gene expression and PPARγ-based Erk1/2 activation. In vivo, PCS-seeded murine NPCs stably overexpressing Mbp significantly enhanced locomotive recovery and axonal regeneration in post-SCI mice. Conclusions We discovered that Mbp supports axonal regeneration from mammalian NPCs through the novel Mbp/L1cam/Pparγ signaling pathway. This study suggests that bioengineered, NPC-based interventions can promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery post-SCI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00584-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjian Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lei Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xiaojiong Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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13
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Duncan BW, Murphy KE, Maness PF. Molecular Mechanisms of L1 and NCAM Adhesion Molecules in Synaptic Pruning, Plasticity, and Stabilization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625340. [PMID: 33585481 PMCID: PMC7876315 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian brain circuits are wired by dynamic formation and remodeling during development to produce a balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Synaptic regulation is mediated by a complex network of proteins including immunoglobulin (Ig)- class cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), structural and signal-transducing components at the pre- and post-synaptic membranes, and the extracellular protein matrix. This review explores the current understanding of developmental synapse regulation mediated by L1 and NCAM family CAMs. Excitatory and inhibitory synapses undergo formation and remodeling through neuronal CAMs and receptor-ligand interactions. These responses result in pruning inactive dendritic spines and perisomatic contacts, or synaptic strengthening during critical periods of plasticity. Ankyrins engage neural adhesion molecules of the L1 family (L1-CAMs) to promote synaptic stability. Chondroitin sulfates, hyaluronic acid, tenascin-R, and linker proteins comprising the perineuronal net interact with L1-CAMs and NCAM, stabilizing synaptic contacts and limiting plasticity as critical periods close. Understanding neuronal adhesion signaling and synaptic targeting provides insight into normal development as well as synaptic connectivity disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce W Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kelsey E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Patricia F Maness
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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14
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Kleene R, Lutz D, Loers G, Bork U, Borgmeyer U, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Schachner M. Revisiting the proteolytic processing of cell adhesion molecule L1. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1102-1117. [PMID: 32986867 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The important functions of cell adhesion molecule L1 in the nervous system depend on diverse proteolytic enzymes which generate different L1 fragments. It has been reported that cleavage in the third fibronectin type III (FNIII) homologous domain generates the fragments L1-80 and L1-140, while cleavage in the first FNIII domain yields the fragments L1-70 and L1-135. These results raised questions concerning the L1 cleavage sites. We thus generated gene-edited mice expressing L1 with mutations of the cleavage sites either in the first or third FNIII domain. By immunoprecipitations and immunoblot analyses using brain homogenates and different L1 antibodies, we show that L1-70 and L1-135 are generated in wild-type mice, but not or only to a low extent in L1 mutant mice. L1-80 and L1-140 were not detected in wild-type or mutant mice. Mass spectrometry confirmed the results from immunoprecipitations and immunoblot analyses. Based on these observations, we propose that L1-70 and L1-135 are the predominant fragments in the mouse nervous system and that the third FNIII domain is decisive for generating these fragments. Treatment of cultured cerebellar neurons with trypsin or plasmin, which were both proposed to generate L1-80 and L1-140 by cleaving in the third FNIII domain, showed by immunoprecipitations and immunoblot analyses that both proteases lead to the generation of L1-70 and L1-135, but not L1-80 and L1-140. We discuss previous observations on the basis of our new results and propose a novel view on the molecular features that render previous and present observations compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kleene
- Research Group Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department for Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Research Group Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ute Bork
- Research Group Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Borgmeyer
- Scientific Service Group for Transgenic Animals, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irm Hermans-Borgmeyer
- Scientific Service Group for Transgenic Animals, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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15
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Chen S, Jiang Q, Huang P, Hu C, Shen H, Schachner M, Zhao W. The L1 cell adhesion molecule affects protein kinase D1 activity in the cerebral cortex in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:141-150. [PMID: 32540419 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive deficits resulting from neuronal cell death. In search for the molecular underpinnings of the disease, we were interested in the relationship between Aβ, L1 cell adhesion molecule and protein kinase D1 (PKD1), which are not only implicated in neural development and functional maintenance in the adult, but are also neuroprotective under pathological conditions. Based on our observations that L1 and phosphorylated, i.e. activated, protein kinase PKD1 (pPKD1) co-localize in cultured neurons, we investigated the functional relationship between L1 and pPKD1 in the frontal lobe of an AD human cortical tissue microarray, and found increased and positively correlating levels of both molecules when compared to a non-affected human brain. Also in the APPSWE mouse model of AD, L1 and pPKD1 levels were increased in the frontal lobe. To investigate whether L1 influences PKD1-based functions in AD, cultured cortical neurons were stressed with either H2O2 or oligomeric Aβ1-42, in the presence or absence of recombinant L1 extracellular domain, and PKD1 phosphorylation was measured. As indicated by the cell viability assay, L1 maintained neuronal survival under oxidative stress and under application of oligomeric Aβ1-42, when PKD1 activity was inhibited, suggesting that L1 ameliorates some aspects of Aβ1-42 pathology in parallel with reducing PKD1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Chen
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China; The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizhi Huang
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Hu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifan Shen
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China; Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Weijiang Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Płatek R, Grycz K, Więckowska A, Czarkowska-Bauch J, Skup M. L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule Overexpression Down Regulates Phosphacan and Up Regulates Structural Plasticity-Related Genes Rostral and Caudal to the Complete Spinal Cord Transection. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:534-554. [PMID: 31426714 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) supports spinal cord cellular milieu after contusion and compression lesions, contributing to neuroprotection, promoting axonal outgrowth, and reducing outgrowth-inhibitory molecules in lesion proximity. We extended investigations into L1CAM molecular targets and explored long-distance effects of L1CAM rostral and caudal to complete spinal cord transection (SCT) in adult rats. L1CAM overexpression in neurons and glia after Th10/Th11 SCT was achieved using adeno-associated viral vector serotype 5 (AAV5) injected into an L1-lumbar segment immediately after transection. At 5 weeks, a L1CAM mRNA profound decrease detected rostral and caudal to the transection site was alleviated by AAV5-L1CAM treatment, with increased endogenous L1CAM rostral to the SCT. Transected corticospinal tract fibers showed attenuated retraction after treatment, accompanied by a multi-segmental increase of lesion-reduced expression of adenylate cyclase 1 (Adcy1), synaptophysin, growth-associated protein 43, and myelin basic protein genes caudal to transection, and Adcy1 rostral to transection. In parallel, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan phosphacan elevated after SCT was downregulated after treatment. Low-molecular L1CAM isoforms generated after spinalization indicated the involvement of sheddases in L1CAM processing and long-distance effects. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)10 sheddase immunoreactivity, stronger in AAV5-L1CAM than AAV5- enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-transduced motoneurons indicated local ADAM10 upregulation by L1CAM. The results suggest that increased L1CAM availability and penetration of diffusible L1CAM fragments post-lesion induce both local and long-distance neuronal and glial responses toward better neuronal maintenance, neurite growth, and myelination. Despite the fact that intervention promoted beneficial molecular changes, kinematic analysis of hindlimb movements showed minor improvement, indicating that spinalized rats require longer L1CAM treatment to regain locomotor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Płatek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Grycz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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Zheng Y, Yuan J, Meng S, Chen J, Gu Z. Testicular transcriptome alterations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposure to 17β-estradiol. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:14-25. [PMID: 30465971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) can be found in rivers, effluents, and even drinking water. Researches have demonstrated that E2 affects various metabolic pathways through gene activation and may cause reproductive toxicity in fish. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate E2-induced toxicity via testicular transcriptome of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to different concentrations (10 ng L-1, and 100 ng L-1) of E2. A total of >600 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched among the three treatments. Short time-series expression miner analysis revealed five KEGG pathways including drug metabolism, other enzymes, calcium signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, gap junction, and cell adhesion molecules. Twenty genes were selected to verify the accuracy of RNA-Seq. Other reported genes related to sex differentiation, development, energy metabolism, and other processes were found. One set of genes significantly increased/decreased/fluctuated over time, especially 12 h after E2 exposure. Genes associated with ovaries (zp3c), and development (bmp15, gdf9, and sycp2l) were significantly upregulated with increasing E2 concentration. E2 and testosterone was significantly decreased by 10 (except for T) and 100 ng L-1 E2 exposure at 12 h. The current study demonstrated that sex differentiation, development, energy metabolism, immunity, and ribosome biogenesis in male zebrafish were all significantly affected by 17β-estradiol exposure through transcriptional alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River/Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, China
| | - Julin Yuan
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Shunlong Meng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River/Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, China
| | - Jiazhang Chen
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River/Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Zhimin Gu
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China.
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